Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T20:36:37.278Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

How the Law “Keeps the Money in the Family”: Lessons at the Intersection of Elder Care and Inheritance Disputes in Israel

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2019

Abstract

This Article offers a qualitative examination of the ways in which Israeli legal actors reflect and construct cultural understandings of the relationship between inheritance and elder care in cases in which the deceased has bequeathed property to a caregiver. This Article demonstrates that Israeli courts and lawyers reinforce and promote a cultural schema of family as a pristine domain of unconditional love, albeit one that has been emptied of the daily responsibilities of fulfilling the basic physical needs of elderly kin. Such a cultural schema diminishes the traditional parameters of family responsibility in order to adapt to present circumstances of elder care, while continuing to privilege the custom of keeping money in the family. Hence, this article reveals how inheritance law supports and enhances class reproduction through the institution of the family.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© 2019 American Bar Foundation 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Albiston, Catherine R. Institutional Inequality and the Mobilization of the Family and Medical Leave Act: Rights on Leave. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Ayalon, Liat. “‘Do Foreigners Deserve Rights?’—Revisited: The Role of Familiarity and Satisfaction with Foreign Home Care Services.Educational Gerontology 40, no. 11 (2014): 816–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldassar, Loretta, Ferrero, Laura, and Portis, Lucia. “‘More like a Daughter than an Employee’: The Kinning Process between Migrant Care Workers, Elderly Care Receivers and Their Extended Families.Identities 24, no. 5 (2017): 524–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, Donald W.The ‘Family’ as a Sociological Problem: Conceptualization of the Taken-for-Granted as Prologue to Social Problems Analysis.Social Problems 19, no. 3 (1972): 295307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barak, Aharon. Parshanut Be’mishpat [Interpretation in the law].Vol. 6. Jerusalem, Israel: Nevo, 1992.Google Scholar
Barnes, Alison. “Liberty and Property of Elders: Guardianship and Will Contests as the Same Claim.The Elder Law Journal 11 (2003): 136 Google Scholar
Bianchi, Suzanne M., Hotz, Joseph V., McGarry, Kathleen, and Seltzer, Judith A.. “Intergenerational Ties: Theories, Trends and Challenges.” In Intergenerational Caregiving. Edited by Booth, Alan, Crouter, Ann C., Bianchi, Susanne M., and Seltzer, Judith A.. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2008 Google Scholar
Boris, Eileen, and Parreñas, Rhacel eds. Intimate Labors: Cultures, Technologies, and the Politics of Care. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press (Kindle Edition), 2010.Google Scholar
Brown, Meta. “Informal Care and the Division of End-of-Life Transfers.Journal of Human Resources 41, no. 1 (2006): 191219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browne, Colette V., and Braun, Kathryn L.. “Globalization, Women’s Migration, and the Long-Term-Care Workforce.The Gerontologist 48, no. 1 (2008): 1624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corinaldi, Michael. Inheritance Law: Wills, Inheritances and Assets. Tel Aviv, Israel: Israel Bar Association, 2012 Google Scholar
Cox, Donald. “Motives for Private Income Transfers.Journal of Political Economy 95, no. 3 (1987): 508–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crompton, Rosemary. “Class and Family.The Sociological Review 54, no. 4 (2006): 658–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
deFuria, Joseph W., Jr. “Testamentary Gifts Resulting from Meretricious Relationships: Undue Influence or Natural Beneficence.” Notre Dame Law Review 64 (1989): 200–21.Google Scholar
Dodson, Lisa, and Zincavage, Rebekah M.. “‘It’s Like a Family’ Caring Labor, Exploitation, and Race in Nursing Homes.Gender & Society 21, no. 6 (2007): 905–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffy, Mignon. “Reproducing Labor Inequalities Challenges for Feminists Conceptualizing Care at the Intersections of Gender, Race, and Class.Gender & Society 19, no. 1 (2005): 6682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Hochschild, Arlie Russell. Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy. New York: Owl Books, 2003.Google Scholar
