Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:29:28.368Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Survival and Revival of Terminal Classic Traditions at Postclassic Mayapán

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Susan Milbrath  and
Carlos Peraza Lope
Susan Milbrath
Affiliation:
Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800 ([email protected])
Carlos Peraza Lope
Affiliation:
Centro INAH, Yucatán, Yucatán, México, CP97310 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Recent INAH excavations and reanalysis of data from the Carnegie Institution archaeological project document the survival and revival of Classic and Terminal Classic traditions at Postclassic Mayapán, the last Maya capital in Mexico. The survival of some Terminal Classic ceramic types and architectural forms at Mayapán around A.D. 1100–1200 reflects a pattern of continuity. A revival of earlier traditions is notable in the erection of stelae marking the katun endings and in Postclassic architecture that incorporates iconographie elements from Terminal Classic Puuc sites and the city of Chichén Itzá. The rulers and priests of Mayapán displayed their connection with the Terminal Classic Maya heritage to assert political power. The Puuc revival at Mayapán is linked with the Xiu priests, whereas the revival of the Itzá heritage of Chichén Itzá is affiliated with the Cocom rulers. Between A.D. 1250 and 1400, revival-style architecture at Mayapán was inspired by local traditions in the area of Yucatán. After A.D. 1400, trade contact with the East Coast inspired new art forms linked with the international style associated with Mixteca-Puebla art.

Las excavaciones recientes del INAH y una revisión de los datos del proyecto arqueológico de la Institución Carnegie indican la sobrevivencia y la revitalización de símbolos de la época del Clásico y Clásico Terminal en la ciudad postelásica de Mayapán, la última capital Maya de México. La supervivencia de algunos tipos cerámicos y formas arquitectónicas del Clásico Terminal en Mayapán entre 1100 d. 1200 d.C. reflejan un patrón de continuidad. Por otro lado, la revitalización de tradiciones anteriores es notable en las estelas que marcan los fines de katun y en la arquitectura posclásica que incorpora elementos icnográficos de sitios del área Puuc y la ciudad de Chichén Itzá. Los gobernantes y sacerdotes de Mayapán manifestaron su conexión con la herencia Maya del Clásico Terminal para asegurar su poder político. La revitalización de patrones del estilo Puuc están conectados con los sacerdotes Xiu, mientras que la revitalización de la herencia Itzá de Chichén Itzá está relacionada con los Cocomes, quienes gobernaban la ciudad. Entre 1250 d.C. y 1400 d.C. la arquitectura de revitalización en Mayapán estuvo inspirada en las tradiciones locales de la zona de Yucatán. Después de 1400 d.C. el contacto con la costa oriental inspiró nuevas formas artísticas ligadas al estilo internacional del arte Mixteca-Puebla.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 20 , Issue 4 , December 2009 , pp. 581 - 606
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 by the Society for American Archaeology.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adams, Robert W. 1953 Some Small Ceremonial Structures of Mayapán. Carnegie Institution of Washington Current Reports 9:144–179. Carnegie Institution, Department of Archaeology, Washington D.C.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P. 1993 Late Postclassic Lowland Maya Archaeology. Journal of World Prehistory 7(1):35–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P. Negrón, Tomas Gallareta, Castellanos, Fernando Robles, Palma, Rafael Cobos, and Rivero, Pura Cerver 1988 Isla Cerritos: An Itza Trading Port of the North Coast of Mexico. National Geographic Research 4(2):196–207.Google Scholar
Andrews Anthony, P., Wynis Andrews, E. V, and Robles Castellanos, F. 2003 The Northern Maya Collapse and Its Aftermath. Ancient Mesoamerica 14(1): 151–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aveni, Anthony F., Milbrath, Susan, and Lope, Carlos Peraza 2004 Chichén Itzá’s legacy in the astronomically oriented architecture of Mayapán. RES 45:123–143.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph W. 1979 Ceramics, Culture History, and the Puuc Traditions. In The Puuc: New Perspectives, edited by Lawrence Mills, pp. 18–35. Central College, Pella, IA.Google Scholar
