Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T15:48:07.201Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Torata Alta: An Inka Administrative Center and Spanish Colonial Reduccion in Moquegua, Peru

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Prudence M. Rice
Prudence M. Rice*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The hilltop site of Torata Alta displays a gridded site plan characteristic of Inka and Spanish colonial settlement planning, and it is now evident that the site’s brief history represents both occupations. Torata Alta began as a colony established by the Inka in the agriculturally rich Torata Valley and was settled by their Altiplano allies, the Lupaqa, in the Lake Titicaca Basin. Sometime during the early 1570s, as part of Spanish colonial administrative reforms, the community became a reducción resettlement of native Andeans drawn from small nearby hamlets. A church and ancillary buildings were constructed in the site center, and investigated structures include a beer-brewing facility and residences for textile-producing elites. In 1600, the eruption of Huaynaputina volcano and its accompanying earthquake swarm destroyed the church and covered the site with a layer of ash. Torata Alta’s residents continued living there but suffered another earthquake in 1604. The community appears to have been largely abandoned by the end of the first quarter of the seventeenth century, the residents moving down to the valley settlement that became modern Torata.

El sitio de Torata Alta, ubicado en la cresta de una sierra, muestra una planificación cuadriculada característica de los incas y los asentamientos coloniales españoles, y ahora es evidente que la historia breve del sitio representa ambas ocupaciones. Torata Alta comenzó como una colonia establecida por los incas en el fértil valle del Río Torata y fue ocupada por sus aliados del altiplano, los Lupaqa, en la cuenca del lago Titicaca. En algún momento durante la década de 1570, como parte de las reformas administrativas colonial-españolas, Torata se convirtió en un reasentamiento conocido como “reducción de indios” de los nativos andinos procedentes de pequeñas comunidades cercanas. Una iglesia y estructuras auxiliares fueron construidas en el centro del sitio. La recolección de la superficie en 16 kanchas y excavaciones en más de 30 localidades, incluidas las estructuras, patios, y la iglesia, proporcionaron fragmentos de la cerámica indígena de tipos policromados regionales, así como artefactos europeos tales como la cerámica mayólica y botijas. Una estructura parece haber sido utilizada para la fermentación de grandes cantidades de chicha, probablemente para fiestas, patrocinadas por los kurakas, en reciprocidad del trabajo de la comunidad. Otras estructuras parecen ser residencias de las élites quienes producían textiles y también fueron sitios para fiestas. Características inusuales de algunas residencias incluyen herraduras guardadas y fogoncitos a la base de cantos rodados y fogoncitos junto a las bases de grandes cantos, ambos quizás representando formas de “resistencia” sutiles contra las autoridades españolas. En 1600, la erupción del volcán Huaynaputina y los días de terremotios que le acompañaron destgruyeron la iglesia y el sitio quedó cubierto con una capa de ceniza volcánica. Los residentes de Torata Alta siguieron viviendo allí, pero sufrieron otro terremoto en 1604. La comunidad parece haber sido abandonada en gran medida hacia el fin del primer cuarto del siglo XVII, los residentes trasladándose al asentamiento del valle que es la actual villa de Torata.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , March 2012 , pp. 3 - 28
Copyright
Copyright © 2012 by the Society for American Archaeology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Andrien, Kenneth J. 1991 Spaniards, Andeans, and the Early Colonial State in Peru. In Transatlantic Encounters. Europeans and Andeans in the Sixteenth Century, edited by Kenneth J. Andrien and Rolena Adorno, pp. 121–148. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Barriga, Victor M. 1955 Documentos para la historia de Arequipa, 1535–1580, Tomo III: Documentos inéditos del Archivo General de lndias. Editorial La Colmena, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Borstel, Christopher L., Conrad, Geoffrey W., and Jacobi, Keith P. 1989 Analysis of Exposed Architecture at San Antonio: Foundation for an Excavation Strategy. In Ecology, Settlement, and History in the Osmore Drainage, Peru, Pt. I, edited by Don S. Rice, Charles Stanish, and Phillip R. Scarr, pp. 371–394. BAR International Series 545. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Bürgi, Peter T. 1993 The Inka Empire’s Expansion into the Coastal Sierra Region West of Lake Titicaca. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Cañedo-Argüelles Fábrega, Teresa 1994 Cacicazgo y poder en el valle de Moquegua (siglos XVII y XVIII). Revista Archivo Arzobispal de Arequipa 1:17–30.Google Scholar
Cañedo-Argüelles Fábrega, Teresa 1995 Las reducciones indígenas en el sur andino: estrategias de productiín y sus efectos en el medio ambiente. Revista Complutense de Historia de América 21:123–140. Madrid.Google Scholar
