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Comparative Analysis of the Río Balsas and Tehuacán Models for the Origin of Maize

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Richard S. MacNeish  and
Mary W. Eubanks
Richard S. MacNeish
Affiliation:
Andover Foundation for Archaeological Research, PO Box 83, Andover, MA 01810-0002
Mary W. Eubanks
Affiliation:
Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338
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Abstract

This paper examines the archaeological and biological evidence for shifts in human subsistence strategies during the transition from hunting and foraging to maize agriculture as posited in the Río Balsas, or lowland origin of maize, model and the Tehuacán, or highland origin of maize, model. These are two different interpretations of the genetic evidence for the ancestry of maize, the archaeological evidence for plant exploitation, and the ecological evidence for paleoenvironments and climate change in the two regions. In contrast to Panama, where there is good evidence for progressive intensification of human forest disturbance by 10,000 B.P., horticultural forest clearing by 8000 B.P., and slash-and-burn agriculture by 6000 B.P., the evidence for Mesoamerica, where maize agriculture originated, fits a different picture of biocultural evolution. The lowland regions of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and probably Honduras, were apparently undisturbed, semi-evergreen forests around 10,000 B.P. New findings from experimental maize genetics, combined with the comprehensive archaeological picture from Tehucán, Oaxaca, Tamaulipas, and the Valley of Mexico, support a highland Mesoamerican origin of maize.

Resumen

Resumen

Este artículo examina la evidencia arqueológica y biológica sobre los cambios ocurridos durante la transición de la estrategia de subsistencia de la caza y recolección a la agricultura del maíz en el Río Balsas o modelo del orígen del maíz en las tierras bajas, y el modelo de Tehuacán del orígen del maíz en las tierras altas. Estos modelos constituyen dos interpretaciones diferentes de la evidencia genética acerca del ancestro del maíz, la evidencia arqueológica de la explotación de la planta y la evidencia ecológica acerca del paleo-ambiente y cambio climático en estas dos regiones. En contraste con Panamá, donde hay buenas evidencias sobre la intensificación progresiva de perturbaciones humanas sobre la selva alrededor de 10.000 A.P., la tala de la selva para la horticultura alrededor de 8000 A.P., y la agricultura de tala y quema alrededor de 6000 A.P., la evidencia para Mesoamérica, el lugar del orígen del maíz se adecua a un esquema de evolución biocultural diferente. Las tierras bajas de México, Guatemala, Belize y probablemente Honduras aparentemente eran selvas semideciduas no perturbadas alrededor de 10.000 A. P. Los resultados de un estudio experimental del cultivo del maíz han proporcionado ahora nueva evidencia sobre el orígen híbrido del maíz derivados de un cruce de teosinte (Zea diploperennis), una especie de diploide de las tierras altas mexicanas, y la hierba gama de oriente (Tripsacum dactyloides), segregando así la progenie híbrida que es muy parecida a los restos arqueológicos más antiguas del maíz que se han recuperado de las cuevas secas de Tehuacán. La evidencia comprehensiva que combina los nuevos hallazgos de genética experimental del maíz con un esquema completo de la arqueologia de Tehuacán, Oaxaca, Tamaulipas, y en el Valle de México, apoya la teoría del origen del maíz en las tierras altas de Mesoamérica.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , March 2000 , pp. 3 - 20
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2000

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