Bey, George J. and Ringle, William M. 2007 From the Bottom Up: The Timing and Nature of the Tula-Chichén Itzá Exchange. In Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Jeff K. Kowalski and Cynthia Kristan Graham, pp. 377–428. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Bey, George J., Hanson, Craig A., and Ringle, William M. 1997 Classic to Postclassic at Ek’ Balam, Yucatán: Architectural and Ceramic Evidence for Defining the Transition. Latin American Antiquity 8:237–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bey, George J., Bond, Tara M., Ringle, William M., Hanson, Craig A., Houck, Charles W., and Lope, Carlos Peraza 1998 The Ceramic Chronology of Ek’ Balam, Yucatán, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 9(1): 101’120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, R. L., Blackman, M. J., Sears, E. L., Folan, W. J., and Forsyth, D. W. 2006 Observaciones iniciales sobre el consumo de la ceramica de Champotón. Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya 14(1): 137–145.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 2006 Framing the Maya Collapse: Continuity, Discontinuity, Method, and Practice in the Classic to Postclassic Southern Maya Lowlands. In After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies, edited by Glenn M. Schwartz and John J. Nichols, pp. 168–187. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Chowning, Ann 1956 A Round Temple and its Shrine at Mayapán. Carnegie Institution of Washington Current Reports 34: 443–160. Carnegie Institution, Department of Archaeology, Washington D.C.Google Scholar
Clancy, Flora 1983 A Comparison of Highland Zapotec and Lowland Maya Graphic Styles. In Highland-Lowland Interaction in Mesoamerica: Interdisciplinary Approaches. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Cobos, Raphael 2001 Chichén Itzá. In Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, Vol. 1, edited by David Carrasco pp. 183–187. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Cobos, Raphael 2004 Chichén Itzá: Settlement and Hegemony during the Terminal Classic Period. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice, and Donald. S. Rice pp. 517–544. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Coggins, Clemency C. 1975 Painting and Drawing Styles at Tikal: An historical and iconographic reconstruction. Ph.D. disseration, Harvard University, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Coggins, Clemency C. 2002 Toltec. RES 42:34–85.Google Scholar
Delgado Kú, Pedro Candelario 2004 Estudio de la arquitectura pública del núcelo principal de Mayapán, Yucatán. Thesis Profesional. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas.Google Scholar
Domínguez Carrasco, María del Rosario 1996 La ceramica de Calakmul, Campeche: una visión de su secuencia cronológica y cultural. Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya 3(2): 503–522.Google Scholar
Edmonson, Munro S. 1982 The Ancient Future of the Itzá: The Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Forsyth, Donald W., and Jordan, Aarón 2003 La sequencia ceramica de Champotón, Campeche: Un Ensayo. Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya 11(1):56–63.Google Scholar
García Campillo, José M. 2000 Estudio introductorio del léxico de las inscripciones de Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, México. International Series 831. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graña-Behrens, Daniel 2002 The Inscriptions of Northwest Yucatán, Mexico: Calendar, Chronology, and Development in the Region. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Bonn, Bonn.Google Scholar
Guernsey, Julia 2006 Ritual and Power in Stone: The Performance of Rulership in Mesoamerican Izapan Style Art. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff K. 1987 The House of the Governor: A Maya Palace at Uxmal, Yucatán, Mexico. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff K. 1998 Uxmal como ciudad real-ritual: el ascenso y descenso de un estado segmentario en la región este de la zona Puuc. In Modelos de entidades políticas maya: Primer Seminario de Mesas Redondas de Palenque, edited by Silvia Trejo pp. 161–182. Conaculta y Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México D.F. Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff K. 2003 Collaboration and Conflict: An Interpretation of the Relationship between Uxmal and Chichén Itzá during the Terminal Classic/Early Postclassic Periods. In Escondino en la Selva, edited by Hans J. Prem, pp. 235–272. Universidad de Bonn, Germany.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff K. 2007 What’s “Toltec” at Uxmal and Chichín Itza? Merging Maya and Mesoamerican Worldviews and World Systems in Termnial Classic to Early Postclassic Yucatán. In Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Jeff K. Kowalski and Cynthia Kristan-Graham, pp. 251–314. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff K., and Dunning, Nicholas P. 1998 The Architecture of Uxmal: The Symbolics of Statemaking at a Puuc Maya Regional Capital. In Mesoamerican Architecture as a Cultural Symbol, edited by Jeff K. Kowalski, pp. 274–319. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff K., and Kristan-Graham, Cynthia 2007 Chichén Itzá, Tula, and Tollan: Changing Perspectives on a Recurring Problem in Mesoamerican Archaeology and Art History. In Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Jeff K. Kowalski and Cynthia Kristan Graham, pp. 13–84. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff. K., Silverstein, Rhonda, and Follensbee, Mya 2002 Seats of Power and Cycles of Creation: Continuities and Changes in Iconogrpahy and Political Organization at Dzibilchaltun, Uxmal, Chichen Itza, and Mayapán. Estudios de Cultura Maya XXII: 87–111.Google Scholar
