Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T15:57:28.713Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Settlement, Environment, and Politics in the San Bartolo-Xultun Territory, El Peten, Guatemala

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Thomas G. Garrison  and
Nicholas P. Dunning
Thomas G. Garrison
Affiliation:
Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World/Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Box 1837, Providence, RI 02912 ([email protected])
Nicholas P. Dunning
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, 401 Braunstein Hall, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0131 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article examines the cultural and ecological history of a single Maya territory from circa 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1100. An ancient Maya territory is defined as an area of land and population under the jurisdiction of a particular capital. In addition to the capital, there are minor centers, household groups, and temporary settlements, which together comprise the population of a territory. Here, the San Bartolo-Xultun territory in the northeastern Department of the Peten, Guatemala is used as a case study. During more than two thousand years of occupation the natural landscape and cultural settlement pattern changed dramatically. This study isolates major factors contributing to broad changes in local culture history by employing data from archaeology, geography, remote sensing, epigraphy, and iconography. It is argued that reconstructing regional culture histories using a conjunctive approach should be a major goal of Maya archaeology in the coming years as we strive for a more holistic understanding of the past.

Este artículo examina la historia cultural y ecológica de un territorio maya desde aproximadamente 1000 años hasta 1100 d.C. Dentro de la civilización Maya, un territorio puede ser definido como un área de tierra y población bajo la jurisdicción de una capital particular. Adicionalmente a la capital, hay centros menores, grupos residenciales y asentamientos temporales, los cuales unidos conforman la población entera de un territorio. En este articulo se emplea el territorio San Bartolo-Xultun en el noreste del Peten, Guatemala, como un ejemplo primario. Durante más de dos mil años de ocupación, el paisaje natural y el patrón de asentamiento cultural fueron cambiando drásticamente. Este estudio pretende aislar los factores predominantes que contribuyeron a que grandes permutaciones se generaran en la historia cultural local, basándose en la investigación arqueológica, la geografía, teledetección (censores remotos), epigrafía, e iconografía. Se sugiere que la reconstrucción de historias culturales regionales empleando una metodología conjuntiva debe ser la meta principal de la arqueología maya en los próximos años mientras los investigadores indagan una comprensión más holística del pasado.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 20 , Issue 4 , December 2009 , pp. 525 - 552
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 by the Society for American Archaeology.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adams, Richard E. W. 1986 Rio Azul. National Geographic 169:420–451.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E. W. 1995 Early Classic Maya Civilization: A View from Río Azul. In The Emergence of Lowland Maya Civilization: The Transition from the Preclassic to the Early Classic, edited by Nikolai Grube, pp. 35–48. Acta Mesoamericana, vol. 8. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt Schwaben, Germany.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E. W. 1999 Río Azul: An Ancient Maya City. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E. W., and Jones, Richard C. 1981 Spatial Patterns and Regional Growth among Classic Maya Cities. American Antiquity 46:301–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akpinar, Ezgi, Dunning, Nicholas, and Jones, John G. 2008 Aguada Research at San Bartolo and Xultun, Peten, Guatemala. Paper presented at the 73rd annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver, British Columbia.Google Scholar
Anselmetti, F.S., Ariztegui, D., Brenner, M., Hodell, D., and Rosenmeier, M. F. 2007 Quantification of Soil Erosion Rates Related to Ancient Maya Deforestation. Geology 35:915–918.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy A. 1991 Site-Planning Principles and Concepts of Directionality among the Ancient Maya. Latin American Antiquity 2:199–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy A., and Sabloff, Jeremy A. 2002 Spatial Order in Maya Civic Plans. Latin American Antiquity 13:201–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beach, Timothy, Dunning, Nicholas, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Cook, D. E., and Lohse, Jon 2006 Impacts of the Ancient Maya on Soils and Soil Erosion in the Central Maya Lowlands. Catena 65:166–178.Google Scholar
Beltrán, Boris 2005 Excavaciones en los primeros estadíos constructivos del conjunto arquitectonico de Las Pinturas (Pinturas Sub–5, 6, y 7). In Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 4, Quarta Temporada 2005, edited by Mónica Urquizú and William Saturno, pp. 59–78. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Brenner, Mark, Rosenmeier, Michael F., Hodell, David A., and Curtis, Jason H. 2002 Paleolimnology of the Maya Lowlands: Long-Term Perspectives on Interactions among Climate, Environment, and Humans. Ancient Mesoamerica 13:141–157.Google Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A. 2002 A Tale of Two Communities: Social and Political Transformation in the Hinterlands of the Maya Polity of Copan. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Clarke, David L. 1972 A Provisional Model of an Iron Age Society and its Settlement System. In Models in Archaeology, edited by David L. Clarke, pp. 801–869. Methuen, London.Google Scholar
Craig, Jessica H. 2004 Dedication, Termination and Perpetuation: Evidence for a Continuum of Ritual Behavior at San Bartolo, El Petén, Guatemala. Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick 1993 The Ceramics of Tikal: Vessels from the Burials, Caches, and Problematical Deposits. Tikal Report 25, Part A. University Museum Monograph. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick 2003 The Ceramics of Tikal. In Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners, and Affairs of State, edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff, pp. 47–81. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico, and James Currey, Oxford.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick (editor) 1973 The Classic Maya Collapse. School of American Research, Advanced Seminar Series, Santa Fe. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick 1991 Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick, and Rice, Don S. (editors) 1990 Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 1992 Ideology in Ancient Maya Cultural Evolution: The Dynamics of Galactic Polities. In Ideology and Pre-Columbian Civilizations, edited by Arthur A. Demarest and Geoffrey W. Conrad, pp. 135–158. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 1996 Closing Comment. Current Anthropology 37(5): 821–830.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 1997 The Vanderbilt Petexbatun Regional Archaeological Project 1989–1994: Overview, History, and Major Results of a Multidisciplinary Study of the Classic Maya Collapse. Ancient Mesoamerica 8:209–227.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 2004 Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 2006 The Petexbatun Regional Archaeological Project: A Multidisciplinary Study of the Maya Collapse. Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, Tennessee.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S. (editors) 2004 The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Dincauze, Dena F. 2000 Environmental Archaeology: Principles and Practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Donnan, Hastings, and Wilson, Thomas M. 2003 Territoriality, Anthropology, and the Interstitial: Subversion and Support in European Borderlands. Focaal–European Journal of Anthropology 41:9–20.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P. 2004 Down on the Farm: Classic Maya “Homesteads” as “Farmsteads.” In Ancient Maya Commoners, edited by Jon C. Lohse and Fred Valdez Jr., pp. 97–116. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas, Beach, Timothy, and Rue, David 1997 The Paleoecology and Ancient Settlement of the Petexbatun Region, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 8:255–266.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas, Beach, Timothy, Farrell, Pat, and Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl 1998 Prehispanic Agrosystems and Adaptive Regions in the Maya Lowlands. Culture & Agriculture 20:87–101.Google Scholar
Dunning, N. P., Scarborough, V. L., Valdez, F Jr., Luzzadder-Beach, S., Beach, T., and Jones, J. G. 1999 Temple Mountains, Sacred Lakes, and Fertile Fields: Ancient Maya Landscapes in Northwestern Belize. Antiquity 73:650–660.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., and Beach, Timothy 2000 Stability and Instability in Prehispanic Maya Landscapes. In An Imperfect Balance: Landscape Transformations in the Precolumbian Americas, edited by D. Lentz, pp. 179–202. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Beach, Timothy, Jones, John G., Scarborough, Vernon, and Patrick Culbert, T. 2002 Arising from the Bajos: The Evolution of a Neotropical Landscape and the Rise of Maya Civilization. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92:267–283.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas, Jones, John G., Beach, Timothy, and Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl 2003 Physiography, Habitats, and Landscapes of the Three Rivers Region. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya: The Three Rivers Region of the East-Central Yucatán Peninsula, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, Fred Valdez, Jr., and Nicholas Dunning, pp. 14–24. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas, Chmilar, Jennifer, Blevins, Mark, and Jones, John 2006 Investigaciones geoarqueológicas y del medio ambiente en los alrededores de San Bartolo, Peten. In Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 4. Cuarta Temporada 2005, edited by Mónica Urquizú and William Saturno, pp. 610–624. Report to the Institute de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Beach, Timothy, and Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl 2006 Environmental Variability Among Bajos in the Southern Maya Lowlands and its Implications for Ancient Maya Civilization and Archaeology. In Precolombian Water Management, edited by L. Lucero and B. Fash. pp. 111–133. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Wahl, David, Beach, Timothy, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, and Jones, John G. 2007 Environmental Instability and Human Response in the Late Preclassic Southern Maya Lowlands. Paper presented at the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Austin, Texas.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas, Akpinar, Ezgi, Carr, Chris, Griffin, Robert, Jones, John G., Lentz, David, Miller, Andrew, and Prater, Jasmine 2008a Investigaciones geoarqueológicas y del medio ambiente en los alrededores de San Bartolo, Peten. In Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 6, Sexta Temporada 2007, edited by Mónica Urquizú and William Saturno. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Griffin, Robert E., and Sever, Thomas L. 2008b Ancient Maya Canals in the Bajo de Azúcar, Peten, Guatemala. Paper presented at the 73rd annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver, British Columbia.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P, and Griffin, Robert E. 2009 Investigaciones de canales lineares in el Bajo de Azúcar (2008). In Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 7, Séptima Temporada 2008, edited by Mónica Urquizú and William Saturno. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas, Akpinar, Ezgi, Carr, Chris, Chrnilar, Jennifer, Griffin, Robert, Jones, John G., Miller, Andrew, and Prater, Jasmine 2009 Paleoenvironments and Ancient Land Use around San Bartolo, Peten, Guatemala. In The Art of the State and the State of the Art: Investigations at San Bartolo, Guatemala, edited by Jessica H. Craig, Astrid Runggaldier, and William A. Saturno. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, in press.Google Scholar
Estrada-Belli, Francisco 2002 From Places of Reeds to Sacred Mountains: Investigation of Preclassic to Classic Maya Geo-Politics in the Holmul Area. Paper presented at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
Estrada-Belli, Francisco 2006 Lightning Sky, Rain, and the Maize God: The Ideology of Preclassic Maya Rulers at Cival, Peten, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 17(1):57–78.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. Jr. 1991 Scribes, Warriors, and Kings: The City of Copan and the Ancient Maya. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. Jr., and Sharer, Robert J. 1991 Sociopolitical Developments and Methodological Issues at Copan, Honduras: A Conjunctive Perspective. Latin American Antiquity 2:166–187.Google Scholar
Fox, John W., Cook, Garrett W., Chase, Arlen F., and Chase, Diane Z. 1996 Questions of Political and Economic Integration: Segmentary versus Centralized among the Ancient Maya. Current Anthropology 37(5):795–801.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A. 1986 Maya Warfare: An Example of Peer Polity Interaction . In Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-political Change, edited by Colin Renfrew and John F. Cherry, pp. 93–108. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Garrison, Thomas G. 2003 SB 11: Reconocimiento de la zona intersitio entre San Bartolo-Xultun y otras exploraciones en el nordeste del Peten. In Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 2, Segunda Temporada 2003, edited by Mónica Urquizú and William Saturno, pp. 88–91. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Garrison, Thomas G. 2007 Ancient Maya Territories, Adaptive Regions, and Alliances: Contextualizing the San Bartolo-Xultun Intersite Survey. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Garrison, Thomas G. 2010 Remote Sensing Ancient Maya Rural Populations Using QuickBird Satellite Imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, in press.Google Scholar
Garrison, Thomas G., and Saturno, William A. 2008 Maya Preclassic and Classic Site Planning Principles at San Bartolo and Xultun, Peten, Guatemala. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.Google Scholar
Garrison, Thomas G., Saturno, William A., Sever, Thomas L., and Irwin, Daniel E. 2004 Hacia la formación del nuevo mapa de la Cuenca Ixcanrío. In XVII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueo-logicas en Guatemala, 2003, edited by Juan Pedro Laporte, Barbara Arroyo, Hector Escobedo, and Hector E. Mejía, pp. 85–92. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Asociación Tikal, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Garrison, Thomas G., and Stuart, David S. 2004 Un análisis preliminar de las inscripciones que se relacionan con Xultun, Petén, Guatemala. In XVII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueologicas en Guatemala, 2003, edited by Juan Pedro Laporte, Barbara Arroyo, Hector Escobedo, and Hector E. Mejía, pp. 851–862. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Asociación Tikal, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Gill, Richardson B. 2000 The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life, and Death. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Golden, Charles, and Scherer, Andrew 2006 Border Problems: Recent Archaeological Research along the Usumacinta River. The PARI Journal 7(2):1–16.Google Scholar
Griffin, Robert E., Kwoka, Joshua J., Garrison, Thomas G. 2006 Remote Sensing Chert Exploitation Zones around San Bartolo, Guatemala. Paper presented at the Annual Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Fargo, North Dakota.Google Scholar
Grube, Nikolai, and Martin, Simon 1998 Deciphering Maya Politics. The Proceedings of the Maya Hieroglyphic Workshop, transcribed and edited by Phil Wanyerka. Maya Workshop Press, University of Texas, Austin.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H. 1991 Aspects of Maya Settlement in the Río Bravo Area. In Maya Settlement in Northwestern Belize: The 1988 and 1990 Seasons of the Río Bravo Archaeological Project, edited by Thomas H. Guderjan, pp. 103–110. Maya Research Program, San Antonio, Texas, and Labyrinthos, Culver City, California.Google Scholar
Gunn, J. D., Foss, J. E., Folan, W. J., del Rosario Domínguez, M., and Faust, B. B. 2002 Bajo Sediments and the Hydraulic System of Calakmul, Campeche. Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 13: 297–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1972 Locational Models and the Site of Lubaantún: A Classic Maya Centre. In Models in Archaeology, edited by David L. Clarke, pp. 757–800. Methuen, London.Google Scholar
Hansen, Eric F. 2000 Ancient Maya Burnt-Lime Technology: Cultural Implications of Technological Styles. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Hansen, Richard D. 1992 Proyecto Regional de Investigaciones Arqueológicas del Norte de Peten, Guatemala: Temporada 1990. In IV Simposio de Arqueología Guatemalteca, edited by Juan Pedro Laporte, Héctor L. Escobedo, and Sandra Villagrán de Brady, pp. 1–36. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Asociación Tikal, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Hansen, Richard D., Bozarth, Stephen, Jacob, John, Wahl, David, and Schreiner, Thomas 2002 Climatic and Environmental Variability in the Rise of Maya Civilization: A Preliminary Perspective from Northern Peten. Ancient Mesoamerica 13:273–295.Google Scholar
Harrison, Peter D. 1999 The Lords of Tikal: Rulers of an Ancient Maya City. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Haug, G., Gunther, D., Peterson, L., Sigman, D., Hughen, K., and Aeshlimman, B. 2003 Climate and Collapse of Maya Civilization. Science 299(5613):1731–1735.Google Scholar
Hodell, David A., Brenner, Mark, Curtis, Jason H., and Guilderson, Thomas 2001 Solar Forcing of Drought Frequency in the Maya Lowlands. Science 292:1367–1370.Google Scholar
Hodell, David A., Curtis, Jason H., and Brenner, Mark 1995 Possible Role of Climate in the Collapse of Classic Maya Civilization. Nature 375(6530):391–394.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D. 1986 Problematic Emblem Glyphs: Examples from Altar de Sacrificios, El Chorro, Río Azul, and Xultun. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing, No. 3. Washington D.C., Center for Maya Research.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D. 1987a The Inscriptions and Monumental Art of Dos Pilas, Guatemala: A Study of Classic Maya History and Politics. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D. 1987b Notes on Caracol Epigraphy and Its Significance. In Investigations at the Classic Maya City of Caracol, Belize 1985–1987, edited by Arlen F. Chase and Diane Z. Chase, pp. 85–100. PARI Monograph 3, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D. 1991 Appendix: Caracol Altar 21. In Sixth Palenque Round Table, 1986, edited by Merle Greene Robertson and Virginia M. Fields, pp. 38–12. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D. 1993 Hieroglyphs and History at Dos Pilas: Dynastic Politics of the Classic Maya. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, and Houston, Stephen D. (editors) 2001 Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 1: Theory, Comparison, and Synthesis. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Jackson, Sarah E. 2005 Deciphering Classic Maya Political Hierarchy: Epigraphic, Archaeological, and Ethnohistoric Perspectives on the Courtly Elite. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Johnson, Gregory A. 1977 Aspects of Regional Analysis in Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 6:479–508.Google Scholar
Kunen, Julie L., Patrick Culbert, T., Fialko, Vilma, McKee, Brian R., and Grazioso, Liwy 2000 Bajo Communities: A Case Study from the Central Peten. Culture & Agriculture 22:15–31.Google Scholar
Kwoka, Joshua J., and Griffin, Robert E. 2005 SB 19: Investigaciones de rasgos culturales de pedernal. In Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 4, Cuarta Temporada 2005, edited by Mónica Urquizú and William Saturno, pp. 391–105. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, Kent G., and Martinez, Antoinette 1995 Frontiers and Boundaries in Archaeological Perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology 24:471–492.Google Scholar
Lucero, Lisa J. 1999 Classic Lowland Maya Political Organization: A Review. Journal of World Prehistory 13(2):211–263.Google Scholar
Lucero, Lisa J. 2003 The Politics of Ritual: The Emergente of Classic Maya Rulers. Current Anthropology 44: 523–558.Google Scholar
Lucero, Lisa J. 2006 Water and Ritual: The Rise and Fall of Classic Maya Rulers. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1973 Territorial Organization of the Lowland Classic Maya. Science 180:911–916.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1976 Emblem and State in the Classic Maya Lowlands: An Epigraphic Approach to Territorial Organization. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1983 The Reconstructed Chronology of the Later Zapotec Rulers, A.D. 1415–1563. In The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, pp. 301–308. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1984 Mesoamerican Territorial Boundaries: Reconstructions from Archaeology and Hieroglyphic Writing. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 3(2):48–62.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1992 Dynamic Cycles of Mesoamerican States. National Geographic Research & Exploration 8(4):392–111.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1993 Ancient Maya Political Organization. In Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D., edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and John S. Henderson, pp. 111–183. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1998 The Peaks and Valleys of Ancient States: An Extension of the Dynamic Model. In Archaic States, edited by Gary M. Feinman and Joyce Marcus, pp. 59–94. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2001 Unmasking “Double Bird”, Rulerof Tikal. PARI Journal 2(1):7–12.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2003 In Line of the Founder: A View of Dynastic Politics at Tikal. In Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners, and Affairs of State, edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff, pp. 3–46. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico, and James Currey, Oxford.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2005a Caracol Altar 21 Revisited: More Data on Double Bird and Tikal’s Wars of the Mid-Sixth Century. PARI Journal 6(1):1–9.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2005b Of Snakes and Bats: Shifting Identities at Calakmul. PARI Journal 6(2):5–5.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 1995 Maya Superstates. Archaeology 48(6):41–16.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon, and Grube, Nikolai 2000 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Mathews, Peter 1985 Maya Early Classic Monuments and Inscriptions. In A Consideration of the Early Classic Period in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Gordon R. Willey and Peter Mathews, pp. 5–54. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, Publication No. 10, State University of New York, Albany.Google Scholar
Mathews, Peter 1991 Classic Maya Emblem Glyphs. In Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological Evidence. edited by T. Patrick Culbert, pp. 19–29. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G. 1937–1938 The Inscriptions of Peten. 5 vols. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication 437. Washington D.C. Google Scholar
O’Mansky, Matt, and Dunning, Nicholas P. 2004 Settlement and Late Classic Political Disintegration in the Petexbatun Region, Guatemala. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice, and Don S. Rice, pp. 83–101. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Ortiz Kreis, Roxzanda, and Mencos, Elisa 2005 SB 13: Excavación del Grupo Las Plumas. In Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 4, Cuarta Temporada 2005, edited by Mónica Urquizú and William Saturno, pp. 348–386. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Pellecer Alecio, Mónica 2003 SB 9: Excavaciones en el complejo habitacional ubicado al oeste de la pirámide de Las Ventanas, Estructuras 82, 83 y 84. In Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 2, Segunda Temporada 2003, edited by Mónica Urquizú and William Saturno, pp. 71–85. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Pellecer Alecio, Mónica 2004 SB 12: Excavaciones en la Plataforma 110, Grupo Jabalí. In Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 3, Tercera Temporada 2004, edited by Mónica Urquizú and William Saturno, pp. 108–136. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Pellecer Alecio, Mónica, Menéndez, Damaris, Ortiz, Hugo, and Garrido, Jose 2005 SB 12: Excavaciones al frente de la plataforma, en el patio central y las estructuras B y C del Grupo Jabalí. In Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 4, Cuarta Temporada 2005, edited by Mónica Urquizú and William Saturno, pp. 250–316. Report to the Instituto de Antropologia e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Prescott, J.R.V. 1987 Political Frontiers and Boundaries. Allen and Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Puleston, Dennis E. 1968 Brosimum alicastrum as a Subsistence Alternative of the Classic Maya of the Central Southern Lowlands. Master’s thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Puleston, Dennis E. 1973 Ancient Maya Settlement Patterns and Environment at Tikal, Guatemala: Implications for Subsistence Models. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Puleston, Dennis E. 1974 Intersite Areas in the Vicinity of Tikal and Uaxactun. In Mesoamerican Archaeology: New Approaches, edited by Norman Hammond, pp. 303–311. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Quintana, Oscar, and Wurster, Wolfgang W. 2001 Ciudades Mayas del Noreste del Petén, Guatemala: Un estudio urbanístico comparativo. AVA – Materialien 59. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein, Germany.Google Scholar
Reents-Budet, Dorie 1991 The ‘Holmul Dancer’ Theme in Maya Art. In Sixth Palenque Round Table, 1986, edited by Virginia M. Fields, pp. 217–222. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, and Walker, Debra S. 2002 The Passage of the Late Preclassic into the Early Classic. In Ancient Maya Political Economies, edited by Marilyn A. Masson and David A. Freidel, pp. 87–122. Altamira, Walnut Creek, California.Google Scholar
Renfrew, Colin 1979 Problems in European Prehistory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Rice, Don S., and Patrick Culbert, T. 1990 Historical Contexts for Population Reconstruction in the Maya Lowlands. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by T. Patrick Culbert and Don S. Rice, pp. 1–36. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Rivera Castillo, Patricia 2005 Resultados preliminares del análisis cerámico de la cuarta temporada. In Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 4, Cuarta Temporada 2005, edited by Mónica Urquizú and William Saturno, pp. 458–548. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Rivera Castillo, Patricia, and Sagebiel, Kerry 2004 Análisis preliminar del material cerámico de San Bartolo. In Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 3, Tercera Temporada 2004, edited by Mónica Urquizú and William Saturno, pp. 312–367. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Rosenmeier, Michael F., Hodell, David A., Brenner, Mark, Curtis, Jason H., and Guilderson, Thomas P. 2002 A 4000-Year Lacustrine Record of Environmental Change in the Southern Maya Lowlands, Petén, Guatemala. Quaternary Research 57:183–190.Google Scholar
Roys, Ralph L. 1943 The Indian Background of Colonial Yucatan. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication 548. Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Runggaldier, Astrid 2006 SB 8: Excavaciones en el palacio “El Tigrillo”. In Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 5, Quinta Temporada 2006, edited by Mónica Urquizú and William A. Saturno. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A. 1986 Interaction among Classic Maya Polities: A Preliminary Examination. In Peer Polity Interaction and Sociopolitical Change, edited by Colin Renfrew and John F. Cherry, pp. 109–116. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Saturno, William A. 2000 In the Shadow of the Acropolis: Río Amarillo and Its Role in the Copan Polity. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Saturno, William A. 2002 Small Murals, Big Picture: Maya Cosmology and Polity at the Preclassic-Classic Transition. Paper presented at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association. New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
Saturno, William A., Sever, Thomas L., Irwin, Daniel E., and Howell, Burgess F. 2006 Regional-Scale Landscape Archaeology: 21st Century Remote Sensing Technology and the Ancient Maya. In Remote Sensing of Human Settlements, edited by Merrill K. Ridd and James D. Hipple, pp. 489–502. Manual of Remote Sensing, 3rd edition, Vol. 5. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.Google Scholar
Saturno, William A., Sever, Thomas L., Irwin, Daniel E., Howell, Burgess F. and Garrison, Thomas G. 2007 Putting us on the Map: Remote Sensing Investigation of the Ancient Maya Landscape. In Remote Sensing in Archaeology, edited by James R. Wiseman and Farouk El-Baz, pp. 137–160. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Saturno, William A., Stuart, David, and Beltrán, Boris 2006 Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala. Science 311(5765):1281–1283.Google Scholar
Saturno, William A., Taube, Karl A., and Stuart, David S. 2005 The Murals of San Bartolo, Part I: The North Wall. Ancient America 7. Boundary End Archaeological Research Center, Barnardsville, North Carolina.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 1993 Water Management for the Southern Maya Lowlands: An Accretive Model for the Engineered Landscape. In Economic Aspects of Water Management in the Prehispanic New World. Research in Economic Anthropology Supplement 7, edited V. L. Scarborough and B. Issac, pp. 17–68. JAI Press, Greenwich.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 1998 Ecology and Ritual: Water management and the Maya. Latin American Antiquity 9:135–159.Google Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L., Valdez, Fred Jr., and Dunning, Nicholas P. 2003 Introduction. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya: The Three Rivers Region of the East-Central Yucatán Peninsula, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, Fred Valdez, Jr., and Nicholas Dunning, pp. xiii-xx. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Freidel, David 1990 A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. Morrow, New York.Google Scholar
Schreiner, Thomas P. 2002 Traditional Maya Lime Production: Environmental and Cultural Implications of a Native American Technology. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Architecture, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Jay E. 2000 A Study of the Late Postclassic Aztec-Tarascan Frontier in Northern Guerrero, México: The Oztuma-Cutzamala Project. Ph.D. dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Smith, James G. 2000 The Chickén Itzá – Ek Balam Transect Project: An Intersite Perspective on the Political Organization of the Ancient Maya. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Stuart, David S. 2000 “The Arrival of Strangers”: Teotihuacan and Tollan in Classic Maya History. In Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Davíd Carrasco, Lindsay Jones, and Scott Sessions, pp. 465–513. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Stuart, David S., and Houston, Stephen D. 1994 Classic Maya Place Names. Dumbarton Oaks Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology, no. 33. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Sullivan, Lauren A., and Sagebiel, Kerry L. 2003 Changing Political Alliances in the Three Rivers Region. In Heterarchy Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya: The Three Rivers Region of the East-Central Yucatán Peninsula, edited by Vernon L. Scarborough, Fred Valdez, Jr., and Nicholas Dunning, pp. 25–36. University of Arizona Press, Tucson Google Scholar
Taube, Karl 2000 The Turquoise Hearth: Fire, Self-Sacrifice, and the Central Mexican Cult of War. In Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Davíd Carrasco, Lindsay Jones, and Scott Sessions, pp. 269–340. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Taylor, Walter W. 1948 A Study of Archaeology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1954 The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Thompson, Lauri McInnis, and Valdez, Fred Jr. 2008 Potbelly Sculpture: An Inventory and Analysis. Ancient Mesoamerica 19:13–27.Google Scholar
Trigger, Bruce G. 1989 A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Turner, B.L. II, Johnson, William, Manhood, Gail, Wiseman, Frederick M., and Poole, Jackie 1983 Habitat y agricultura en la region de Copán. In Introductión a la Arqueología de Copán, Honduras, vol. 1, edited by C. Baudez, pp. 36–142. Secretaria de Estado en el Despacho de Cultura y Turismo, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.Google Scholar
Urquizú, Mónica 2003 SB6A: Excavación en la plaza Las Ventanas. In Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 2, Segunda Temporada 2003, edited by Mónica Urquizú and William Saturno, pp. 42–44. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Urquizú, Mónica, and Saturno, William 2002 Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 1, Primera Temporada 2002. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Urquizú, Mónica, and Saturno, William 2003 Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 2, Segunda Temporada 2003. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Urquizú, Mónica, and Saturno, William 2004 Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 3, Tercera Temporada 2004. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala. Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Urquizú, Mónica, and Saturno, William 2005 Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 4, Cuarta Temporada 2005. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Urquizú, Mónica, and Saturno, William 2006 Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 5, Quinta Temporada 2006. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Urquizú, Mónica, and Saturno, William 2007 Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 6, Sexta Temporada 2007. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Urquizú, Mónica, and Saturno, William 2008 Proyecto Arqueológico San Bartolo: Informe Preliminar No. 7, Septima Temporada 2008. Report to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala. Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Von Euw, E. 1978 Xultun. Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions 5–1. Cambridge, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Von Euw, E., and Graham, I. 1984 Xultun, La Honradez, Uaxactun. Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions 5–2. Cambridge, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wahl, David, Byrne, R., Schreiner, Thomas, and Hansen, Richard 2006 Holocene vegetation change in the northern Petén and its implications for Maya prehistory. Quaternary Research 65(3):380–389.Google Scholar
Walling, Stanley, Davis, Peter, Hanna, Jonathan, Matthews, Leah, Prasarn, Nahum, Taylor, Christine, and Kavountzis, Erol 2007 Ballcourt and Residential Terrace Investigations at But’o’ob, Belize: Report of the 2006 Rio Bravo Archaeological Survey. In Research Reports from the Programme for Belize Archaeological Project. Occasional Papers, No. 8, Mesoamerican Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, edited by Fred Valdez Jr., pp. 83–92. Austin, Texas.Google Scholar
Wilk, Richard R. 1988 Ancient Maya Household Organization: Evidence and Analogies. In Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past, edited by Richard R. Wilk and Wendy A. Ashmore, pp. 135–152. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1980 Towards a Holistic View of Maya Civilization. Man 15:249–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willey, Gordon R., and Phillips, Philip 1958 Method and Theory in American Archaeology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Wisdom, Charles 1940 The Chorti Indians of Guatemala. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Zaro, Gregory, and Lohse, Jon C. 2005 Agricultural Rhythms and Rituals: Ancient Maya Solar Observation in Hinterland Blue Creek, Northwestern Belize. Latin American Antiquity 16:81–98.Google Scholar