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POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS ALONG THE COAST OF YUCATAN FROM THE EARLY TO LATE CLASSIC: A VIEW FROM XCAMBO, MEXICO

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 April 2018

Allan Ortega-Muñoz ,
Andrea Cucina ,
Vera Tiesler  and
Thelma N. Sierra-Sosa
Allan Ortega-Muñoz
Affiliation:
Centro INAH Quintana Roo, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Av. Insurgentes no. 974, Col. Forjadores, C.P.77025, Chetumal, Mexico, Tel. 01-983-83-7-24-11, ext. 318013 ([email protected])
Andrea Cucina
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 1.00 Carretera Mérida Tizimín, tramo Cholul, Mérida C.P. 97305, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
Vera Tiesler
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 1.00 Carretera Mérida Tizimín, tramo Cholul, Mérida C.P. 97305, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
Thelma N. Sierra-Sosa
Affiliation:
Centro INAH Yucatán, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, km 6.5, Antigua Carretera a Progreso s/n C.P. 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Abstract

We take an archaeodemographic approach and provide new insights into the population and demographic shifts of the prehispanic site of Xcambo, Yucatan, Mexico. Located in the coastal marshlands, Xcambo functioned as a salt production locale, administration center, and port during the Early Classic (AD 250–550) and Late Classic (AD 550–750) periods. Sierra-Sosa extensively excavated the settlement, and more than 600 skeletons, representative of all age groups, were recovered. We apply growth simulation models that combine archaeo- and paleodemographic approaches. Our simulation specifically takes into account Wood's (1998) theorem. Results show that Xcambo grew slowly during the Early Classic, with estimated figures ranging from about 860 individuals at the onset of the period to some 1,073 at the end. During the Late Classic, populations ranged from about 1,103 to 1,728 people at its peak occupation (AD 625). Eventually population drastically declined due to out-migration. During this last stage, the settlement had to face the consequences of political and economic shifts in the area. Considered jointly, both approaches provide a new research venue, because their application documents the population profiles and growth of a typical Maya coastal site over its 500 years of occupation.

Este trabajo proporciona nuevas herramientas analíticas en materia de arqueo-demografía. Los estudios se realizaron en el asentamiento y puerto de Xcambo, localizado en una ciénaga costera del norte de Yucatán, México. Xcambo funcionó como lugar de producción de sal, centro administrativo y puerto de intercambio con otras regiones del área Maya y del Golfo de México durante el Clásico temprano (250-550 dC) y tardío (550-750 dC). Entre 1996 y 2000 el asentamiento fue objeto de excavaciones extensivas e intensivas bajo la dirección de Sierra-Sosa, durante las cuales se recuperaron más de 600 esqueletos que constituyen una muestra demográficamente representativa. Aplicamos modelos de simulación de crecimiento que combinan enfoques arqueo- y paleodemográficos. Nuestra simulación se basa específicamente en el teorema de Wood (1998) sobre modos de producción. Los resultados sugieren un crecimiento gradual durante el Clásico temprano, con una estimación poblacional de aproximadamente 860 individuos al inicio, ascendiendo a una estimación baja de 1.073 personas hacia fines de esta fase ocupacional. Posteriormente, se observa un crecimiento demográfico con un pico de 1.728 personas (estimación elevada) alrededor de 625 d.C. Finalmente, la población disminuye drásticamente debido a la emigración, lo cual se condice con la evidencia material del último siglo de ocupación que indica cambios político-económicos regionales previos al auge de Chichén Itzá. Considerando en conjunto los diferentes tipos de datos y perfiles de crecimiento poblacional en Xcambo, ofrecemos una visión sobre las dinámicas demográficas durante los 500 años de ocupación. De este modo, brindamos una nueva perspectiva metodológica aplicable a las dinámicas poblacionales mayas del Clásico.

Type
Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 29 , Issue 3 , September 2018 , pp. 591 - 609
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 by the Society for American Archaeology 

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