England, Paula. “Emerging Theories of Care Work.Annual Review of Sociology 31 (2005): 381–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
England, Paula, Budig, Michelle, and Folbre, Nancy. “Wages of Virtue: The Relative Pay of Care Work.Social Problems 49, no. 4 (2002): 455–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
England, Paula, Folbre, Nancy, and Leana, Carrie. “Motivating Care.” In For Love and Money: Care Provision in the United States, 2139. Edited by Folbre, Nancy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2012.Google Scholar
Finch, Janet, and Mason, Jennifer. Passing on: Kinship and Inheritance in England. New York: Routledge, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flug, Karnit. “The Israeli Economy: Current Trends, Strength and Challenges.” Research Report. Jerusalem: Press Club Bank of Israel, 2017.Google Scholar
Folbre, Nancy, and Nelson, Julie A.. “For Love or Money – Or Both?Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 4 (2000): 123–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, Frances H.The Family Paradigm of Inheritance Law.NCL Review 80 (2001): 199274.Google Scholar
Foster, Frances H..“Individualized Justice in Disputes over Dead Bodies.Vanderbilt Law Review 61 (2008): 1351–405 Google Scholar
Friedman, Lawrence M. “The Law of Succession in Social Perspective.” In Death, Taxes and Family Property: Essays and American Assembly Report. Edited by Edward, C. Halbach Jr. Eagan, MN: West Publishing Company, 1977.Google Scholar
Frolik, Lawrence A.The Biological Roots of the Undue Influence Doctrine: What’s Love Got to Do with It?’University of Pittsburgh Law Review 57 (1996): 841–58.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Jan R., McKibben, Martha, and Raymond, Jane A.. “Dependent Adult Children and Elder Abuse.Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect 2, nos. 1–2 (1990): 7386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gubrium, Jaber F., and Buckholdt, David R.. “Fictive Family: Everyday Usage, Analytic, and Human Service Considerations.American Anthropologist 84, no. 4 (1982): 878–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacker, Daphna. “The Gendered Dimensions of Inheritance: Empirical Food for Legal Thought.Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 7, no. 2 (2010): 322–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacker, Daphna. “Intergenerational Wealth Transfer and the Need to Revive and Metamorphose the Israeli Estate Tax.Law & Ethics of Human Rights 8, no. 1 (2014): 59101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrington, Mona. Care and Equality: Inventing A New Family Politics. New York: Alfred A. Knop, 1999.Google Scholar
Hartog, Hendrik. Someday All This Will Be Yours. Cambridge, MA; London, England: Harvard University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochschild, Arlie Russell. “Ideals of Care: Traditional, Postmodern, Cold-Modern, and Warm-Modern.” In Families in the US: Kinship and Domestic Politics, 527–38. Edited by Karen, V. Hansen and Garey, Anita Ilta. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Hofri-Winogradow, Adam. “Din Hanemanut Beisrael: Meavnei Negef Leavnei Chen? [Trust Law in Israel: From Stumbling Blocks to Gems?].Mishpatim 45 (2016): 439514.Google Scholar
Karner, Tracy X.Professional Caring: Homecare Workers as Fictive Kin.Journal of Aging Studies 12, no. 1 (1998): 6982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreiczer-Levy, Shelly. “Succession Law in Israel.Israel Studies Review 28, no. 2 (2013): 300–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leslie, Melanie B.The Myth of Testamentary Freedom.Arizona Law Review 38 (1996): 235–90.Google Scholar
Leslie, Melanie B..“Enforcing Family Promises: Reliance, Reciprocity, and Relational Contract.NCL Review 77 (1998): 551636 Google Scholar
Lev, Aliza, and Anson, Yonatan. “Alimot Phizit Klapei Kshishim Mitzad Bnei Mishpachoteyhem: Shchichot Hatofa’a Vegormei Sikon [Physical Violence against Older Persons from Family Members: Prevalence and Risk Factors].Hevra Ve-Revacha 28 (2008): 155.Google Scholar
Lowenstein, Ariela, and Katz, Ruth. “Family and Age in a Global Perspective.” In The SAGE Handbook of Social Gerontology, 190201. Edited by Dannefer, Dale and Phillipson, Chris. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madoff, Ray D.Unmasking Undue Influence.Minnesota Law Review 81 (1996): 571629 Google Scholar
Mazuz, Keren. “The Familial Dyad between Aged Patients and Filipina Caregivers in Israel: Eldercare and Bodily-Based Practices in the Jewish Home.Anthropology & Aging Quarterly 34 (2013): 126–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdams, Richard H.A Focal Point Theory of Expressive Law.Virginia Law Review 86, no. 8 (2000): 1649–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Robert K., and McNamee, Stephen J.. Inheritance and Wealth in America. New York: Springer, 1997 Google Scholar
Millman, Marcia. Warm Hearts and Cold Cash: The Intimate Dynamics of Families and Money . New York, Free Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Moshe, Neta. “Netunim Al Ovdim Zarim Be’siud Ve’memtzaey Hatochnit Hanisyonit Lematan Gimlaot Siud Be’Kesef” [Data on Foreign Workers in Nursing and the Results of the Experimental Plan for Granting Long-Term Care Benefits in Money]”. Research Report. Jerusalem, Israel: Merkaz Hamechkar Vehameyda shel Haknesset (2013).Google Scholar
Natan, Gilad. “HaTipul BeAnashim Im Tzrachim Siudiyeem [The Treatment of People with Nursing Needs].” Research Report, Jerusalem: Merkaz Hamechkar Vehameyda shel Haknesset, 2011.Google Scholar
Olsen, Frances E.The Family and the Market: A Study of Ideology and Legal Reform.Harvard Law Review 96, no. 7(1983): 1497–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paltridge, Brian. Discourse Analysis: An Introduction. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012.Google Scholar
Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar.Migrant Filipina Domestic Workers and the International Division of Reproductive Labor.Gender & Society 14, no. 4 (2000): 560–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patton, Michael Quinn. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2002.Google Scholar
Phillips, Nelson, and Hardy, Cynthia. Discourse Analysis: Investigating Processes of Social Construction. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raijman, Rebeca, Semyonov, Moshe, and Schmidt, Peter. “Do Foreigners Deserve Rights? Determinants of Public Views Towards Foreigners in Germany and Israel.European Sociological Review 19, no. 4 (2003): 379–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redfoot, Donald L., and Houser, Ari N.. “We Shall Travel on”: Quality of Care, Economic Development, and the International Migration of Long-Term Care Workers. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute, 2005.Google Scholar
Romero, Mary. Maid in the U.S.A.: Women Domestic Workers, the Service Economy and Labor. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, 1996.Google Scholar
Scalise, Ronald J. Jr.Undue Influence and the Law of Wills.Duke Journal of Comparative & International law 19 (2008): 41106.Google Scholar
Scheingold, Stuart A. The Politics of Rights: Lawyers, Public Policy, and Political Change. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Semyonov, Moshe, and Lewin-Epstein, Noah. “The Impact of Parental Transfers on Living Standards of Married Children.Social Indicators Research 54 (2001): 115–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sewell, William H.A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation.American Journal of Sociology 98, no. 1 (1992): 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherman, Jeffrey G.Undue Influence and the Homosexual Testator.University of Pittsburgh Law Review 42 (1980): 225–67.Google Scholar
Shocat, Shaul, Finebrg, Nahum, and Flumin, Yehezkel. Dinei Yerusha VeIzavon [Inheritance and Estate Law]. Tel-Aviv, Israel: Sadan Publishing, 2014.Google Scholar
Solari, Cinzia. “Professionals and Saints: How Immigrant Careworkers Negotiate Gender Identities at Work.Gender and Society 20, no. 3 (2006): 301–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spivack, Carla. “Why the Testamentary Doctrine of Undue Influence Should Be Abolished.University of Kansas Law Review 58 (2009): 245308.Google Scholar
Stuifbergen, Maria C., and Van Delden, Johannes J. M.. “Filial Obligations to Elderly Parents: A Duty to Care?Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 14, no. 1 (2011): 6371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sussman, Marvin B., Cates, Judith N., Smith, David T., and Clausen, Lodoska K.. The Family and Inheritance. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1970.Google Scholar
Tate, Joshua C.Caregiving and the Case for Testamentary Freedom.UC Davis Law Review 42 (2008): 129–93.Google Scholar
Thornley, Trent J.Caring Influence: Beyond Autonomy as the Foundation of Undue Influence.Indiana Law Journal 71 (1995): 513–49Google Scholar
Zelizer, Viviana A. The Purchase of Intimacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

STATUTES CITED

Succession Law, 5725-1965 (Isr.).Google Scholar
Restatement (Third) Of Property: Wills and Other Donative Transfers (2003).Google Scholar

CASES CITED

CA 1516-95 Marom v. Attorney General 52(2) PD 813 (1998) (Isr.).Google Scholar
CA 5185-93 Attorney General v. Marom 49(1) PD 318 (1995) (Isr.).Google Scholar
CC (Hai) 639-90 Steinbok v. Mizrahi, PM 5751(3) 407 (1991) (Isr.).Google Scholar
File No. 104910-04 Family Court (Tel Aviv), S. v. B. (Sept. 22, 2008), Not Published (Isr.).Google Scholar
File No. 109920-04 Family Court (Tel Aviv), Estate of the deceased M.P v. S.T (Jan. 30, 2008), Nevo Legal Database (Hebrew) (Isr.).Google Scholar
File No. 1580-07 Family Court (Be’er Sheva), D.A v. Y.P (Dec. 9, 2010), Nevo Legal Database (Hebrew) (Isr.).Google Scholar
File No. 1981-06 Family Court (Nazareth), A. v. H. (Oct. 21, 2011), Nevo Legal Database (Hebrew) (Isr.).Google Scholar
File No. 23835-02-10 Family Court (Tel Aviv), A.P v. R.M (Apr. 16, 2012), Nevo Legal Database (Hebrew) (Isr.).Google Scholar
File No. 26220-09 Family Court (Jerusalem), Estate of the Deceased D. v. Y.D (Sept. 4, 2011), Nevo Legal Database (Hebrew) (Isr.).Google Scholar
File No. 27794-11-09 Family Court (Tel Aviv), Estate of the Deceased Y.Y v. A.A (Oct. 24, 2011), Nevo Legal Database (Hebrew) (Isr.).Google Scholar
File No. 3180-09 Family Court (Kfar Saba), Dayan v. Sabag (Dec. 27, 2012), Nevo Legal Database (Hebrew) (Isr.).Google Scholar
File No. 3230-00 Family Court (Tel Aviv), N.A v. B.B (May 24, 2006), Nevo Legal Database (Hebrew) (Isr.).Google Scholar
File No. 49160-08 Family Court (Jerusalem), Y.M v. M.P (Apr. 30, 2011), Nevo Legal Database (Hebrew) (Isr.).Google Scholar
File No. 5690-99 Family Court (Tel Aviv), Estate of the deceased S.Y v. S.R (Sept. 5, 2006), Nevo Legal Database (Hebrew) (Isr.).Google Scholar
File No. 57331-01-11 Family Court (Rishon Le’Zion), Anonymous v. Anonymous (Dec. 24, 2014), Nevo Legal Database (Hebrew) (Isr.).Google Scholar
File No. 7770-10-11 Family Court (Be’er Sheva), L.Z v. A.S (Oct. 25, 2013), Nevo Legal Database (Hebrew) (Isr.).Google Scholar
File No. 9707-01-12 Family Court (Be’er Sheva), Y.T v. P.T (Nov. 7, 2013), Nevo Legal Database (Hebrew) (Isr.).Google Scholar