Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T15:29:35.710Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Archaeological Drawings as Re-Presentations: The Maps of Complex A, La Venta, Mexico

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Susan D. Gillespie
Susan D. Gillespie*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7305 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Scientific drawings, including maps, are increasingly recognized as theory-laden media for conveying information. The degree to which this quality impacts archaeological interpretations is revealed in the history of the published maps of La Venta, a Formative period Mesoamerican regional center. La Venta is pivotal to understanding the Olmec culture of Mexico’s Gulf Coast, yet archaeological knowledge is based primarily on one small portion of the site, Complex A, excavated in 1955. Since destroyed, Complex A is now known especially through visual representations. A review of the Complex A maps in the original field report and subsequent publications demonstrates how these technical drawings have sometimes superseded the textual excavation data in generating and disseminating archaeological knowledge. Over time the maps have become more schematic and misleading, impeding understandings of La Venta and its role in regional cultural manifestations. Reliance on totalizing plan maps has led most archaeologists to overlook the 1955 excavators’ major interpretations of the construction history of Complex A. However, the 1955 conclusions regarding the longevity of the formal design rules of the complex, reiterated by later archaeologists precisely because they are clearly visible in plan maps, are less well supported by the stratigraphic evidence.

Resumen

Resumen

Los dibujos científicos, incluyendo mapas, son cada vez más reconocidos como medios con carga teórica que comunican información. El grado en que la calidad de los mismos impacta las interpretaciones arqueológicas, es revelado en la historia de los mapas publicados de La Venta, un gran centro regional del período Formativo en Mesoamérica. La Venta es fundamental para el entendimiento de la cultura olmeca de la costa del Golfo de México, más sin embargo, el conocimiento arqueológico está basado casi completamente en una pequeña parte del sitio, el Complejo A, excavado en 1955. Ahora destruido, el Complejo A es conocido principalmente por varias representaciones visuales. Una revisión de los mapas del Complejo A en el informe original de campo y en las publicaciones subsecuentes, demuestra cómo estos dibujos técnicos a veces han sobrepasado en la generación y diseminación del conocimiento arqueológico, a los datos de excavación presentados en forma de texto. Con el tiempo los mapas se han hecho más esquemáticos y engañosos, impidiendo el entendimiento del papel de La Venta en las manifestaciones culturales regionales. En particular, la confianza en los mapas ha conducido a algunos arqueólogos a pasar por alto las interpretaciones más importantes que hicieran los arqueólogos en 1955 sobre la historia de la construcción del Complejo A. Las conclusiones de 1955 en cuanto a la longevidad de los principios del diseño formal del Complejo han sido reiteradas por arqueólogos posteriores precisamente porque son claramente visibles en los planos del sitio, aunque dichas interpretaciones han demostrado no ser apoyadas del todo por la evidencia estratigráfica.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , March 2011 , pp. 3 - 36
Copyright
Copyright ©2011 by the Society for American Archaeology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adams, Richard E.W. 1977 Prehistoric Mesoamerica. Little, Brown, Boston.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E.W. 1991 Prehistoric Mesoamerica. Rev. ed. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Alpers, Svetlana 1983 The Art of Describing: Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Barrett, John C. 1994 Fragments from Antiquity: An Archaeology of Social Life in Britain, 2900–1200 BC. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Barrett, John C. 1999 The Mythical Landscapes of the British Iron Age. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 253–265. Blackwell, Maiden, Massachusetts. Google Scholar
Barrett, John C., and Ko, Ilhong 2009 A Phenomenology of Landscape: A Crisis in British Landscape Archaeology? Journal of Social Archaeology 9(3):275–294.Google Scholar
Bender, Barbara 1999 Subverting the Western Gaze: Mapping Alternative Worlds. In The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape, edited by Peter Ucko and Robert Layton, pp. 31–45. Routledge, New York. Google Scholar
Berger, Rainer, Graham, John A., and Heizer, Robert F. 1967 A Reconsideration of the Age of the La Venta Site. In Studies in Olmec Archaeology. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 3:1–24. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Bernal, Ignacio 1969 The Olmec World. Translated by Doris Heyden and Fernando Horcasitas. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Blom, Franz, and Farge, Oliver La 1926 Tribes and Temples: A Record of the Expedition to Middle America Conducted by the Tulane University of Louisiana in 1925, Vol. 1. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Boivin, Nicole 2008 Material Cultures, Material Minds: The Impact of Things on Human Thought, Society and Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bradley, Richard 1997 “To See Is to Have Seen”: Craft Traditions in British Field Archaeology. In The Cultural Life of Images: Visual Representation in Archaeology, edited by Brian Leigh Molyneaux, pp. 62–72. Routledge, London. Google Scholar
Bradley, Richard 2003 Seeing Things: Perception, Experience and the Constraints of Excavation. Journal of Social Archaeology 3:151–168.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., and Hansen, Richard D. 2001 The Architecture of Early Kingship: Comparative Perspectives on the Origins of the Maya Royal Court. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Vol. 2: Data and Case Studies, edited by Takeshi Inomata and Stephen D. Houston, pp. 1–45. Westview, Boulder. Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1960 Review of Excavations at La Venta, Tabasco, 1955, by Philip Drucker, Robert F. Heizer, and Robert J. Squier. American Journal of Archaeology 64:119–120.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1962 Mexico. Praeger, New York.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1965a The Olmec Style and Its Distributions. In Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica, Pt. 2, edited by Gordon R. Willey, pp. 739–775. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 3, Robert Wauchope, general editor, University of Texas Press, Austin. Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1965b Archaeological Synthesis of Southern Veracruz and Tabasco. In Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica ,Pt. 2, edited by Gordon R. Willey, pp. 679–715. Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 3, Robert Wauchope, general editor, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1968 America’s First Civilization: Discovering the Olmec. American Heritage Publishing, New York.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1977 Mexico. 2nd ed. Praeger, New York.Google Scholar
Coe, William R., and Stuckenrath, Robert Jr. 1964 A Review of La Venta, Tabasco, and Its Relevance to the Olmec Problem. Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers No. 31:1–43. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Cosgrove, Denis 1985 Prospect, Perspective and the Evolution of the Landscape Idea. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (N.S.) 10:45–62.Google Scholar
Covarrubias, Miguel 1946 Mexico South: The Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.Google Scholar
Dehnhardt, René 2010 Die Religion der Olmekeh von La Venta: Eine religionsarchäologische Analyse. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn.Google Scholar
Diehl, Richard A. 1981 Olmec Architecture: A Comparison of San Lorenzo and La Venta. In The Olmec and Their Neighbors: Essays in Memory of Matthew W. Stirling, edited by Elizabeth P. Benson, pp. 69–81. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Diehl, Richard A. 2004 The Olmecs: America’s First Civilization. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Diehl, Richard A., and Coe, Michael D. 1995 Olmec Archaeology. In The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership, pp. 11–25. Art Museum, Princeton University, Princeton. Google Scholar
Dillon, Brian D. (editor) 1985 The Student’s Guide to Archaeological Illustrating. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip 1947 Some Implications of the Ceramic Complex of La Venta. Smithsonian Institution Miscellaneous Collection Vol. 107, No. 8. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip 1952 La Venta, Tabasco: A Study of Olmec Ceramics and Art. With a Chapter on Structural Investigations in 1943 by Waldo R. Wedel and Appendix on Technological Analyses by Anna O. Shepard. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 153. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip 1975 Archeological Investigations at La Venta, Mexico, 1942. In National Geographic Society Research Reports 1890–1954, edited by Paul H. Oehser, pp. 101–106. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip 1981 On the Nature of Olmec Polity. In The Olmec and Their Neighbors: Essays in Memory of Matthew W. Stirling, edited by Elizabeth P. Benson, pp. 29–47. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip, and Heizer, Robert F. 1956 Gifts for the Jaguar God. National Geographic 110:366–375.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip, and Heizer, Robert F. 1965 Commentary on W. R. Coe and Robert Stuckenrath’s Review of Excavations at La Venta, Tabasco, 1955. Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers No. 33:37–69. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip, and Heizer, Robert F. 1975 Archeological Investigation of the Site of La Venta, Tabasco, Mexico. In National Geographic Society Research Reports 1890–1954, edited by Paul H. Oehser, pp. 387–394. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip, Heizer, Robert F., and Squier, Robert J. 1957 Radiocarbon Dates from La Venta, Tabasco. Science 126:72–73.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip, Heizer, Robert F., and Squier, Robert J. 1959 Excavations at La Venta, Tabasco, 1955. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 170. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Duncan, James, and Ley, David 1993 Introduction: Representing the Place of Culture. In Place/Culture/Representation, edited by James Duncan and David Ley, pp. 1–21. Routledge, London. Google Scholar
Evans, Susan Toby 2004 Ancient Mexico and Central America: Archaeology and Culture History. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Forte, Maurizio, and Siliotti, Alberto (editors) 1997 Virtual Archaeology: Re-Creating Ancient Worlds. Harry N. Abrams, New York.Google Scholar
Freidel, David, Scheie, Linda, and Parker, Joy 1993 Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman’s Path. Morrow, New York.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan D. 2006 “Were They Mad?” Memory, Visibility, and Ritual Deposition at La Venta Complex A. Paper presented at the 10th Theoretical Archaeology Group, University of Exeter, Exeter.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan D. 2008 History in Practice: Ritual Deposition at La Venta Complex A. In Memory Work: Archaeologies of Material Practices, edited by Barbara J. Mills and William H. Walker, pp. 109–136. School of Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe. Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan D., Toney, Joshua R., and Volk, Michael 2009 Mapping La Venta Complex A: Archival Archaeology in the Digital Age. Poster presented at the 74th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Atlanta.Google Scholar
Gillings, Mark 2005 The Real, the Virtually Real, and the Hyperreal: The Role of VR in Archaeology. In Envisioning the Past: Archaeology and the Image, edited by Sam Smiles and Stephanie Moser, pp. 223–239. Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts. Google Scholar
González Lauck, Rebecca B. 1988 Proyecto Arqueológico La Venta. Arqueología 4:121–165.Google Scholar
González Lauck, Rebecca B. 1994 La antigua ciudad olmeca en La Venta, Tabasco. In Los olmecas en Mesoamérica, edited by John E. Clark, pp. 93–111. Citibank, Mexico City. Google Scholar
González Lauck, Rebecca B. 1996 La Venta: An Olmec Capital. In Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico, edited by Elizabeth P. Benson and Beatriz de la Fuente, pp. 73–81. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
González Lauck, Rebecca B. 1997 Acerca de pirámides de tierra y seres sobrenaturales: Observaciones preliminares en torno al Edificio C-1, La Venta, Tabasco. Arqueología 17:79–97.Google Scholar
González Lauck, Rebecca B. 2001 Venta, La (Tabasco, Mexico). In Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia, edited by Susan Toby Evans and David L. Webster, pp. 798–801. Garland, New York. Google Scholar
González Lauck, Rebecca B. 2007 El Complejo A, La Venta, Tabasco. Arqueología Mexicana 15(87), September-October:49–54.Google Scholar
Graham, John, and Johnson, Mark 1979 The Great Mound of La Venta. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 41:1–5. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Griffiths, Nick, and Jenner, Anne 1990 Drawing Archaeological Finds: A Handbook. With Christine Wilson. Archetype Publications, London.Google Scholar
Grove, David C. 1997 Olmec Archaeology: A Half Century of Research and Its Accomplishments. Journal of World Prehistory 11:51–101.Google Scholar
Grove, David C. 1999 Public Monuments and Sacred Mountains: Observations on Three Formative Period Sacred Landscapes. In Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica, edited by David C. Grove and Rosemary A. Joyce, pp. 255–299. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Harley, J. Brian 1988 Maps, Knowledge, and Power. In The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments, edited by Denis E. Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, pp. 277–312. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar
Harley, J. Brian 1992 Rereading the Maps of the Columbian Encounter. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82:522–542.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F. 1959 Specific and Generic Characteristics of Olmec Culture. Proceedings of the 33rd International Congress of Americanists 2:178–182. San José.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F. 1960 Agriculture and the Theocratic State in Lowland Southeastern Mexico. American Antiquity 26:215–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heizer, Robert F. 1961 Inferences on the Nature of Olmec Society Based upon Data from the La Venta Site. Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers No. 25:43–57. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F. 1962 The Possible Sociopolitical Structure of the La Venta Olmecs. Proceedings of the 34th International Congress of Americanists, Vienna, pp. 310–317.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F. 1964 Some Interim Remarks on the Coe-Stuckenrath Review. Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers No. 31:45–50. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F. 1968 New Observations on La Venta. In Dumbarton Oaks Conference on the Olmec, edited by Elizabeth P. Benson, pp. 9–40. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F., and Drucker, Philip 1968 The Fluted Pyramid of the La Venta Site. Antiquity 42:52–56.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F., Drucker, Philip, and Graham, John A. 1968a Investigaciones de 1967 y 1968 en La Venta. INAH Boletín 33:21–28.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F., Drucker, Philip, and Graham, John A. 1968b Investigations at La Venta, 1967. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 5:1–33. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F., Graham, John A., and Napton, Lewis K. 1968 The 1968 Investigations at La Venta. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 5:127–153. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Ingold, Tim 1995 Building, Dwelling, Living: How Animals and People Make Themselves at Home in the World. In Shifting Contexts: Transformations in Anthropological Knowledge, edited by Marilyn Strathern, pp. 57–80. Routledge, London. Google Scholar
Jones, Andrew 2001 Drawn from Memory: The Archaeology of Aesthetics and the Aesthetics of Archaeology in Earlier Bronze Age Britain and the Present. World Archaeology 33:334–356.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A. 2000 Gender and Power in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A. 2004 Unintended Consequences? Monumentality as a Novel Experience in Formative Mesoamerica. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 11:5–29.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A., and Lopiparo, Jeanne 2005 PostScript: Doing Agency in Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12:365–374.Google Scholar
Kidder, Tristram R. 2002 Mapping Poverty Point. American Antiquity 67:89–101.Google Scholar
Laet, Sigfried J. De 1957 Archaeology and Its Problems. Translated by Ruth Daniel. Phoenix House, London.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno 1986 Visualization and Cognition: Thinking with Eyes and Hands. Knowledge and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Culture Past and Present 6:1–40.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno 1988a The Pasteurization of France. Translated by Alan Sheridan and John Law. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno 1988b Visualisation and Social Reproduction: Opening One Eye While Closing the Other … A Note on Some Religious Paintings. In Picturing Power: Visual Depictions and Social Relations, edited by Gordon Fyfe and John Law, pp. 15–38. Routledge, London. Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno 2005 Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Law, John, and Whittaker, John 1988 On the Art of Representation: Notes on the Politics of Visualisation. In Picturing Power: Visual Depictions and Social Relations, edited by Gordon Fyfe and John Law, pp. 160–183. Routledge, London. Google Scholar
Lowe, Gareth W. 1978 Eastern Mesoamerica. In Chronologies in New World Archaeology, edited by R. E. Taylor and Clement W. Meighan, pp. 331–393. Academic Press, New York. Google Scholar
Lowe, Gareth W. 1989 The Heartland Olmec: Evolution of Material Culture. In Regional Perspectives on the Olmec, edited by Robert J. Sharer and David C. Grove, pp. 33–67. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S. 1960 Review of Excavations at La Venta, Tabasco, 1955, by Philip Drucker, Robert F. Heizer, and Robert J. Squier. American Antiquity 26:296–297.Google Scholar
Miller, Daniel 2005 Materiality: An Introduction. In Materiality, edited by Daniel Miller, pp. 1–50. Duke University Press, Durham. Google Scholar
Molyneaux, Brian Leigh (editor) 1997 The Cultural Life of Images: Visual Representation in Archaeology. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Moser, Stephanie 1992 The Visual Language of Archaeology: A Case Study of the Neanderthals. Antiquity 66:831–844.Google Scholar
Moser, Stephanie 1998 Ancestral Images: The Iconography of Human Origins. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.Google Scholar
Moser, Stephanie 2001 Archaeological Representation: The Visual Conventions for Constructing Knowledge About the Past. In Archaeological Theory Today, edited by Ian Hodder, pp. 262–283. Polity Press (Blackwell), Malden, Massachusetts. Google Scholar
Moser, Stephanie, and Gamble, Clive 1997 Revolutionary Images: The Iconic Vocabulary for Representing Human Antiquity. In The Cultural Life of Images: Visual Representation in Archaeology, edited by Brian Leigh Molyneaux, pp. 184–212. Routledge, London. Google Scholar
Moser, Stephanie, and Smiles, Sam 2005 Introduction: The Image in Question. In Envisioning the Past: Archaeology and the Image, edited by Sam Smiles and Stephanie Moser, pp. 1–12. Blackwell, Maiden, Massachusetts. Google Scholar
Patrik, Linda E. 1985 Is There an Archaeological Record? In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 8, edited by Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 27–62. Academic Press, New York. Google Scholar
Piggott, Stuart 1978 Antiquity Depicted: Aspects of Archaeological Illustration. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Piña Chan, Román 1989 The Olmec: Mother Culture of Mesoamerica. Edited by Laura Laurencich Minelli. Rizzoli, New York.Google Scholar
Pollard, Joshua 2001 The Aesthetics of Depositional Practice. World Archaeology 33:315–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pool, Christopher A. 2007 Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Porter Weaver, Muriel 1981 The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica. 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Reilly, F. Kent III 1994 Enclosed Ritual Spaces and the Watery Underworld in Formative Period Architecture: New Observations on the Function of La Venta Complex A. In Seventh Palenque Round Table, 1989, Vol. 9, edited by Virginia M. Fields, pp. 125–135. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco. Google Scholar
Reilly, F. Kent III 1999 Mountains of Creation and Underworld Portals: The Ritual Function of Olmec Architecture at La Venta, Tabasco. In Mesoamerican Architecture as Cultural Symbol, edited by Jeff Karl Kowalski, pp. 14–39. Oxford University Press, New York. Google Scholar
Reilly, F. Kent III 2002 The Landscape of Creation: Architecture, Tomb, and Monument Placement at the Olmec Site of La Venta. In Heart of Creation: The Mesoamerican World and the Legacy of Linda Schele, edited by Andrea Stone, pp. 34–65. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. Google Scholar
Rust, William R III 2008 A Settlement Survey of La Venta, Tabasco, Mexico. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. ProQuest LLC, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Rust, William R III, and Sharer, Robert J. 1988 Olmec Settlement Data from La Venta, Tabasco. Science 242:102–104.Google Scholar
Sandoval, Rodrigo V. 2004 Computer-Aided Mapping of Complex A at La Venta, Mexico. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Texas Tech University, Lubbock.Google Scholar
Smiles, Sam, and Moser, Stephanie (editors) 2005 Envisioning the Past: Archaeology and the Image. Blackwell, Maiden, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Soustelle, Jacques 1979 Les Olmèques: La plus ancienne civilisation du Mexique. Arthaud, Paris.Google Scholar
Squier, Robert J. 1964 A Reappraisal of Olmec Chronology. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Steiner, Mélanie 2005 Approaches to Archaeological Illustration: A Handbook. Council for British Archaeology, Association of Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors, York, England.Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1940 Great Stone Faces of the Mexican Jungle. National Geographic 78:309–334.Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1942 Recientes hallazgos en La Venta. In Mayas y Olmecas, Segunda Reunión de Mesa Redonda, pp. 56–57. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City. Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1943a La Venta’s Green Stone Tigers. National Geographic 84:321–332.Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1943b Stone Monuments of Southern Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 138. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W., and Stirling, Marion 1942 Finding Jewels of Jade in a Mexican Swamp. National Geographic 82:635–661.Google Scholar
Tabarev, Andrei V. 2005 Ancient Olmecs: History and Problems of Investigations. Textbook. Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS Press, Novosibirsk.Google Scholar
Tate, Carolyn E. 1999 Patrons of Shamanic Power: La Venta’s Supernatural Entities in Light of Mixe Beliefs. Ancient Mesoamerica 10:169–188.Google Scholar
Tate, Carolyn E. 2001 The Poetics of Power and Knowledge at La Venta. In Landscape and Power in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Rex Koontz, Kathryn Reese-Taylor, and Annabeth Headrick, pp. 137–168. Westview Press, Boulder. Google Scholar
Tate, Carolyn E. 2008 Landscape and a Visual Narrative of Creation and Origin at the Olmec Ceremonial Center of La Venta. In Pre-Columbian Landscapes of Creation and Origin, edited by John E. Staller, pp. 31–65. Springer, New York. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Julian 1993 The Politics of Vision and the Archaeologies of Landscape. In Landscape: Politics and Perspectives, edited by Barbara Bender, pp. 19–48. Berg, Providence. Google Scholar
Thomas, Julian 2001 Archaeologies of Place and Landscape. In Archaeological Theory Today, edited by Ian Hodder, pp. 165–186. Polity Press (Blackwell), Maiden, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Turnbull, David 1993 Maps Are Territories: Science Is an Atlas: A Portfolio of Exhibits. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Van Dyke, Ruth M. 2006 Seeing the Past: Visual Media in Archaeology. American Anthropologist 108(2):370–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Reybrouck, David 1998 Imaging and Imagining the Neanderthal: The Role of Technical Drawings in Archaeology. Antiquity 72:56–64.Google Scholar
Webmoor, Timothy 2005 Mediational Techniques and Conceptual Frameworks in Archaeology: A Model in “Mapwork” at Teotihuacán, Mexico. Journal of Social Archaeology 5(1):52–84.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1966 An Introduction to American Archaeology, Vol. 1: North and Middle America. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.Google Scholar