Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T20:28:46.441Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Political Transition and the Rise of Cause Lawyering: The Case of Hong Kong

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

This article examines how cause lawyering can flourish under authoritarianism. Using the case of Hong Kong, it argues that the process of the sovereignty transition between the 1980s and 1997 contributed to the emergence of cause lawyering by establishing a favorable legal opportunity structure, by creating a political structure that provides incentive for lawyers‐cum‐politicians to engage in cause lawyering, and by prompting a few dedicated foreign human rights lawyers to move their practices to Hong Kong. Apart from the factors related to the sovereignty transition, other factors also facilitated the rise of cause lawyering in Hong Kong, including a rights‐receptive judiciary, an autonomous legal profession, and a government‐funded legal aid system.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2010 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Andersen, Ellen Ann. 2004. Out of the Closets and into the Courts: Legal Opportunity Structure and Gay Rights Litigation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Baum, Richard. 2000. Democracy Deformed: Hong Kong's 1998 Legislative Elections—and Beyond. China Quarterly 162:439–64.Google Scholar
Bokhary, Kemal. 2004. Justice and the Law: The Evolving Role of the Lawyer. Hong Kong Law Journal 34:133–50.Google Scholar
Bokhary, Kemal. 2007. The First Decade of the Basic Law: A Judicial Perspective. Asia Pacific Law Review 15 (2): 125–36.Google Scholar
Brinks, Daniel. 2008. The Judicial Response to Police Killings in Latin America: Inequality and the Rule of Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chan, Johannes. 2009. Administrative Law, Politics and Governance: The Hong Kong Experience. In Administrative Law and Governance in Asia: Comparative Perspectives, ed. Ginsburg, Tom and Chen, Albert H. Y., 143–74. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chan, Ming K. 2002. Introduction: The Hong Kong SAR in Flux. In Crisis and Transformation in China's Hong Kong, ed. Chan, Ming K. and So, Alvin, 319. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Chen, Albert H. Y. 2007. One Country, Two Systems from a Legal Perspective. In The First Decade: The Hong Kong SAR in Retrospective and Introspective Perspectives, ed. Yeung, Yue‐man, 161–88. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
Choy, Linda. 1997. Rita Fan Lands in “II” Legal Aid Row. South China Morning Post, July 15, 1.Google Scholar
Epp, Charles. 1998. The Rights Revolution: Lawyers, Activists and Supreme Courts in Comparative Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ghai, Yash. 1997. Sentinels of Liberty or Sheep in Woolf's Clothing? Judicial Politics and the Hong Kong Bill of Rights. Modern Law Review 60 (4): 459–80.Google Scholar
Ghai, Yash. 2007. The Legal Foundations of Hong Kong's Autonomy: Building on Sand. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration 29 (1): 328.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence, and Karpik, Lucien, eds. 1997a. Lawyers and the Rise of Western Political Liberalism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence, and Karpik, Lucien, eds. 1997b. Politics Matter: A Comparative Theory of Lawyers in the Making of Political Liberalism. In Lawyers and the Rise of Western Political Liberalism, 1564. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence, and Karpik, Lucien, eds. 1997c. Postscript: Lawyers, Political Liberalism, and Globalization. In Lawyers and the Rise of Western Political Liberalism, 349–70. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence, Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm, eds. 2007a. Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence, Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm, eds. 2007b. The Legal Complex in Struggles for Political Liberalism. In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism, 140. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence, and Liu, Sida. 2007. Birth of a Liberal Moment? Looking Through a One‐way Mirror at Lawyers' Defense of Criminal Defendants in China. In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism, ed. Halliday, Terence, Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm, 65107. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Harris, Paul. 2007. The Right to Demonstrate. Hong Kong: Rights Press.Google Scholar
Hilbink, Lisa. 2007. Judges beyond Politics in Democracy and Dictatorship: Lessons from Chile. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hung, Denise. 2007. NPC Warns on HK Autonomy. South China Morning Post, June 7, A1.Google Scholar
Jones, Carol. 2007. “Dissolving the People”: Capitalism, Law and Democracy in Hong Kong. In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism, ed. Halliday, Terence, Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm, 109–50. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Klug, Heinz. 2001. Local Advocacy, Global Engagement: The Impact of Land Claims Advocacy on the Recognition of Property Rights in the South African Constitution. In Cause Lawyering and the State in a Global Era, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart, 264–86. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Krishnan, Jayanth. 2005. Transgressive Cause Lawyering in the Developing World: The Case of India. In The Worlds Cause Lawyers Make: Structure and Agency in Legal Practice, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart, 349–82. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Legal Aid Services Council. 2006. Legal Aid in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Legal Aid Services Council.Google Scholar
Leung, Ambrose. 2008. Xi Tells Tsang to Govern Sensibly. South China Morning Post, July 8, A1.Google Scholar
Lev, Daniel. 2007. A Tale of Two Legal Professions: Lawyers and State in Malaysia and Indonesia. In Raising the Bar: The Emerging Legal Profession in East Asia, ed. Alford, William, 383414. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law School.Google Scholar
Ma, Ngok. 2007. Political Development in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Maiman, Richard. 2005. Asylum Law Practice in the United Kingdom after the Human Rights Act. In The Worlds Cause Lawyers Make: Structure and Agency in Legal Practice, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart, 410–24. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Meili, Stephen. 1998. Cause Lawyers and Social Movements: A Comparative Perspective on Democratic Change in Argentina and Brazil. In Cause Lawyering: Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart, 487522. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Menkel‐Meadow, Carrie. 1998. The Causes of Cause Lawyering: Toward an Understanding of the Motivation and Commitment of Social Justice Lawyers. In Cause Lawyering: Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart, 3168. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ming Pao. 2007. Li Kwok‐nang: The Courts' Power of Constitutional Review Has Been Entrenched. Ming Pao, June 15, A2.Google Scholar
Morag‐Levine, Noga. 2001. The Politics of Imported Rights: Transplantation and Transformation in an Israeli Environmental Cause‐Lawyering Organization. In Cause Lawyering and the State in a Global Era, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart, 334–53. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Petersen, Carole. 2007. Embracing Universal Standards? The Role of International Human Rights Treaties in Hong Kong's Constitutional Jurisprudence. In Interpreting Hong Kong's Basic Law: The Struggle for Coherence, ed. Fu, Hualing, Harris, Lison, and Young, Simon N. M., 3353. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Scheingold, Stuart, eds. 2001. State Transformation, Globalization, and the Possibilities of Cause Lawyering. In Cause Lawyering and the State in a Global Era, 331. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Scheingold, Stuart, eds. 2005. The Dynamics of Cause Lawyering: Constraints and Opportunities. In The Worlds Cause Lawyers Make: Structure and Agency in Legal Practice, 134. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Smithey, Shannon Ishiyama, and John, Ishiyama. 2002. Judicial Activism in Post‐Communist Politics. Law & Society Review 36 (4): 719–41.Google Scholar
South China Morning Post. 1997. Ability to Administer Crucial Warns Top Solicitor. May 21, 6.Google Scholar
South China Morning Post. 2007. Judicial Independence “Guaranteed.” June 15, A1.Google Scholar
Ta Kung Pao. 1998. Lord Irvine of Lairg Visited Hong Kong. Ta Kung Pao, September 19, A7.Google Scholar
Thomson, Douglas. 2005. Negotiating Cause Lawyering Potential in the Early Years of Corporate Practice. In The Worlds Cause Lawyers Make: Structure and Agency in Legal Practice, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart, 274303. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs. 2008. Symposium: Globalizing Public Interest Law. UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs 13:1305.Google Scholar
Wesley‐Smith, Peter. 1998. An Introduction to the Hong Kong Legal System, 3rd ed. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wong, Timothy Ka‐ying, and Wan, Shirley Po‐shan. 2007. Citizens' Evaluations of Legitimacy in Post‐Colonial Hong Kong: Results of a Longitudinal Study. In The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in Its First Decade, ed. Cheng, Joseph, 75107. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press.Google Scholar

Cases Cited

All the cases can be found at the Hong Kong Legal Information Institute. Specific Web addresses are included with each case.Google Scholar
“A” v. Director of Immigration—[2008] HKCA 278; CACV000314/2007, July 18, 2008, Court of Appeal. http://www.hklii.hk/hk/jud/eng/hkca/2008/CACV000314_2007‐61741.html (accessed February 8, 2010).Google Scholar
Chan Noi Heung and Others v. The Chief Executive in Council[2008] HKCA 159; CACV000197/2007, May 8, 2008, Court of Appeal. http://www.hklii.hk/hk/jud/eng/hkca/2008/CACV000197_2007‐61022.html (accessed February 2, 2010).Google Scholar
Cho Man Kit v. Broadcasting Authority[2008] HKCFI 383; HCAL000069/2007, May 8, 2008, Court of First Instance. http://www.hklii.hk/hk/jud/eng/hkcfi/2008/HCAL000069_2007‐61024.html (accessed February 2, 2010).Google Scholar
FB v. Director of Immigration and Another[2008] HKCFI 1069; HCAL 000051/2007, December 5, 2008, Court of First Instance. http://www.hklii.hk/hk/jud/eng/hkcfi/2008/HCAL000051_2007‐63551.html (accessed February 8, 2010).Google Scholar
Fok Chun Wa and Another v. The Hospital Authority and Another[2008] HKCFI, 1143; HCAL000094/2007, December 17, 2008, Court of First Instance. http://www.hklii.hk/hk/jud/eng/hkcfi/2008/HCAL000094_2007‐63722.html (accessed February 2, 2010).Google Scholar
HKSAR v. Ma Wai Kwan David and Others[1997] HKCA 652; CAQL000001/1997, July 29, 1997, Court of Appeal http://www.hklii.hk/hk/jud/eng/hkca/1997/CAQL000001_1997‐15957.html (accessed February 2, 2010).Google Scholar
HKSAR v. Ng Kung Siu And Another[1999] HKCFA 10; [1999] 2 HKCFAR 442; [1999] 3 HKLRD 907; [2000] 1 HKC 117; FACC000004/1999, 15 December 1999, Court of Final Appeal. http://www.hklii.hk/hk/jud/eng/hkcfa/1999/FACC000004_1999‐18937.html (accessed February 2, 2010).Google Scholar
Ho Choi Wan v. Hong Kong Housing Authority[2005] HKCFA 77; FACV000001/2005, November 21, 2005, Court of Final Appeal. http://www.hklii.hk/hk/jud/eng/hkcfa/2005/FACV000001_2005‐47032.html (accessed February 2, 2010).Google Scholar
Iqbal Shahid and Others v. Secretary for Justice[2009] HKCFI 146; HCAL 000008/2009, March 2, 2009, Court of First Instance. http://www.hklii.hk/hk/jud/eng/hkcfi/2009/HCAL000008_2009‐64611.html (accessed February 8, 2010).Google Scholar
Lee Miu Ling and Another v. The Attorney General[1995] HKCA 502; CACV000145/1995, November 24, 1995, Court of Appeal. http://www.hklii.hk/hk/jud/eng/hkca/1995/CACV000145_1995‐08962.html (accessed February 8, 2010).Google Scholar
Lo Siu Lan v. Hong Kong Housing Authority[2005] HKCFA 46; FACV000010/2005, July 20, 2005, Court of Final Appeal. http://www.hklii.hk/hk/jud/eng/hkcfa/2005/FACV000010_2005‐45794.html (accessed February 8, 2010).Google Scholar
Ng Ka Ling and Another v. The Director of Immigration[1999] HKCFA 72; [1999] 2 HKCFAR 4; [1999] 1 HKLRD 315; [1999] 1 HKC 291; FACV000014/1998, January 29, 1999, Court of Final Appeal. http://www.hklii.hk/hk/jud/eng/hkcfa/1999/FACV000014_1998‐34052.html (accessed February 8, 2010).Google Scholar
Secretary for Security v. Sakthevel Prabakar[2004] HKCFA 43; FACV000016/2003, June 8, 2004, Court of Final Appeal. http://www.hklii.hk/hk/jud/eng/hkcfa/2004/FACV000016_2003‐40511.html (accessed February 2, 2010).Google Scholar
Yeung May Wan And Others v. HKSAR[2005] HKCFA 24; FACC000019/2004, May 5, 2005, Court of Final Appeal. http://www.hklii.hk/hk/jud/eng/hkcfa/2005/FACC000019_2004‐45100.html (accessed February 10, 2010).Google Scholar

Statutes Cited

The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/images/Basic_Law.pdf (accessed February 9, 2010).Google Scholar
Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (BOR). http://www.hklii.org/hk/legis/en/ord/383.txt (accessed February 9, 2010).Google Scholar
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm (accessed February 9, 2010).Google Scholar
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm (accessed February 9, 2010).Google Scholar