Cañedo-Argüelles Fábrega, Teresa 2005 La visita de Juan Gutiérrez Flores al Colesuyo y pleitos por los cacicazgos de Torata y Moquegua. Fondo Editorial del Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Cañedo-Argüelles Fábrega, Teresa (coordinator) 2004 Al sur del márgen: avatares y límites de una región postergada Moquegua (Perú). Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Madrid.Google Scholar
Cavagnaro Orellana, Luis 1988 Materiales para la historia de Tacna, Tomo II: Dominatión hispánica (s. XIV). Cooperativa San Pedro de Tacna, Tacna.Google Scholar
Conrad, Geoffrey W. 1993 Domestic Architecture of the Estuquiña Phase: Estuquiña and San Antonio. In Domestic Architecture, Ethnicity, and Complementarity in the South-Central Andes, edited by Mark S. Aldenderfer, pp. 55–65. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covey, R. Alan 2009 Inka A gricultural Intensification in the Imperial Heartland and Provinces. In Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael E. Moseley, ed. Joyce Marcus and Patrick Ryan Williams, pp. 365–377. Monograph 63. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Crouch, Dora P. 1991 Roman Models for Spanish Colonization. In The Spanish Borderlands in Pan-American Perspective. Columbian Consequences, Vol. 3, edited by David Hurst Thomas, pp. 21–35. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Crouch, Dora P., Garr, Daniel J., and Mundigo, Axel 1982 Spanish City Planning in North America. MIT Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cummins, Thomas 2002 Forms of Andean Colonial Towns, Free Will, and Marriage. In The Archaeology of Colonialism, edited by Claire L. Lyons and John K. Papadopoulos, pp. 199–240. Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Davies, Keith A. 1975 La tenencia de la tierra en Arequipa colonial, 1540–1560. Historia 1:29–46.Google Scholar
de France, Susan D. 1993 Ecological Imperialism in the South-Central Andes: Faunal Data from Spanish Colonial Settlements in the Moquegua and Torata Valleys. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
de France, Susan D. 1996 Iberian Foodways in the Moquegua and Torata Valleys of Southern Peru. Historical Archaeology 30(3):20–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Silva, Shanaka I., and Zielinski, Gregory A. 1998 Global Influence of the A.D. 1600 Eruption of Huaynaputina, Peru. Nature 393 (June 4):455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal 1998 Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España. Editorial Porrúa, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Diez de San Miguel, Garci 1964 Visita hecha a la provincia de Chucuito por Garci Diez de San Miguel en el año 1567. Documentos Regionales para la Etnología y Etnohistoria Andina, Tomo I. Ediciones de la Casa de la Cultura del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Funari, Pedro Paulo A. 1996 Historical Archaeology in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, World Archaeological Bulletin 7:51–62.Google Scholar
Funari, Pedro Paulo A. 1997 Archaeology, History, and Historical Archaeology in South America. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 1:189–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gade, Daniel W. 1992 Landscape, System, and Identity in the Post-Conquest Andes. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82(3):460–477.Google Scholar
Gade, Daniel W., and Escobar, Mario 1982 Village Settlement and the Colonial Legacy in Southern Peru. Geographical Review 72(4):430–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcilaso de la Vega, El Inca 1987 [1609] Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru, Pt. 1. Trans. Harold V. Livermore. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Gasparini, Graziano, and Margolies, Louise 1980 Inca Architecture. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S. 1993 House, Community, and State in the Earliest Tiwanaku Colony: Domestic Patterns and State Integration at Omo M12, Moquegua. In Domestic Architecture, Ethnicity, and Complementarity in the South-Central Andes, edited by Mark S. Aldenderfer, pp. 25–1. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S. 2009 Diasporas Within the Ancient State: Tiwanaku as Ayllus in Motion, la Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael E. Moseley, edited by Joyce Marcus and Patrick Ryan Williams, pp. 277–301. Monograph 63. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Gose, Peter 2008 Invaders as Ancestors: On the Intercultural Making and Unmaking of Spanish Colonialism in the Andes. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, Elizabeth 1998 Mission Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 27:25–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guíbovich P., Pedro Manuel 1984 Indice del protocolo del escribano Diego Dávila (siglo XVI). In Contribuciones a los estudios de los Andes centrales, edited by Shozo Masuda, pp. 174–405. University of Tokyo, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez, Ramón 1993 Parroquias de indios y reorganizatión urbana en la evangelizatión americana. In Mudéjar iberoamericano: una expresiín de dos mundos, edited by Ignacio Henares Cuéllar and Fernando Molina González, pp. 213–232. Monográfica Arte y Arqueología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.Google Scholar
Helms, Mary W. 1993 Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade, and Power. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Hyslop, John 1979 El área lupaca bajo el dominio incaico: un reconocimiento arqueológico. Histórica 3(1):53–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyslop, John 1990 Inka Settlement Planning. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Jamieson, Ross W. 2000 Domestic Architecture and Power: The Historical Archaeology of Colonial Ecuador. Contributions to Global Historical Archaeology. Kluwer/Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Jamieson, Ross W. 2005 Colonialism, Social Archaeology and lo Andino: Historical Archaeology in the Andes. World Archaeology 37(3):352–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamieson, Ross W., and Hancock, R. G. V. 2004 Neutron Activation Analysis of Colonial Ceramics from Southern Highland Ecuador. Archaeometry 46(4):569–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janusek, John Wayne 2004 Identity and Power in the Ancient Andes: Tiwanaku Cities Through Time. Routledge, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, Justin, and Chatfield, Melissa 2009 Pots, Brewers, and Hosts: Women’s Power and the Limits of Central Andean Feasting. In Drink, Power, and Society in the Andes, edited by Justin Jennings and Brenda Bowser, pp. 200–231. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, John G. 1990 Archaeobotanical Analyses. In Interim Report, Moquegua Bodegas Project, Fifth Season, 1989, edited by Prudence M. Rice, pp. 95–98. Project Files, Carbondale, Illinois.Google Scholar
Julien, Catherine J. 1985 Guano and Resource Control in Sixteenth-Century Arequipa. In Andean Ecology and Civilization, edited by Shozo Masuda, Izumi Shimada, and Craig Morris, pp. 185–231. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.Google Scholar
Kubler, George 1946 The Quechua in the Colonial World. In Handbook of South American Indians, Vol. 2: The Andean Civilizations, edited by Julian H. Steward, pp. 331–410. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 143. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Kuon Cabello, Luis E. 1981 Retazos de la historia de Moquegua. Editorial Abril, Lima.Google Scholar
Levillier, Robert 1929 Ordenanzas de Francisco de Toledo, virrey del Perú, 1579–1581. Madrid.Google Scholar
Lockhart, James B., and Schwartz, Stuart B. 1983 Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Lorenzo, José L. 1981 Notes on the History of Ibero-American Archaeology. In Towards a History of Archaeology, edited by Glyn Daniel, pp. 133–145. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Low, Setha M. 1995 Indigenous Architecture and the Spanish American Plaza in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean. American Anthropologist 97(4):748–762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Málaga Medina, Alejandro 1972 Toledo y las reducciones de indios en Arequipa: aspecto demográfico. Historiografía y Bibliografía Americanistas 16:389–400. Publicaciones de la Escuela de Estudios de Sevilla, Seville.Google Scholar
Málaga Medina, Alejandro 1975 Los corregimientos de Arequipa, siglo XVI. Historia 1:47–85.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 2009 A World Tour of Breweries. In Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael E. Moseley, edited by Joyce Marcus and Patrick Ryan Williams, pp. 303–324. Monograph 63. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, University of California, Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez, Santiago 1936 Fundadores de Arequipa. Arequipa.Google Scholar
Mathews, James E. 1989 Dual Systems of Inka Agricultural Production: Evidence from the Osmore Drainage, Southern Peru. In Ecology, Settlement, and History in the Osmore Drainage, Peru, Pt. I, edited by Don S. Rice, Charles Stanish, and Phillip R. Scarr, pp. 415–434. BAR International Series 545. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Moore, Jerry D. 1989 Pre-Hispanic Beer in Coastal Peru: Technology and Social Context of Prehistoric Production. American Anthropologist 91(3):682–695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moseley, Michael E., Nash, Donna, Williams, Patrick Ryan, de France, Susan D., Miranda, Ana, and Ruales, Mario 2005 Burning Down the Brewery: Establishing and Evacuating an Ancient Imperial Colony at Cerro Baúl, Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(48):17246–17271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murra, John V. 1972 El “control vertical” de un máximo de pisos ecológicos en la economía de las sociedades andinas. In Visita de laprovincia de León de Huánuco en 1562, by Iñigo Ortiz de Zúñiga, Visitador. Documentos por la historia y etnología de Huánuco y la Selva Central, edited by John V. Murra, Vol. 2:427–476. Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán, Huánuco, Peru.Google Scholar
