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“People Crushed by Law Have No Hopes but from Power”: Free Speech and Protest in the 1940s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 March 2021

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Abstract

In a trio of cases handed down on the same day in 1950, the Supreme Court denied constitutional free speech protection to civil rights picketing and labor picketing. The civil rights case, Hughes v. Superior Court, has often been portrayed as an early test case about affirmative action, but it originated in repression of an alliance of radical labor and civil rights activists exasperated by the legislature's repeated failure to enact fair employment law. Seeking a people's law like the labor general strikers and sit-downers of the 1930s and the civil rights sit-inners of the 1960s, they insisted that the true meaning of free speech was the right to speak truth to power. Courts and Congress forced the labor movement to abandon direct action even as it became the defining feature of the civil rights movement. The free speech rights consciousness they invoked challenged the prevailing conservative conception of rights and law. Direct action was a form of legal argument, a subaltern law of solidarity. It was not, as civil rights protest is often portrayed, a form of civil disobedience. What happened during and after the case reveals how the subaltern law and formal law labor and civil rights began to diverge, along with the legal histories of the movements.

Type
Original Article
Information
Law and History Review , Volume 39 , Issue 1 , February 2021 , pp. 173 - 203
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society for Legal History

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34. Order granting Preliminary Injunction, No. 39861 (June 5, 1947).

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43. United States v. United Mine Workers, 330 U.S. 258 (1947).

44. 274 N.Y.S. 946 (1934).

45. Decision by the Court, filed April 30, 1948, nunc pro tunc as of November 20, 1947, Record of Hughes v. Superior Court, California Historical Society.

46. NAACP Correspondence File, 7; and Brotsky, Oral History.

47. Marian Wynn Perry to Mitchell, NAACP Correspondence File, February 18, 1948, 6.

48. Hughes, 186 P.2d at 763, 765.

49. Ibid. at 768 (quoting Ludwig Teller, The Law Governing Labor Disputes and Collective Bargaining [New York: Baker, Voorhis & Co., 1940], 427).

50. Hughes, 32 Cal. 2d 850, 851, 854 & n.1 (1948); Affidavits of Otto Meyer, Albert West, and Benjamin Linsner, Transcript of Record, 45–50.

51. 32 Cal. 2d at 856.

52. 32 Cal. 2d at 869.

53. 32 Cal. 2d at 897.

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55. Edises to Marshall, Jan. 22, 1949, NAACP Correspondence File

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57. Dennis Deslippe, Protesting Affirmative Action: The Struggle Over Equality After the Civil Rights Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012), 10.

58. Levy to Fraenkel, March 8, 1949, NAACP Cases: Hughes v. Superior Court: Racial Quota Pickets, Box 845, Folder 9, item 88. The ACLU of Northern California was involved from early on in the appeals process in support of Hughes and Richardson. ACLU Files, 1940–1949, MS 3580 (Series 11, Box 27, Folder 561), California Historical Society.

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65. Frank Richards to Miller, October 27, 1949; Richards to Marshall, October 18, 1949.

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87. Ibid. at 729.

88. Ibid. at 730.

89. Ibid. at 731.

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91. Thornhill, 310 U.S. 88.

92. Sidney Fine, Frank Murphy: The Detroit Years (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975); and J. Woodford Howard, Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968).

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94. Lawson v. United States, 339 U.S. 934 (1950); and Trumbo v. United States, 339 U.S. 934 (1950).

95. American Communications Ass'n v. Douds, 339 U.S. 382 (1950).

96. Ibid.

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98. Hughes, 339 U.S. 460.

99. Feldman, Scorpions, 348.

100. Hughes, 339 U.S. at 463.

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102. Brilliant, The Color of America, 119.

103. Hughes, 339 U.S. at 466.

104. Memorandum of Justice Clark, dissenting, dated January 1950, Clark Papers, Box A3, Folder 1, Tarlton Library, University of Texas, Austin.

105. Hughes, 339 U.S. at 465.

106. Felix Frankfurter Papers, Hughes v. Superior Court file.

107. “Lucky Stores Win Ruling on Negro Clerks,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 9, 1950, 2; and “Picket Bans Win in Supreme Court,” New York Times, May 9, 1950, 19.

108. “Court Picket Ruling Held 2-Edged Sword,” People's Daily World, May 14, 1950.

109. Brennan Papers, Box I: 118, Folder 5, Draft opinion from Black circulated to Court on December 3, 1964, Library of Congress.

110. Hughes, 379 U.S. at 578.

111. Memorandum on Mississippi Selective Buying Campaign, 4–5, Mississippi Pressures Boycott ‘Made in Mississippi’ 1964–65, NAACP General Office File.

112. Memorandum on Mississippi Selective Buying Campaign, 10. NAACP General Office File.

113. NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware, 458 U.S. 886 (1982).

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