Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T23:02:30.218Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Monte Negro and the Urban Revolution in Oaxaca, Mexico

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Andrew K. Balkansky ,
Verónica Pérez Rodríguez  and
Stephen A. Kowalewski
Andrew K. Balkansky
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901 ([email protected])
Verónica Pérez Rodríguez
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011([email protected])
Stephen A. Kowalewski
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper is about Monte Negro’s origins, and how this site fits the emerging pattern in studies of Oaxacan urbanization including the Zapotec capital at Monte Albán. Our settlement data from a multivalley regional survey in the Mixteca Alta including Monte Negro allows comparison with other urban centers that we have surveyed. Monte Negro’s origins are due to internal settlement shifts, but occurred in the external context of widespread militarism and multiple urban transitions. Examination of local, regional, and macroregional settlement systems through time reveals variation in urban trajectories that current models were not designed to explain.

Monte Negro se puso el arquetipo del urbanismo mixteco en los 1930s, cuando sus orígenes se vincularon al período de fundación de Monte Albán. Desde entonces, los arqueólogos han debatido las causas de su urbanización y su relación con Monte Albán, postulando explicaciones que citan desde procesos locales y autónomos, hasta migraciones o conquistas zapotecas. Nuestros datos de patrones de asentamiento, resultados de un recorrido arqueológico de 10 valles en la Mixteca Alta central, incluyen a Monte Negro y sitios precursores cercanos a él. Recorrimos terrenos más allá de la famosa acrópolis de Monte Negro y realizamos un mapa que incluye estructuras excluidas del mapa hecho por Alfonso Caso y Jorge R. Acosta. El contexto regional de Monte Negro nos permite compararlo a nivel regional y macroregional con otros centros urbanos mixtecos. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la urbanización de Monte Negro comenzó rápidamente durante el Formativo Tardío, y que éste desarrollo fue parte de una transformación generalizada por toda la Mixteca Alta. Explicamos los orígenes de Monte Negro por medio de un proceso de desarrollo autónomo y local, pero subrayamos que estos cambios ocurrieron en un contexto de militarismo generalizado y múltiples transiciones urbanas.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 15 , Issue 1 , March 2004 , pp. 33 - 60
Copyright
Copyright © 2003 by the Society for American Archaeology.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Acosta, Jorge R. 1965 Preclassic and Classic Architecture of Oaxaca. In The Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica, edited by Gordon R. Willey, pp. 814–836. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 3, Part 2, Robert Wauchope, general editor, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Acosta, Jorge R., and Romero, Javier 1992 Exploraciones en Monte Negro, Oaxaca: 1937–1938, 1938–1939 y 1939–1940. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México, D.F. Google Scholar
Adams, Robert McCormick 1972 Patterns of Urbanization in Early Southern Mesopotamia. In Man, Settlement, and Urbanism, edited by Peter J. Ucko, Ruth Tringham, and G. W. Dimbleby, pp. 735–749. Duckworth, London.Google Scholar
Algaze, Guillermo 2001 The Prehistory of Imperialism: The Case of Uruk Period Mesopotamia. In Uruk Mesopotamia and its Neighbors: Cross-Cultural Interactions in the Era of State Formation, edited by Mitchell S. Rothman, pp. 27–83. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Balkansky, Andrew K. 1998a Origin and Collapse of Complex Societies in Oaxaca (Mexico): Evaluating the Era from 1965 to the Present. Journal of World Prehistory 12:451–493.Google Scholar
Balkansky, Andrew K. 1998b Urbanism and Early State Formation in the Huamelulpan Valley of Southern Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 9:37–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balkansky, Andrew K. 1999 Settlement Pattern Studies in the Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, l966–l996. In Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas: Fifty Years since Virú, edited by Brian R. Billman and Gary M. Feinman, pp. 191–202. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Balkansky, Andrew K. 2001 On Emerging Patterns in Oaxaca Archaeology. Current Anthropology 42:559–561.Google Scholar
Balkansky, Andrew K. 2002 The Sola Valley and the Monte Albán State: A Study of Zapotec Imperial Expansion. Memoirs No. 36. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Balkansky, Andrew K. 2003 Monte Albán y su impacto en la urbanizatión mixteca. In Memoria de la Tercera Mesa Redonda de Monte Albán: Estructuras políticas en el Oaxaca antiguo, edited by Nelly M. Robles García. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México, in press.Google Scholar
Balkansky, Andrew K., Kowalewski, Stephen A., Rodríguez, Verónica Pérez, Pluckhahn, Thomas J., Smith, Charlotte A., Stiver, Laura R., Beliaev, Dmitri, Chamblee, John F., Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y., and Pérez, Roberto Santos 2000 Archaeological Survey in the Mixteca Alta of Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 27:365–389.Google Scholar
Bernal, Ignacio 1958 Archaeology of the Mixteca. Boletín de Estudios Oaxaqueños 7:1–12.Google Scholar
Bernal, Ignacio 1965 Archaeological Synthesis of Oaxaca. In The Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica, edited by Gordon R. Willey, pp. 788–813. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 3, Part 2, Robert Wauchope, general editor, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 1978 Monte Albán: Settlement Patterns at the Ancient Zapotec Capital. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 1981 The Rise of Cities. In Archaeology, edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff, pp. 392–400. Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 1. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., Gary Feinman, M., Kowalewski, Stephen A., and Nicholas, Linda M. 1999 Ancient Oaxaca: The Monte Albán State. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., Kowalewski, Stephen A., Feinman, Gary, and Appel, Jill 1982 Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part I: The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Central and Southern Parts of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Memoirs No. 15. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Blomster, Jeffrey P. 1998 At the Hill of the Bean in the Land of the Mixtec: Early Social Complexity and Interregional Interaction at Etlatongo, Oaxaca, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Byland, Bruce E. 1980 Political and Economic Evolution in the Tamazulapan Valley, Mixteca Atla, Oaxaca, Mexico: A Regional Approach. Ph.D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Byland, Bruce E., and Pohl, John M. D. 1994 In the Realm of 8 Deer: The Archaeology of the Mixtec Codices. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Carneiro, Robert L. 1970 A Theory of the Origin of the State. Science 169:733–738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caso, Alfonso 1938 Exploraciones en Oaxaca, quinta y sexta temporadas, 1936–1937. Publicación No. 34. Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, México, D.F. Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso 1942 Resumen del informe de las exploraciones en Oaxaca durante la 7a y la 8a temporadas, 1937–1938 y 1938–1939. Actas del XXVII Congreso International de Americanistas, 1939, 2:159–187. México, D.F.Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso, Bernal, Ignacio, and Acosta, Jorge R. 1967 La cerámica de Monte Albán. Memorias No. 13. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México, D.F. Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon 1950 The Urban Revolution. Town Planning Review 21:3–17.Google Scholar
Christensen, Alexander F. 1998 Biological Affinity in Prehispanic Oaxaca. Ph.D. dissertation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
de Burgoa, Francisco 1989 [1674] Geográfica descripción, vol. 1. Editorial Porrúa, México, D.F. Google Scholar
Demand, Nancy H. 1990 Urban Relocation in Archaic and Classical Greece: Flight and Consolidation. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Drennan, Robert D. 1976 Fábrica San José and Middle Formative Society in the Valley of Oaxaca. Memoirs No. 8. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Drennan, Robert D. 1983 Radiocarbon Dates for the Oaxaca Region. In The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, pp. 363–370. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Drennan, Robert D. 1989 The Mountains North of the Valley. In Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II: The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlán, the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, by Stephen A. Kowalewski, Gary M. Feinman, Laura Finsten, Richard E. Blanton, and Linda M. Nicholas, pp. 367–384. Memoirs No. 23. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Fahmel Beyer, Bernd 1991 La arquitectura de Monte Albán. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. Google Scholar
Feinman, Gary M. 1998 Scale and Social Organization: Perspectives on the Archaic State. In Archaic States, edited by Gary M. Feinman and Joyce Marcus, pp. 95–133. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Feinman, Gary M., and Nicholas, Linda M. 1990 At the Margins of the Monte Albán State: Settlement Patterns in the Ejutla Valley, Oaxaca. Latin American Antiquity 1:216–246.Google Scholar
Finsten, Laura 1996 Periphery and Frontier in Southern Mexico: The Mixtec Sierra in Highland Oaxaca. In Pre-Columbian World Systems, edited by Peter N. Peregrine and Gary M. Feinman, pp. 77–96. Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V. 1983a Monte Negro: A Reinterpretation. In The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, pp. 99–102. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V. 1983b Precolumbian Farming in the Valleys of Oaxaca, Nochixtlán, Tehuacán, and Cuicatlán: A Comparative Study. In The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, pp. 323–339. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V., and Marcus, Joyce 1976 Evolution of the Public Building in Formative Oaxaca. In Cultural Change and Continuity: Essays in Honor of James Bennett Griffin, edited by Charles E. Cleland, pp. 205–222. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V., and Marcus, Joyce 1983 The Earliest Public Buildings, Tombs, and Monuments at Monte Albán, with Notes on the Internal Chronology of Period I. In The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, pp. 87–91. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V., and Marcus, Joyce 1994 Early Formative Pottery of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Memoirs No. 27. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Gaxiola González, Margarita 1984 Huamelulpan. Un centra urbano de la Mixteca Alta. Colección Científica No. 114. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México, D.F. Google Scholar
Guzmán, Eulalia 1934 Exploración arqueológica en la Mixteca Alta. Anales del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía 1:17–42.Google Scholar
Joyce, Arthur A., and Winter, Marcus 1996 Ideology, Power, and Urban Society in Pre-Hispanic Oaxaca. Current Anthropology 37:33–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, Arthur A., Winter, Marcus, and Mueller, Raymond G. 1998 Arqueología de la Costa de Oaxaca: Asentamientos del Periodo Formativo en el Valle del Río Verde Inferior. Centro INAH Oaxaca.Google Scholar
Kirkby, Michael 1972 The Physical Environment of the Nochixtlán Valley, Oaxaca. Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology No. 2. Vanderbilt University, Nashville.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, Stephen A. 1990 The Evolution of Complexity in the Valley of Oaxaca. Annual Review of Anthropology 19:39–58.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, Stephen A. 2003 The New Past: From Region to Macroregion. Social Evolution & History, in press.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, Stephen A., Balkansky, Andrew K., Beliaev, Dmitri, Chamblee, John F., Heredia Espinoza, Verenice Y., Rodríguez, Verónica Pérez, Pluckhahn, Thomas J., Pérez, Roberto Santos, Smith, Charlotte A., and Stiver, Laura R. 1999 Informe técnico final. Recorrido regional en la Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca. Manuscript on file, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Centro Regional de Oaxaca, México.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, Stephen A., Feinman, Gary M., Finsten, Laura, Blanton, Richard E., and Nicholas, Linda M. 1989 Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II: The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlán, the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Memoirs No. 23. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1983a A Synthesis of the Cultural Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec. In The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, pp. 355–360. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1983b On the Nature of the Mesoamerican City. In Prehistoric Settlement Patterns: Essays in Honor of Gordon R. Willey, edited by Evon Z. Vogt and Richard M. Leventhal,pp. 195–242. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1998 The Peaks and Valleys of Ancient States: An Extension of the Dynamic Model. In Archaic States, edited by Gary M. Feinman and Joyce Marcus, pp. 59–94. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce, and Flannery, Kent V. 1996 Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Markman, Charles W. 1981 Prehispanic Settlement Dynamics in Central Oaxaca, Mexico: A View from the Miahuatlán Valley. Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology No. 26. Vanderbilt University, Nashville.Google Scholar
Marquina, Ignacio 1951 Arquitectura Prehispánica. Memorias No. 1. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México, D.F. Google Scholar
Martí, Samuel 1965 ¿Ciudad perdida de los mixtecos? Nueva zona arqueológica en la Mixteca Alta. Acrópolis de las ruinas de Diquiyú. Cuadernos Americanos 1:157–166.Google Scholar
Nicholas, Linda M. 1989 Land Use in Pre-Hispanic Oaxaca. In Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part II: The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlán, the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, by Stephen A. Kowalewski, Gary M. Feinman, Laura Finsten, Richard E. Blanton, and Linda M. Nicholas, pp. 449–505. Memoirs No. 23. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Parsons, Jeffrey R. 1971 Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in the Texcoco Region, Mexico. Memoirs No. 3. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Perez Rodríguez, Verónica 2001 Patrones de asentamiento en la Mixteca Alta: transformaciones y resultados. Paper presented at the XXVI Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Zacatecas.Google Scholar
Perez Rodríguez, Verónica 2003 Monte Negro: Definición y explicación de un sitio Mixteco. Actualidades Arqueológicas, in press.Google Scholar
Plunket, Patricia S. 1983 An Intensive Survey in the Yucuita Sector of the Nochixtlán Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Tulane University, New Orleans. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Price, Barbara J. 1977 Shifts in Production and Organization: A Cluster-Interaction Model. Current Anthropology 18:209–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robles García, Nelly M. 1988 Las unidades domésticas del Preclásico Superior en la Mixteca Alta. BAR International Series 407. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romero, Javier 1951 Monte Negro, centra de interés antropológico. In Homenaje al Doctor Alfonso Caso, edited by Juan Comas, Eusebio Dávalos Hurtado, Manuel Maldonado-Koerdela, and Ignacio Marquina, pp. 317–329. Imprenta Nuevo Mundo, México.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T. 1965 The Cultural Ecology of the Teotihuacan Valley: A Preliminary Report of the Results of the Teotihuacan Valley Project. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., and Nichols, Deborah L. 1988 Ecological Theory and Cultural Evolution in the Valley of Oaxaca. Current Anthropology 29:33–80.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., Parsons, Jeffrey R., and Santley, Robert S. 1979 The Basin of Mexico: Ecological Processes in the Evolution of a Civilization. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., and Price, Barbara J. 1968 Mesoamerica: The Evolution of a Civilization. Random House, New York.Google Scholar
Smith, Charlotte A. 2002 Concordant Change and Core-Periphery Dynamics: A Synthesis of Highland Mesoamerican Archaeological Survey Data. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Spencer, Charles S. 1979 Irrigation, Administration, and Society in Formative Tehuacán. In Prehistoric Social, Political, and Economic Development in the Area of the Tehuacán Valley: Some Results of the Palo Blanco Project, edited by Robert D. Drennan, pp. 13–75. Technical Reports No. 11. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Spencer, Charles S. 1998 A Mathematical Model of Primary State Formation. Cultural Dynamics 10:5–20.Google Scholar
Spencer, Charles S., and Redmond, Elsa M. 1997 Archaeology of the Cañada de Cuicatlán, Oaxaca. Anthropological Papers No. 80. American Museum of Natural History, New York.Google Scholar
Spencer, Charles S., and Redmond, Elsa M. 2001a The Chronology of Conquest: Implications of New Radiocarbon Analyses from the Cañada de Cuicatlán, Oaxaca. Latin American Antiquity 12:182–202.Google Scholar
Spencer, Charles S., and Redmond, Elsa M. 2001b Multilevel Selection and Political Evolution in the Valley of Oaxaca, 500-100 B.C. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20:195–229.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1967 The Mixtec Kings and Their People. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1969 Settlement, Farming Technology, and Environment in the Nochixtlán Valley. Science 166:557–569.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1972 An Archaeological Settlement Survey of the Nochixtlán Valley, Oaxaca. Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology No. 1. Vanderbilt University, Nashville.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1974a Stratigraphic Excavations in the Nochixtlán Valley, Oaxaca. Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology No. 11. Vanderbilt University, Nashville.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1974b Marital Alliances in the Political Integration of Mixtec Kingdoms. American Anthropologist 76:297–311.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1983a The Origin and Evolution of the Mixtec System of Social Stratification. In The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, pp. 227–238. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1983b Ramos Phase Urbanization in the Mixteca Alta. In The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, pp. 120–123. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1983c Middle and Late Formative Settlement Patterns in the Mixteca Alta. In The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, pp. 72–74. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1984 The Mixtecs in Ancient and Colonial Times. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Stiver, Laura R. 2001 Prehispanic Mixtec State and Society in the Teposcolula Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Trigger, Bruce G. 1993 Early Civilimtions: Ancient Egypt in Context. American University in Cairo Press, Cairo.Google Scholar
van Broekhoven, Laura, Geurds, Alexander, and García García, E. 2000 Yuku Tnuu/Monte Negro: sitio arqueológico de la Mixteca Alta, Santiago Tilantongo, Nochixtlán, Oaxaca. Informe técnico del programa de colaboración de la Universidad de Leiden al proyecto de catalogación de sitios arqueológicos del Centro INAH-Oaxaca. Manuscript on file, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Centro Regional de Oaxaca, México.Google Scholar
Winter, Marcus 1989 Oaxaca: The Archaeological Record. Minutiae Mexicana, Mexico.Google Scholar
Winter, Marcus 1994a The Mixteca Prior to the Late Postclassic. In Mixteca-Puebla: Discoveries and Research in Mesoamerican Art and Archaeology, edited by H. B. Nicholson and Eloise Quiñones Keber, pp. 201–221. Labyrinthos, Culver City, California.Google Scholar
Winter, Marcus 1994b El Proyecto Especial Monte Albán 1992-1994. Antecedentes, intervenciones y perspectivas. In Monte Albán: Estudios recientes, edited by Marcus Winter, pp. 1–24. Contribución No. 2 del Proyecto Especial Monte Albán 1992-1994. INAH, Oaxaca.Google Scholar
Winter, Marcus 1996 Cerro de las Minas: Arqueología de la Mixteca Baja. Casa de la Cultura de Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca.Google Scholar
Workinger, Andrew G. 2002 Coastal/Highland Interaction in Prehispanic Oaxaca, Mexico: The Perspective from San Francisco de Arriba. Ph.D. dissertation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Zárate Morán, Roberto 1987 Excavaciones de un sitio Preclásico en San Mateo Etlatongo, Nochixtlán, Oaxaca, México. BAR International Series 322. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Zeitlin, Robert N., and Joyce, Arthur A. 1999 The Zapotec-Imperialism Argument: Insights from the Oaxaca Coast. Current Anthropology 40:383–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar