Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T14:52:06.977Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Casa and the Causa: Institutional Histories and Cultural Politics in Brazilian Land Reform

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2022

Wendy Wolford
Wendy Wolford*
Affiliation:
Cornell University
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Land reform has been one of the most contentious issues in Brazilian political history. Government administrations since the 1960s have adopted the banner of reform, and the country has implemented vast colonization and redistribution programs, but the objectives and the effects of those programs have varied widely. Throughout this long history, considerable scholarship has focused on the programs themselves as well as on the increasingly radical social movements that have fought for more enduring reform. Most of this work, however, has invoked the state as the site of policy making and political direction and paid little attention to the state workers responsible for actually implementing reform. In this article, I present a qualitative analysis of the agency in charge of land distribution and settlement since 1970, the National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA). I argue that understanding the politics of reform requires attention to the political culture within INCRA, which can only be explained through examination of the agency's long history as first a tool of frontier colonization and then a response to social mobilization.

Resumo

Resumo

A reforma agrária tem sido uma das questões mais controversas na história política brasileira. Administrações executivos desde os anos 1960 adotaram a bandeira da reforma, e o país tem implementado vastos programas de colonização e de redistribuição, mas os objetivos e os efeitos desses programas têm variado muito. Ao longo desta longa história, muito pesquisa concentrou-se nos próprios programas, bem como nos movimentos sociais cada vez mais radicais que lutaram para a reforma mais duradoura. A maior parte deste trabalho, no entanto, invoca o estado como o “site” da formulação de políticas e direção política e prestou pouca atenção aos trabalhadores dentro do Estado responsáveis pela execução efetiva de reforma. Neste artigo, apresento uma análise qualitativa do órgão responsável pela distribuição de terras desde 1970, o Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA). Defendo que a compreensão das políticas de reforma requer a atenção para a política cultural dentro do INCRA, que só pode ser explicada através dum analise da longa história da agência como primeiro instrumento de colonização da fronteira e, em seguida, uma resposta à mobilização social.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 51 , Issue 4 , 2016 , pp. 24 - 42
Copyright
Copyright © 2016 by the Latin American Studies Association

References

Adler, Gustavo, and Sosa, Sebastián 2012 “Intra-Regional Spillovers in South America: Is Brazil Systemic after All?” IMF Working Paper WP/12/145, June. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/wp12145.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ALADI (Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración) 2013 “Convenio de pagos y créditos recíprocos: Compensaciones y evaluación.” http://www.aladi.org/nsfaladi/convenio.nsf/Pcompensacionsaldos (accessed April 15, 2013).Google Scholar
Armijo, Leslie Elliott 2013 “Equality and Regional Finance in the Americas.” Latin American Politics and Society 55 (4): 95–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armijo, Leslie Elliott, and Echeverri-Gent, John 2014 “Brave New World? The Politics of International Finance in Brazil and India.” In The Financial Statecraft of Emerging Powers: Shield and Sword in Asia and Latin America, edited by Armijo, Leslie Elliott and Katada, Saori N., 47–76. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Armijo, Leslie Elliott, and Katada, Saori N. 2014 “Theorizing the Financial Statecraft of Emerging Powers.” New Political Economy 20 (1): 42–62. DOI: 10.1080/13563467.2013.866082.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BCB (Banco Central do Brasil) 2013 “SML: Local Currency Payment System.” April. http://www.bcb.gov.br/?smleoperat (accessed April 20, 2013).Google Scholar
Beattie, Alan 2012 “World Bank: An Exercise of Influence.” Financial Times, April 2. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/15b9d4d8-7ca6-11e1-8a27-00144feab49a.html.Google Scholar
Bernal-Meza, Raúl, and Christensen, Steen Fryba 2013 “Brazil's Foreign Priorities: Between the Region and the BRICS.” Paper presented at the International Studies Association, San Francisco, April.Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2009 “Contratações da área industrial (operações directas), período: 01/01/2008 a 31/12/2008.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_pt/Galerias/Arquivos/consultas/projetosAI_2008.pdf (accessed April 12, 2013).Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2010 “Contratações da área industrial (operações diretas), período: 01/01/2009 a 31/12/2009.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/export/sites/default/bndes_pt/Galerias/Arquivos/consultas/projetosAI2009.pdf (accessed April 15, 2013).Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2011 “Annual Report 2010.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/export/sites/default/bndes_en/Galerias/RelAnualEnglish/ra2010/Rel_Anual_2010_ingles.pdf (accessed April 15, 2013).Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2012 “Annual Report 2011.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/export/sites/default/bndes_pt/Galerias/Arquivos/empresa/RelAnual/ra2011/relatorio_anual2011_full.pdf (accessed April 12, 2013).Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2013a “Desembolso anual do sistema BNDES.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/export/sites/default/bndes_pt/Galerias/Arquivos/empresa/estatisticas/Int2_1D_a_setorCNAE.pdf (accesses April 15, 2013).Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2013b “Desembolso anual do sistema BNDES: Apoio à exportação.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/export/sites/default/bndes_pt/Galerias/Arquivos/empresa/estatisticas/Int2_1D_a_setorCNAE_export.pdf (accessed April 15, 2013).Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2013c “Desembolsos BNDES Exim Pós-embarque pordestinodasex portações financiadas.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/export/sites/default/bndes_pt/Galerias/Arquivos/empresa/estatisticas/projetosAEX.xls (accessed April 15, 2013).Google Scholar
BNDES (Brazilian Development Bank) 2013d “The BNDES in Numbers: Performance.” http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_en/Institucional/The_BNDES_in_Numbers/ (accessed April 15, 2013).Google Scholar
Brainard, Lael, and Martinez-Diaz, Leonardo, eds. 2009 Brazil as an Economic Superpower? Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.Google Scholar
CAF (Latin American Development Bank) 2010a “CAF in Figures.” http://www.caf.com/view/index.asp?ms=19&pageMs=62010 (accessed April 12, 2013).Google Scholar
CAF (Latin American Development Bank) 2010b “Shareholder Countries.” http://www.caf.com/view/index.asp?pageMS=62008&ms=19 (accessed April 12, 2013).Google Scholar
CAF (Latin American Development Bank) 2012 “Annual Report 2011.” http://www.caf.com/attach/19/default/AnnualReport2011.pdf (accessed April 12, 2013).Google Scholar
DeNegri, Joao Alberto, Maffioli, Alessandro, Rodriguez, Cesar M., and Vázquez, Gonzalo 2011 “The Impact of Public Credit Programs on Brazilian Firms.” Inter-American Development Bank Working Paper IDB-WP-293, December. http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=36629871.Google Scholar
Desai, Raj M., and Vreeland, James Raymond 2011 “Global Governance in a Multipolar World: The Case for Regional Monetary Funds.” International Studies Review 13 (1): 109–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devereux, Charlie 2011 “Chavez Aims to Revive Influence at First Regional Summit after Cancer Cure.” Bloomberg, December 2. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-02/chavez-aims-to-revive-influence-at-first-regional-summit-after-cancer-cure.html.Google Scholar
Dias, Alvaro 2012 “Pronunciamento no Senado Federal em 11/06/2012, Senado Federal, Portal Atividade Legislativa.” June 11. http://www.senado.gov.br/atividade/pronunciamento/detTexto.asp?t=393376.Google Scholar
The Economist 2007 “Hugo Chávez Moves into Banking.” May 10. http://www.economist.com/node/9149736.Google Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry 2010 “Regional Funds: Paper Tigers or Tigers with Teeth?” In Regional and Global Liquidity Arrangements, edited by Volz, Ulrich and Caliari, Aldo, 39–40. Bonn: German Development Institute.Google Scholar
Goodman, Joshua 2009 “Mantega Says Brazil to Buy $10 Billion of IMF Bonds.” Bloomberg, October 5. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aAUFMxtidd9Q.Google Scholar
Hochstetler, Kathryn, and Montero, Alfred P. 2013 “The Renewed Developmental State: The National Development Bank and the Brazil Model.” Journal of Development Studies 49 (11): 1484–1499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 2012 “GRA and PRGT Arrangements from 1 January 2000 to 20 July 2012.” Prepared by Finance Department, July 20.Google Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 2013a “Balance of Payments Statistics (BOPS), IMF eLibrary: Data.” Updated April 26. http://elibrary-data.imf.org (accessed April 26, 2013).Google Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 2013b “Data Template on International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity, Data and Statistics.” Updated April 26. http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/ir/IRProcessWeb/colist.aspx (accessed April 27, 2013).Google Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 2013c “Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS), IMF eLibrary: Data.” Updated April 26. http://elibrary-data.imf.org (accessed April 26, 2013).Google Scholar
IMF (International Monetary Fund) 2013d “World Economic Outlook Database 2013.” Updated April 16. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/download.aspx (accessed April 17, 2013).Google Scholar
Leahy, Joe 2013a “Brazil's BNDES and Caixa Hit by Downgrades.” Financial Times, March 21. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0a07be4c-924f-11e2–851f-00144feabdc0.html.Google Scholar
Leahy, Joe 2013b “Brazil and China Agree Currency Swap.” Financial Times, March 26. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3e20302e-9632–11e2–9ab2–00144feabdc0.html.Google Scholar
Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio 2009 “Discurso do Presidente da República, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, por ocasião da visita da presidente da Argentina, Cristina Kirchner, Palácio Itamaraty.” November 18. http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-BR/discursos-artigos-e-entrevistas-categoria/presidente-da-republica-federativa-do-brasil-discursos/10706-declaracao-a-imprensa-do-presidente-da-republica-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-por-ocasiao-da-visita-da-presidente-da-argentina-cristina-kirchner-palacio-itamaraty-18-de-novembro-de-2009.Google Scholar
Malamud, Andrés 2011 “A Leader without Followers? The Growing Divergence between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy.” Latin American Politics and Society 53 (3): 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malamud, Andrés, and Gardini, Gian Luca 2012 “Has Regionalism Peaked? The Latin American Quagmire and Its Lessons.” The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs 47 (1): 116–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKay, Julie, Volz, Ulrich, and Wölfinger, Regine 2011 “Regional Financial Arrangements and the Stability of the International Monetary System.” Journal of Globalization and Development 2 (1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MercoPress 2007 “Brazil Looks to Join CAF for US$1B.” March 20. http://en.mercopress.com/2007/03/20/brazil-looks-to-join-caf-for-us-1b.Google Scholar
MercoPress 2010 “Crisis Lesson: Better to Rely on International Reserves Than IMF Credit Says Brazil.” March 24. http://en.mercopress.com/2010/03/24/crisis-lesson-better-to-rely-on-international-reserves-than-imf-credit-says-brazil.Google Scholar
MercoPress 2011 “Brazil Decides Full Support for the (Development) Bank of the South.” December 15. http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/15/brazil-decides-full-support-for-the-development-bank-of-the-south.Google Scholar
MercoPress 2014 “Brazil and Uruguay Agree to Bilateral Trade in Local Currencies.” November 3. http://en.mercopress.com/2014/11/03/brazil-and-uruguay-agree-to-bilateral-trade-in-local-currencies.Google Scholar
Nejamkis, Guido, and Henao, Luis Andres 2011 “Latin America to Debate Anti-crisis Fund.” Globe and Mail, August 12. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/latin-american-business/latin-america-to-debate-anti-crisis-fund/article590235.Google Scholar
Ocampo, José Antonio, ed. 2006 Regional Financial Cooperation. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Ocampo, José Antonio, and Titelman, Daniel 2009 “Subregional Financial Cooperation: The South American Experience.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 32 (2): 249–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ocampo, José Antonio, and Titelman, Daniel 2012 “Regional Monetary Cooperation in Latin America.” Asian Development Bank Institute Working Paper 373, August. http://www.adbi.org/files/2012.08.10.wp373.regional.monetary.cooperation.latin.america.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, Samantha 2012 “Brazil: A Bank Too Big to Be Beautiful.” Financial Times, September 23. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/983f1bca-0234-11e2-b41f-00144feabdc0.html.Google Scholar
Polaski, Sandra, et al. 2009 Brazil in the Global Economy: Measuring the Gains from Trade. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Sanahuja, José Antonio 2012 “Post-Liberal Regionalism in South America: The Case of UNASUR.” European University Institute Working Paper RSCAS 2012/05, February. http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/20394/RSCAS-2012-05.pdf?sequence=1.Google Scholar
Silva, Antonio Francisco A. Jr. 2011 “The Self-Insurance Role of International Reserves and the 2008–2010 Crisis.” Banco Central do Brasil Working Paper Series 256, November. Brasília: Banco Central do Brasil.Google Scholar
Trucco, Pablo 2012 “The Rise of Monetary Agreements in South America.” In The Rise of Post-hegemonic Regionalism: The Case of Latin America, edited by Riggirozzi, Pía and Tussie, Diana, 101–124. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volz, Ulrich, and Caliari, Aldo, eds. 2010 Regional and Global Liquidity Arrangements. Bonn: German Development Institute.Google Scholar
Wheatley, Jonathan 2013 “Brazil's BNDES: Crowding Out, Not Crowding In.” Financial Times beyondbrics (blog), January 24. http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/01/24/brazils-bndes-crowding-out-not-crowding-in.Google Scholar
World Bank and de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, Instituto 2011 Bridging the Atlantic: Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/africa-brazil-bridging-final.pdf (accessed April 12, 2013).Google Scholar
Abers, Rebecca Neaera 2000 Inventing Local Democracy: Grassroots Politics in Brazil. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abers, Rebecca Neaera, and Keck, Margaret E. 2009 “Mobilizing the State: The Erratic Partner in Brazil's Participatory Water Policy.” Politics and Society 37 (2): 289–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abers, Rebecca Neaera, and Keck, Margaret E. 2013 Practical Authority: Agency and Institutional Change in Brazilian Water Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auyero, Javier, and Joseph, Lauren 2007 “Introduction: Politics under the Ethnographic Microscope.” In New Perspectives in Political Ethnography, edited by Joseph, Lauren, Mahler, Matthew, and Auyero, Javier, 1–13. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Baiocchi, Gianpaolo 2005 Militants and Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, Bertha K. 1982 Geopolítica da Amazônia: A nova fronteira de recursos. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar Editores.Google Scholar
Bersch, Katherine, Praça, Sérgio, and Taylor, Matthew M. 2013 “State Capacity and Bureaucratic Autonomy within National States: Mapping the Archipelago of Excellence in Brazil.” Paper prepared for presentation at the Latin American Studies Association Conference, Washington, DC, May 29-June 1, 2013.Google Scholar
Bresser-Pereira, Luiz Carlos 2007 “Public Bureaucracy and Ruling Classes in Brazil.” Revista de Sociologia e Política 28:9–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruno, Regina 2012 “Guardiões da reforma agraria: Servidores públicos e técnicos em defesa de uma reforma agraria durante a ditadura militar no Brasil.” Revista Tempos Históricos 16 (2): 71–97.Google Scholar
Bunker, Stephen G. 1985 Underdeveloping the Amazon: Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Failure of the Modern State. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Cleary, David 1991 The Brazilian Rainforest: Politics, Finance, Mining, and the Environment. London: Business International Limited.Google Scholar
CNASI (Confederação Nacional das Associações dos Servidores do INCRA) 2006 “Avaliação do INCRA.” Working Group Paper, MP/SRH/No 1.574, September 19.Google Scholar
Dagnino, Evelina, ed. 2002 Sociedade civil e espaços públicos no Brasil. São Paulo: Paz e Terra.Google Scholar
Das, Veena, and Poole, Deborah 2004 Anthropology in the Margins of the State. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series.Google Scholar
Deere, Carmen Diana, and Medeiros, Leonilde 2007 “Agrarian Reform and Poverty Reduction: Lessons from Brazil.” In Land, Poverty And Livelihoods in an Era of Globalization: Perspectives from Developing and Transition Countries, edited by Akram-Lodhi, A. Haroon, Borras, Saturnino M. Jr., and Kay, Cristóbal, 80–119. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dowbor, Monika, and Houtzager, Peter P. 2014 “The Role of Professionals in Policy Reform: Cases from the City Level, São Paulo.” Latin American Politics and Society 56 (3): 141–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drosdoff, Daniel 1986 Linha dura no Brasil: O governo Médici, 1969–1974. Translated by de Paula Lima, Norberto. São Paulo: Global Editora.Google Scholar
Evans, Peter B. 1989 “Predatory, Developmental, and Other Apparatuses: A Comparative Political Economy Perspective on the Third World State.” Sociological Forum 4 (4): 561–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Peter, and Rauch, James E. 1999 “Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of ‘Weberian’ State Structures on Economic Growth.” American Sociological Review 64 (5): 748–765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferme, Mariane C. 2013 “Introduction: Localizing the State.” Anthropological Quarterly 86 (4): 957–963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandes, Bernardo M. 1999 MST, Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra: Formação e territorialização. São Paulo: Editora Hucitec.Google Scholar
Ferreira, Brancolina 1994 “Estratégias de intervenção do Estado em áreas de assentamento: As políticas de assentamento do governo federal.” In Assentamentos rurais: Uma visão multidisciplinar, edited by Medeiros, L. et al., 29–47. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis 2012 “The Strange Absence of the State in Political Science.” American Interest, October 2, 2012. http://www.the-american-interest.com/fukuyama/2012/10/02/the-strange-absence-of-the-state-in-political-science/.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara 1994 Politician's Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grindle, Merilee S. 2004 “Good Enough Governance: Poverty Reduction and Reform in Developing Countries.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 17 (4): 525–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hecht, Susanna B., and Cockburn, Alexander 1989 The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers, and Defenders of the Amazon. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Holston, James 1991 “The Misrule of Law: Land and Usurpation in Brazil.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 33 (4): 695–725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1991 The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Joseph, Gilbert M., and Nugent, Daniel 1994 Everyday Forms of State Formation: Revolution and the Negotiation of Rule in Modern Mexico. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Joseph, Lauren, Mahler, Matthew, and Auyero, Javier, eds. 2007 New Perspectives in Political Ethnography. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurtz, Marcus J., and Schrank, Andrew 2012 “Capturing State Strength: Experimental and Econometric Approaches.” Revista de Ciência Política 32 (3): 613–621.Google Scholar
Loureiro, Maria Rita, Olivieri, Cecília, and Martes, Ana Cristina Braga 2010 “Burocratas, partidos e grupos de interesse: O debate sobre política e burocracia no Brasil.” In Burocracia e política no Brasil contemporâneo, edited by Loureiro, Maria Rita, Abrucio, Fernando Luiz, and Pacheco, Regina Silva, 73–108. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fundação Getúlio Vargas.Google Scholar
Luna, Juan Pablo, Murillo, M. Victoria, and Schrank, Andrew 2014 “Latin American Political Economy: Making Sense of a New Reality.” Latin American Politics and Society 56 (1): Special Section: 3–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martins, José de Souza 1984 A militarização da questão agrária no Brasil: Terra e poder, o problema da terra na crise política. Petrópolis: Vozes.Google Scholar
Mathews, Andrew S. 2008 “Statemaking, Knowledge and Ignorance: Translation and Concealment in Mexican Forestry Institutions.” American Anthropologist 110 (4): 484–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medeiros, Leonilde S. de, and Esterci, N. 1994 Introduction to Assentamentos rurais: Uma visão multidisciplinar, 11–26. São Paulo: Editora Unesp; Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da UNESP.Google Scholar
Meszaros, George 2000 “Taking the Land into Their Hands: The Landless Workers' Movement and the Brazilian State.” Journal of Law and Society 27 (4): 517–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ministério da Agricultura and INCRA 1972 Colonização da Amazônia: PIN. Brasília: Ministério da Agricultura and INCRA.Google Scholar
Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário (MDA) 2006 Memoria Incra 35 anos. Brasília: MDA; INCRA; Núcleo de Estudos Agrários e Desenvolvimento Rural (NEAD). http://www.mda.gov.br/sitemda/sites/sitemda/files/user_arquivos_64/pageflip-4204234-74145-lt_Memria_Incra_35_anos_-1924318.pdf.Google Scholar
Moran, Emilio F. 1976 Agricultural Development in the Transamazon Highway. Bloomington: Indiana University.Google Scholar
Moran, Emilio F. 1981 Developing the Amazon. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Moran, Emilio F. 1983 “Government-Directed Settlement in the 1970s: An Assessment of Transamazon Highway Colonization.” In The Dilemma of Amazonian Development, 297–317. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Mosley, Layna, ed. 2013 Interview Research in Political Science. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozorio de Almeida, Anna Luiza 1992 The Colonization of the Amazon. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Palmeira, Moacyr 1994 “Burocracia, política e reforma agraria.” In Assentamentos rurais: Uma visão multidisciplinar, L. Medeiros et al., 49–69. São Paulo: Editora Unesp.Google Scholar
Penna, Camila 2012 “Participation and Land Reform in Brazil: Tracing Connections between Bureaucrats and Social Movements.” Sociological Review 61 (4): 123–142.Google Scholar
Pompermayer, Malori José 1979 “The State and the Frontier in Brazil: A Case Study of the Amazon.” PhD diss., Stanford University.Google Scholar
Ponce, Aldo F., and McClintock, Cynthia 2014 “The Explosive Combination of Inefficient Local Bureaucracies and Mining Production: Evidence from Localized Societal Protests in Peru.” Latin American Politics and Society 56:118–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reel, Monte 2010 The Last of the Tribe: The Epic Quest to Save a Lone Man in the Amazon. New York: Scribner.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, H. Jon 1971 “Project Rondon, a Brazilian Experiment in Economic and Political Development.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 30 (2): 187–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrank, Andrew 2013 “From Disguised Protectionism to Rewarding Regulation: The Impact of Trade-Related Labor Standards in the Dominican Republic.” Regulation and Governance 7 (3): 299–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, Aradhana, and Gupta, Akhil, eds. 2006 The Anthropology of the State: A Reader. New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sigaud, Lygia 2004 “As condições de possibilidade das ocupações de terra.” Tempo Social, Revista de Sociologia da USP 17 (1): 255–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmons, Cynthia S. 2002 “The Local Articulation of Land Use Conflict: Economic Development, Environment, and Amerindian Rights.” Professional Geographer 54 (2): 241–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Nigel J. H. 1982 Rainforest Corridors: The Transamazon Colonization Scheme. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SUDAM (Superintendência do Desenvolvimento da Amazônia) 1973 Perfil econômico, SUDAM. Belem: SUDAM.Google Scholar
Sugiyama, Natasha Borges, and Hunter, Wendy 2013 “Whither Clientelism? Good Governance and Brazil's Bolsa Família Program.” Comparative Politics 46 (1): 43–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tendier, Judith 1997 Good Government in the Tropics. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles 2007 Afterword to New Perspectives in Political Ethnography, edited by Joseph, Lauren, Mahler, Matthew, and Auyero, Javier, 247–250. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wampler, Brian 2007 Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: Contestation, Cooperation, and Accountability. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Max (1918) 2014 “Politics as a Vocation.” Delivered as a lecture in 1918 and downloaded from the web on December 12, 2014, at anthropos-lab.net/.../12/Weber-Politics-as-a-Vocation.pdf.Google Scholar
Wolford, Wendy 2010 This Land Is Ours Now: Social Mobilization and the Meanings of Land in Brazil. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Wolford, Wendy 2016 “State-Society Dynamics in Contemporary Brazilian Land Reform.” Latin American Perspectives 43 (2): 77–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolford, Wendy, and French, John D. 2016 “Deconstructing the Post-Neoliberal State: Intimate Perspectives on Contemporary Brazil.” Introduction to the special issue, Latin American Perspectives 43 (2): 4–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Angus L., and Wolford, Wendy 2003 To Inherit the Earth: The Landless Movement and the Struggle for a New Brazil. Oakland, CA: Food First Books.Google Scholar