Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T03:03:30.472Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Judicial Decision Making as Knowledge Work

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

I review two recent studies of judicial behavior, Posner's How Judges Think (2008) and Epstein, Landes, and Posner's Behavior of Federal Judges (2013). Epstein, Landes, and Posner's volume, the empirically richer of the two books, builds on the conceptual model for explaining judicial behavior put forward in Posner's How Judges Think. I discuss this conceptual model and argue in outline for an alternative model, complementary in part and antagonistic in part to the behaviorist research agenda. Posner and Epstein, Landes, and Posner argue for viewing the judge as a rational actor in a labor market. I argue that analyzing judicial decisions from the perspective of the sociology of knowledge, without axiomatically assuming rationality, will allow us to bring more evidentiary sources to bear on the problem and will allow for a more adequate test of competing theoretical interpretations. Law and society scholars are well positioned to contribute to this line of inquiry.

Type
Review Essay
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abbott, Andrew. 1988. The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Austin, J. L. 1975. How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Black, Ryan, and Epstein, Lee. 2007. (Re‐)Setting the Scholarly Agenda on Transjudicial Communication. Law & Social Inquiry 32 (3): 791807.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1988. Homo Academicus, trans. Peter Collier. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bybee, Keith. 2010. All Judges are Political—Except When They are Not: Acceptable Hypocrisies and the Rule of Law. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bybee, Keith.. 2012. Paying Attention to What Judges Say: New Directions in the Study of Judicial Decision Making. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 8:6984.Google Scholar
Camic, Charles. 1992. Reputation and Predecessor Selection: Parsons and the Institutionalists. American Sociological Review 57 (4): 421–45.Google Scholar
Collins, H. M. 1975. The Seven Sexes: A Study in the Sociology of a Phenomenon, of the Replication of Experiments in Physics. Sociology 9:205–24.Google Scholar
Collins, Randall. 1998. The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. Cambridge: Belknap.Google Scholar
Connolly, Terry, Arkes, Hal, and Hammond, Kenneth, eds. 2000. Judgment and Decision Making: An Interdisciplinary Reader. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Constable, Marianne. 2014. Our Word Is Our Bond: How Legal Speech Acts. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Dewey, John. 1930. Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology. New York: Modern Library.Google Scholar
Dhami, Mandeep, Hastie, Reid, Koehler, Jonathan, and Wiener, Richard. 2007. Introduction to the Special Issue: Decision Making and the Law. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 20:453–54.Google Scholar
Epstein, Lee, Landes, William, and Posner, Richard. 2013. The Behavior of Federal Judges: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Rational Choice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Fourcade, Marion. 2009. Economists and Societies: Discipline and Profession in the United States, Britain and France, 1890s to 1990s. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc. 1974. Why the “Haves” Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change. Law & Society Review 9 (1): 95160.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom. 2003. Judicial Review in New Democracies: Constitutional Courts in Asian Cases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Goodwin‐Gill, Guy, and McAdam, Jane. 2007. The Refugee in International Law, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grattet, Ryken, and Jenness, Valerie. 2005. The Reconstitution of Law in Local Settings: Agency Discretion, Ambiguity, and a Surplus of Law in the Policing of Hate Crime. Law & Society Review 39 (4): 893941.Google Scholar
Grattet, Ryken, and Jenness, Valerie. 2008. Transforming Symbolic Law into Organizational Action: Hate Crime Policy and Law Enforcement Practice. Social Forces 87 (1): 128.Google Scholar
Gross, Neil. 2008. Richard Rorty: The Making of an American Philosopher. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hart, H. L. A. 1961. The Concept of Law. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Hastie, Reid, ed. 1994. Inside the Juror: The Psychology of Juror Decision Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hathaway, James, and Foster, Michelle. 2014. The Law of Refugee Status, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hutchins, Edwin. 1980. Culture and Inference: A Trobriand Case Study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
James, William. [1902] 2002. The Varieties of Religious Experience. Mineola, NY: Dover.Google Scholar
Joas, Hans. 1993. Pragmatism and Social Theory. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Joas, Hans.. 1996. The Creativity of Action, trans. Jeremy Gaines and Paul Keast. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Joas, Hans.. 2000. The Genesis of Values. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Duncan. 1986. Freedom and Constraint in Adjudication: A Critical Phenomenology. Journal of Legal Education 36:518562.Google Scholar
Knorr Cetina, Karin. 1999. Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Knorr Cetina, Karin, and Bruegger, Urs. 2002. Global Microstructures: The Virtual Societies of Financial Markets. American Journal of Sociology 107 (4): 905–50.Google Scholar
Knorr Cetina, Karin, and Preda, Alex, eds. 2005. The Sociology of Financial Markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kuersten, Ashlyn, and Haire, Susan. 2007. Songer Database Update. Available at: http://artsandsciences.sc.edu/poli/juri/appct.htm. Last accessed: June 6, 2014.Google Scholar
Lamont, Michèle, and Huutoniemi, Katri. 2011. Comparing Customary Rules of Fairness: Evaluative Practices in Various Types of Peer Review Panels. In Social Knowledge in the Making, ed. Camic, Charles, Gross, Neil, and Lamont, Michèle, 209–32. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Landes, William, Lessig, Lawrence, and Solimine, Michael. 1998. Judicial Influence: A Citation Analysis of Federal Courts of Appeals Judges. Coase‐Sandor Institute for Law and Economics Working Paper 51.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno. 1987. Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Law, David. 2005. Strategic Judicial Lawmaking: Ideology, Publication, and Asylum Law in the Ninth Circuit. University of Cincinnati Law Review 73:817–66.Google Scholar
Mallard, Grégoire. 2014. Fallout: Nuclear Diplomacy in an Age of Global Fracture. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Matoesian, Gregory. 2001. Law and the Language of Identity: Discourse in the William Kennedy Smith Rape Trial. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McCloskey, Robert. 1960. The American Supreme Court. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mead, George Herbert. [1934] 1967. Mind, Self and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Menand, Louis. 2002. The Metaphysical Club. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Mertz, Elizabeth. 2007. The Language of Law School: Learning to “Think Like a Lawyer.” Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ng, Kwai. 2009. The Common Law in Two Voices: Language, Law, and the Postcolonial Dilemma in Hong Kong. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Phillips, Scott, and Grattet, Ryken. 2000. Judicial Rhetoric, Meaning‐Making, and the Institutionalization of Hate Crime Law. Law & Society Review 34 (3): 567606.Google Scholar
Pickering, Andrew. 1984. Constructing Quarks: A Sociological History of Particle Physics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard. 2007. Economic Analysis of Law, 7th ed. New York: Aspen.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard. 2008. How Judges Think. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard. 2012. The Incoherence of Antonin Scalia. New Republic September 13.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard. 2013. Reflections on Judging. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard. 2014. Economic Analysis of Law, 9th ed. New York: Aspen.Google Scholar
Ramji‐Nogales, Jaya, Schoenholtz, Andrew, and Schrag, Phillip. 2007. Refugee Roulette: Disparities in Asylum Adjudication. Stanford Law Review 60 (2): 295412.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Gerald. 2008. The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Martin. 1981. Courts: A Comparative and Political Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Simon, Dan, and Scurich, Nicholas. 2011. Lay Judgments of Judicial Decision Making. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 8 (4): 709–27.Google Scholar
Skrentny, John David. 1996. The Ironies of Affirmative Action: Politics, Culture and Justice in America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Slaughter, Anne‐Marie. 2004. A New World Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Songer, Donald. 1998. The Multi‐User Database on the United States Courts of Appeals, 1925–1996. Available at: http://artsandsciences.sc.edu/poli/juri/appct.htm. Last accessed: June 6, 2014.Google Scholar
Spaeth, Harold, Benesh, Sara, Epstein, Lee, Martin, Andrew, Segal, Jeffrey, and Ruger, Theodore. 2013. Supreme Court Database, Version 2013 Release 01. Available at: http://supremecourtdatabase.org. Last accessed: May 14, 2014.Google Scholar
Sunstein, Cass, Schkade, David, Ellman, Lisa, and Sawicki, Andres. 2006. Are Judges Political? An Empirical Analysis of the Federal Judiciary. Washington, DC: Brookings.Google Scholar
Thorpe, Charles. 2006. Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
UN High Commissioner for Refugees. [1979] 2011. Handbook and Guidelines on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status. Geneva: UNHCR.Google Scholar
Vilhena, Daril, Foster, Jacob, Rosvall, Martin, West, Jevin, Evans, James, and Bergstrom, Carl. 2014. Finding Cultural Holes: How Structure and Culture Diverge in Networks of Scholarly Communication. Sociological Science 1:221–38.Google Scholar
Wason, P. C., and Johnson‐Laird, P. N.. 1972. Psychology of Reasoning: Structure and Content. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Cases Cited

Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Huntley, Federal Court of Canada 2010, 2010 FC 1175.Google Scholar
Elastal v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), Federal Court of Canada 1999.Google Scholar
Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Huntley, Federal Court of Canada 2010, 2010 FC 1175.Google Scholar
Elastal v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), Federal Court of Canada 1999.Google Scholar

United States

Castellano‐Chacon v. INS, 341 F.3d 533 (6th Cir. 2003).Google Scholar
Chevron USA, Inc. v. National Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837 (S. Ct. 1984).Google Scholar
Elias‐Zacarias v. US INS, 921 F.2d 844 (9th Cir. 1990).Google Scholar
Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d 1233 (3d Cir. 1993).Google Scholar
Faye v. Holder, 580 F.3d 37 (1st Cir. 2009).Google Scholar
Gomez v. INS, 947 F.2d 660 (2d Cir. 1991).Google Scholar
Haitian Centers Council, Inc. v. McNary, 969 F.2d 1350 (2d Cir. 1992).Google Scholar
Hernandez‐Montiel v. INS, 225 F.3d 1084 (9th Cir. 2000).Google Scholar
INS v. Cardoza‐Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421 (S. Ct. 1987).Google Scholar
INS v. Elias‐Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478 (S. Ct. 1992).Google Scholar
Koudriachova v. Gonzales, 490 F.3d 1187 (2d Cir. 2007).Google Scholar
Lopez‐Soto v. INS, 383 F.3d 228 (4th Cir. 2004).Google Scholar
Lwin v. INS, 144 F.3d 505 (7th Cir. 1998).Google Scholar
Martinez v. Holder, 740 F.3d 902 (4th Cir. 2014).Google Scholar
Sale v. Haitian Centers Council, Inc., 509 U.S. 155 (S. Ct. 1993).Google Scholar
Sanchez‐Trujillo v. INS, 801 F.2d 1571 (9th Cir. 1986).Google Scholar
Singer Management Consultants v. Milgram, 650 F.3d 223 (3d Cir. 2011).Google Scholar
Urbina‐Mejia v. Holder, 597 F.3d 360 (6th Cir. 2010).Google Scholar

Administrative Decisions

Board of Immigration Appeals, Matter of Acosta, 1985 WL 56042.Google Scholar