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The Domestication and Early Spread of Manioc (Manihot Esculenta Crantz): A Brief Synthesis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Christian Isendahl
Christian Isendahl*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Box 626, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden ([email protected])
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Abstract

Owing to poor preservation of organic remains in humid environments, direct evidence of early manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivation is exceptionally rare in datable archaeological contexts. Recent research summarized here offers new insights into the spatio-temporal framework of the initial domestication and early spread of manioc in the Neotropics. Integrating evidence from comparative plant genetics and paleoethnobotanic starch analysis to contribute to the archaeology of manioc origins, this review finds that (1) the strongest candidate for the botanical origin of domesticated manioc—the wild progenitor of the root crop—is the species Manihot esculenta subspecies flabellifolia (Pohl) Ciferri; (2) the geographical origin of manioc—the biome in which the progenitor evolved—is most likely in the savannas, the Brazilian Cerrado, to the south of the Amazon rainforest; (3) the Cerrado is also, in our best estimate, the region of agricultural origin of initial cultivation; (4) domesticated manioc had spread from the agricultural origin by the early Holocene, possibly as early as 10,000 years ago, but certainly by 7000 B.C.; and (5) domesticated manioc was a readily available plant in most habitats of the Neotropics by the mid-Holocene, at least some 6500 years ago.

Resumen

Resumen

Debido a las condiciones desfavorables para la conservación de restos orgánicos en climas tropicales, la evidencia directa para sustentar el cultivo de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) es todavía extremadamente escasa en contextos arqueológicos fechables. Investigaciones recientes resumidas en el presente trabajo ofrecen nuevos enfoques para el marco espacial-temporal de la domesticación inicial y difusión temprana de mandioca en las tierras neo-tropicales. Integrando evidencias de la genética comparativa de plantas y los análisis de almidones paleoetnobotánicos para contribuir a los orígenes arqueológicos de la mandioca, esta revisión de la literatura encuentra lo siguiente: (1) el candidato principal para hallar el origen botánico de la mandioca doméstica—la progenitora silvestre de esta raíz—es la especie Manihot esculenta con subespecie flabellifolia (Pohl) Ciferri; (2) el origen geográfico de la mandioca—la comunidad biótica en donde evolucionó—es probablemente en las sabanas del Cerrado brasileño hacia el sur de los bosques tropicales de la Amazonía; (3) el cerrado brasileño es también la región del origen agrícola del cultivo inicial; (4) la mandioca domesticada se difundió a partir de sus orígenes agrícolas desde el periodo Holoceno Temprano, posiblemente en épocas tan tempranas como hace 10,000 años; y (5) la mandioca domesticada era una planta ampliamente disponible en casi todas las comunidades ambientales neo-tropicales durante el Holoceno Medio, por lo menos desde 6,500 años atrás.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , December 2011 , pp. 452 - 468
Copyright
Copyright ©2011 by the Society for American Archaeology.

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