Nash, Donna J., and Williams, Patrick Ryan 2009 Wari Political Organization: The Southern Periphery. In Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael E. Moseley, edited by Joyce Marcus and Patrick Ryan Williams, pp. 257–276. Monograph 63. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, University of California, Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Núñez Henríquez, Patricio 1984 La antigua aldea de San Lorenzo de Tarapacá, norte de Chile. Revista Chungará 13:53–65.Google Scholar
Nuttall, Zelia 1921 Royal Ordinances Concerning the Laying Out of New Towns. Hispanic American Historical Review 5(2):249–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oficina Nacional de Evaluatión de Recursos Naturales 1976 Inventario, evaluación y uso de los recursos naturales de la costa cuencas de los ríos Moquegua, Locumba, Sama y Caplina. Oficina Nacional de Evaluación de Recursos Naturales, Lima.Google Scholar
Owen, Bruce 2005 Distant Colonies and Explosive Collapse: The Two Stages of the Tiwanaku Diaspora in the Osmore Drainage. Latin American Antiquity 16(1):45–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Politis, Gustavo G. 1995 The Socio-Politics of the Development of Archaeology in Hispanic South America. In Theory in Archaeology: A World Perspective, edited by Peter J. Ucko, pp. 197–235. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Politis, Gustavo G. 2003 The Theoretical Landscape and the Methodological Development of Archaeology in Latin America. American Antiquity 68(2):245–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1994 The Kilns of Moquegua, Peru: Technology, Excavations, and Functions. Journal of Field Archaeology 21(3):325–344.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1995 Wine and “Local Catholicism” in Colonial Moquegua, Peru. Colonial Latin American Historical Review 4(4):369–404.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1996a The Archaeology of Wine: The Wine and Brandy Haciendas of Moquegua, Peru. Journal of Field Archaeology 23(2):187–204.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1996b Wine and Brandy Production in Colonial Peru: A Historical and Archaeological Investigation. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 27(3):455–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1997 Tin-Enameled Ceramics of Moquegua, Peru. In Approaches to the Historical Archaeology of Mexico, Central and South America, edited by Janine Gasco, Greg Smith, and Patricia Fournier-García, pp. 167–175. Monograph 38. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 2009 Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and the Spanish Colonial Wine Industry of Moquegua, Peru. In Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael E. Moseley, edited by Joyce Marcus and Patrick Ryan Williams, pp. 379–392. Monograph 63. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, University of California, Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 2011a Order (and Disorder) in Early Colonial Moquegua, Peru. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 15(3):481–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 2011b Vintage Moquegua: History, Wine, and Archaeology in a Colonial Peruvian Periphery. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M., Bürgi, Peter T., Buren, Mary Van, and Conrad, Geoffrey 1989 Torata Alta, an Inka-Spanish Settlement. Paper presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Atlanta.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M., and Smith, Greg C. 1990 Bodegas de vid de Moquegua: Tercera temporada, 1987. In Trabajos arqueológicos en Moquegua, Peru, Vol. 3, compiled by Luis K. Watanabe, Michael E. Moseley, and Fernando Cabieses, pp. 207–230. Programa Contisuyo del Museo Peruano de Ciencias de la Salud and Southern Peru Copper Corporation, Lima.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M., Smith, Greg C., de France, Susan M., Van Beck, Sara, Bürgi, Peter, and Van Buren, Mary 1990 Bodegas de vid de Moquegua: Quinta temporada, 1989. In Trabajos arqueológicos en Moquegua, Peru, Vol. 3, compiled by Luis K. Watanabe, Michael E. Moseley, and Fernando Cabieses, pp. 241–263. Programa Contisuyo del Museo Peruano de Ciencias de la Salud and Southern Peru Copper Corporation, Lima.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M., and Van Beck, Sara L. 1993 The Spanish Colonial Kiln Tradition of Moquegua, Peru. Historical Archaeology 27(4):65–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rovira, Beatriz E., Blackman, James, Zelst, Lambertus van, Bishop, Ronald, Rodríguez, Carmen C., and Sánchez, Daniel 2006 Caracterización química de ceramicas coloniales del sitio de Panamá Viejo. Canto Rodado 1:101–131.Google Scholar
Rowe, John Howland 1946 Inca Culture at the Time of the Spanish Conquest. In Handbook of South American Indians, Vol. 2: The Andean Civilizations, edited by Julian H. Steward, pp. 183–330. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 143. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Silverblatt, Irene 1988 Political Memories and Colonizing Symbols: Santiago and the Mountain Gods of Colonial Peru. In Rethinking History and Myth: Indigenous South American Perspectives on the Past, edited by Jonathan D. Hill, pp. 174–194. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Smith, Greg Charles 1991 Heard It Through the Grapevine: Andean and European Contributions to Spanish Colonial Culture and Viticulture in Moquegua, Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Spalding, Karen 1984 Huarochirí: An Andean Society Under Inca and Spanish Rule. Stanford University Press, Stanford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanish, Charles 1989 An Archaeological Evaluation of an Ethnohistorical Model in Moquegua. In Ecology, Settlement, and History in the Osmore Drainage, Peru, edited by Don S. Rice, Charles Stanish, and Phillip Scarr, pp. 303–320. BAR International Series 545. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles 1992 Ancient Andean Political Economy. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles 2001 Regional Research on the Inca. Journal of Archaeological Research 9(3):213–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanish, Charles, and Pritzker, Irene 1983 Archaeological Reconnaissance in Southern Peru. Bulletin of the Field Museum of Natural History 54(6):6–17.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles, and Pritzker, Irene 1990 Reconocimiento arqueológico en el sur del Perú. In Trabajos arqueológicos en Moquegua, Peru, Vol. 3, compiled by Luis K. Watanabe, Michael E. Moseley, and Fernando Cabieses, pp. 167–176. Programa Contisuyo del Museo Peruano de Ciencias de la Salud and Southern Peru Copper Corporation, Lima.Google Scholar
Tschopik, Harry Jr. 1946 The Aymara. In Handbook of South American Indians, Vol. 2: The Andean Civilizations, edited by Julian H. Steward, pp. 501–573. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 143. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Urton, Gary 1981 At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky: An Andean Cosmology. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Van Buren, Mary 1993 Community and Empire in Southern Peru: The Site of Torata Alta Under Spanish Rule. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Van Buren, Mary 1996 Rethinking the Vertical Archipelago: Ethnicity, Exchange, and History in the South Central Andes. American Anthropologist 98(2):338–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Buren, Mary 1997 Continuity or Change? Vertical Archipelagos in Southern Peru During the Early Colonial Period. In Approaches to the Historical Archaeology of Mexico, Central and South America, edited by Janine Gasco, Greg Charles Smith, and Patricia Fournier-García, pp. 155–164. Institute of Archaeology Monograph 38. University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Van Buren, Mary 1999 Tarapaya: An Elite Spanish Residence Near Colonial Potosi in Comparative Perspective. Historical Archaeology 33:108–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Buren, Mary 2010 The Archaeological Study of Spanish Colonialism in the Americas. Journal of Archaeological Research 18(2):151–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Buren, Mary, and Bürgi, Peter T. 1990 Torata Alta Excavations. In Interim Report, Moquegua Bodegas Project, Fifth Season, 1989, compiled by Prudence M. Rice, pp. 51–82. Project Files, Carbondale, Illinois.Google Scholar
Van Buren, Mary, Bürgi, Peter T., and Rice, Prudence M. 1993 Torata Alta: A Late Highland Settlement in the Osmore Drainage. In Domestic Architecture, Ethnicity, and Complementarity in the South-Central Andes, edited by Mark S. Aldenderfer, pp. 136–152. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ugarte, Vargas, Rubén, S.J. 1949 Historia del Perú: Virreinato (1551–1600). Lima.Google Scholar
Wernke, Steven 2006 The Politics of Community and Inka Statecraft in the Colca Valley, Peru. Latin American Antiquity 17(2):177–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wernke, Steven 2007a Analogy or Erasure? Dialectics of Religious Transformation in the Early Doctrinas of the Colca Valley, Peru. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 11(2):152–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wernke, Steven 2007b Negotiating Community and Landscape in the Peruvian Andes: A Trans-Conquest View. American Anthropologist 109(1):130–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Jack S., and Fournier-García, Patricia 1996 Beyond National Boundaries and Regional Perspectives: Contrasting Approaches to Spanish Colonial Archaeology in the Americas. World Archaeological Bulletin 7:63–86.Google Scholar
Williams, Patrick Ryan 2001 Cerro Baúl: A Wari Center on the Tiwanaku Frontier. Latin American Antiquity 12(1):67–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarankin, Andrés, and Salerno, Melissa A. 2008 “Looking South”: Historical Archaeology in South America. Historical Archaeology 42(4):38–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar