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The Sword and the Crucifix: Church-State Relations and Nationality in the Nineteenth-Century Dominican Republic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2022

Luis Martínez-Fernández
Luis Martínez-Fernández*
Affiliation:
Rutgers University
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Like the precarious colonial state demeaningly referred to as “España la Boba,” the Dominican Catholic Church of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries endured the Caribbean ramifications of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. This onslaught included the cession of Santo Domingo to France in 1795, the protracted and bloody revolution in St. Domingue, disruptions in international trade, and invasions by Haiti in 1801 and 1805. Both the colonial state and the colonial church were further undermined by the declaration of Dominican independence in December 1821. Only weeks into Dominican independence, twelve thousand troops under the command of Haitian President Jean-Pierre Boyer invaded the eastern part of the island, fulfilling the long-held Haitian goal of unifying the island under Haitian rule. Although considerably weakened, the Dominican church survived as the single truly national institution in the sense that it retained influence throughout the Dominican territory. The church was also national in providing a central element in Dominican elite culture: fervent Catholicism. Thus it was not coincidental that clerics gravitated to the heart of the Dominican struggle for liberation and that the church continued to play a major role in defining political alignments during the forty years following Dominican independence.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 30 , Issue 1 , 1995 , pp. 69 - 93
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 by the University of Texas Press

Footnotes

∗

This article stems from a larger research project made possible by the generous support of Duke University, the Tinker Foundation, the Program in Atlantic History, Culture, and Society at the Johns Hopkins University, the National Hispanic Scholarship Fund, the American Historical Association, Bowdoin College, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. An earlier version was presented to the Caribbean Studies Association in St. George's, Grenada, 26–29 May 1992. I am grateful to Father Antonio Camilo González and the staff of the Archivo del Arzobispado de Santo Domingo for their help in conducting research and to the staffs of the Archivo General de la Nación in Santo Domingo and the library of the Pontificia Universidad Madre y Maestra in Santiago. I also wish to thank Jaime de Jesús Domínguez and Frank Moya Pons for guiding me to valuable Dominican documentary sources.

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