Ligorred Perramon, Josep 2001 El moro Muza. Ichacanzihó: Patrimonio Arqueologico y Natural no. 9 (Julio-Septiembre):7.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 2007 Great Art Styles and the Rise of Complex Societies. In Gordon R. Willey and American Archaeology, edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and William L. Fash, pp. 72–104. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A. 2000 In the Realm of Nachan Kan. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A., and Lope, Carlos Peraza 2010 Evidence for Maya-Mexican Interaction in the Archaeological Record of Mayapán. In Astronomers, Scribes, and Priests: Intellectual Interchange between the Northern Maya Lowlands and Highland Mexico in the-Postclassic Period, edited by Gabrielle Vail and Christine Hernandéz. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C, in press.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A., Hare, Timothy S., and Lope, Carlos Peraza 2006a Postclassic Maya Society Regenerated at Mayapán. In After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. edited by Glenn M. Schwartz and John J. Nichols, pp. 188–207. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A., Lope, Carolos Peraza, Hare, Timothy S., Russell, Bradley W. 2006b Investigating the Ancient Urban Economy of the Capital City of the Postclassic Maya World. NSF Final Report: The Economic Foundations of Mayapán Project.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A., Hare, Timothy S., and Lope, Carlos Peraza 2008 La organizatión urbana y las fuentes del poder social en Mayapán. Paper presented at VI Mesa Redonda de Palenque: Arqueoloía, imagen, y texto. Homenaje a Ian Graham. Palenque, Chiapas.Google Scholar
Milbrath, Susan 1979 A Study of Olmec Sculptural Chronology. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology No. 23. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Milbrath, Susan 1999 Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Milbrath, Susan 2005 The Last Great Capital of the Maya. Archaeology March/April:27–29.Google Scholar
Milbrath, Susan, and Lope, Carlos Peraza 2003 Revisiting Mayapán: Mexico’s Last Maya Capital. Ancient Mesoamerica 14:1–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milbrath, Susan, and Lope, Carlos Peraza 2009 Clash of World Views in Late Mayapán. In Maya Worldviews at Conquest, edited by Leslie G. Cecil and Timothy W. Pugh, pp. 183–204. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Milbrath, Susan, Aimers, James, Peraza, Carlos, and Folan, Lynda 2008 Effigy Censers of the Chen Mul Modeled Ceramic System and their Implications for Late Postclassic Maya Interregional Interaction. Mexicon 30:104–112.Google Scholar
Nagao, Deborah 1989 Public Proclamation in the Art of Cacaxtla and Xochicalco. In Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan a.d. 700–900, edited by Richard A. Diehl and Janet C. Berlo, pp. 83–104. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Pasztory, Esther 1989 Identity and Difference: The Uses and Meanings of Ethnic Styles. Studies in the History of Art 27:15–10. Center for the Advanced Study of the Vistual Arts. Symposium Papers XII. National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.Google Scholar
Peraza Lope, Carlos 2005 Ceramic Analyses and Sequence from San Gervasio. Cozumel. In Quintana Roo Archaeology, edited by Justine M. Shaw and Jennifer P. Mathews, pp. 77–86. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Peraza Lope, Carlos and Kú, Pedro Delgado 2006 Mayapán: arquitectura y cronología. In Los mayas de ayer y hoy: Memorias del Primer Congreso International de Cultura Maya, edited by Alfredo Barrera Rubio and Ruth Gubler, Tomo 1, pp. 203–220.Google Scholar
Peraza Lope, Carlos, Ojeda, Bárbara Escamilla, and Kú, Pedro Delgado 2005 Trabajos de mantenimiento y conservación arquitectónica en Mayapán, Yucatán: Informe de la octavo temporada: 2004–2005. Institute Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mérida, Yucatán, México.Google Scholar
Peraza Lope, Carlos, Ojeda, Bárbara Escamilla, and Kú, Pedro Delgado 2007 Trabajos de mantenimiento y conservación arquitectónica en Mayapan, Yucatán: Informe de la novena temporada: 2005–2006. InstitutO Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mérida, Yucatán, México.Google Scholar
Peraza Lope, Carlos and Masson, Marilyn 2005 Patrones espaciales del uso de efigies incensarios y esculturas en Mayapán. Paper presented at the Segundo Congreso International de cultura Maya. Mérida, México.Google Scholar
Peraza Lope, Carlos, Masson, Marilyn, Hare, Timothy S., and Kú, Pedro Candelario Delgado 2006 The Chronology of Mayapán: New Radiocarbon Evidence, Ancient Mesoamerica 17(2): 153–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, Harry E.D 1936 Round Structures in Aboriginal Middle America-Publication No. 471. Carnegie Institution of Washington D.C. 1980 The Puuc: An Architectural Survey of the Hill Country of Yucatán and Northern Campeche, Mexico. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology No. 19. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1950 A Study of Classic Maya Sculpture. Publication No. 593, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1962a Civic and Religious Structures of Mayapán. In Mayapán, Yucatán, Mexico pp. 87–164. Publication No. 619, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1962b Mayapán, Plan of the Main Group of Ruins. In Mayapán, Yucatán, Mexico map insert. Publication No. 619, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana and Temple, Charles R. 1955 A Residential Quadrangle – Structures R–85 to R–90. Carnegie Institution of Washington Current Reports 29: 289–362. Carnegie Institution, Department of Archaeology, Washmgton D.C.Google Scholar
Pugh, Timothy 2001 Flood Reptiles, Serpent Temples, and the Quadripartite Universe: The Imago Mundi of Late Postclassic Mayapán. Ancient Mesoamerica 12(2):247–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, Timothy 2003 The Exemplary Center of the Late Postclassic Kowoj Maya. Latin American Antiquity 14:408–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 2004 Maya Political Science: Time, Astronomy, and the Cosmos. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 2009 Time, History, and Worldview. In Maya Worldviews at Conquest, edited by Leslie G. Cecil and Timothy W Pugh, pp. 61–82. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Ringle, William, and Bey, George J. 2001 Post-Classic and Terminal Classic Courts of the Northern Maya Lowlands. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Vol. 2, edited by Takeshi Inomata and Stephen D. Houston, pp. 266–307. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Ringle, William, Negrón, Tomás Gallareta, and Bey, George 1998 The Return of Quetzalcoatl: Evidence for the spread of a world religion during the Epiclassic Period. Ancient Mesoamerica 9(2): 183–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, Donald 1970 The Tulum Murals: The International Style of the Late Post-Classic. Verhandlungnen des XXXVIII Internationalen Amerkanistenkongresses 2:77–88.Google Scholar
Robles Castellanos, Fernando 1986 Cronología cerámica de El Meco. In Excavaciones arqueológicas en El Meco, Quintana Roo, 1977. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Serie Arqueología, México D.F. Google Scholar
Robles Castellanos, Fernando 1987 La secuencia cerámica preliminar de Isla Cerritos, Costa Centro-Norte de Yucatán. In Papers from the 1985 Maya Ceramic Conference, edited by Prudence M. Rice and Robert J. Sharer, pp. 99–109. International Series 345(1). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Robles Castellanos, Fernando 1990 La secuencia cerámica de la región de Cobá, Quintana Roo. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Serie Arqueología, México D.F. Google Scholar
Roys, Ralph L. 1967 The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Meyer 1953 Style. In Anthropology Today, edited by Alfred L. Kroeber, pp. 287–312. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Scheie, Linda, and Mathews, Peter 1998 The Code of Kings: The Language of Seven Sacred Maya Temples and Tombs. Scribner, New York.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Peter J. 2007 Birds, Ceramics, and Cacao: New Excavations at Chichén Itzá, Yucatán. In Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Kowalski, Jeff K. and Cynthia Kristan Graham, pp. 151–204. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Shook, Edwin M. 1954a Three Temples and their Associated Structures at Mayapan, Yucatan. Current Reports 14:254–291. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Archaeology, Washington D.C.Google Scholar
Shook, Edwin M. 1954b A Round Temple at Mayapán. Carnegie Institution of Washington Current Reports 16:15–25. Carnegie Institution, Department of Archaeology, Washington D.C.Google Scholar
Shook, Edwin M. 1954c TheTemple of Kukulcan at Mayapán. Carnegie Institution of Washington Current Reports 20:89–108. Carnegie Institution, Department of Archaeology, Washington D.C.Google Scholar
Shook, Edwin M., and Irving, William N. 1955 Colonnaded Buildings at Mayapán. Carnegie Institution of Washington Current Reports 22:127–167. Carnegie Institution, Department of Archaeology, Washington D.C.Google Scholar
Smith, A. Leynard 1962 Residential and Associated Structures at Mayapán. In Mayapán, Yucatán, Mexico, pp. 165–320. Publication No. 619. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Smith, Phillip E. 1955 Excavations in Three Ceremonial Structures at Mayapán. Carnegie Institution of Washington Current Reports 21:109–126. Carnegie Institution, Department of Archaeology, Washington D.C.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert E. 1971 The Pottery of Mayapán. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 66. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Stanton, Travis W., and Gallareta, Tomás 2001 Warfare, Ceramic Economy, and the Itzá: A Reconsideration of the Itzá Polity in Ancient Yucatán. Ancient Mesoamerica 22:229–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanton, Travis W., and Bey, George J. 2006 Donde se Fue? Reconciling Early Postclassic Regional Settlement Patterns in a post-overlap Northern Lowlands. Paper Presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Puerto Rico.Google Scholar
Stone, Andrea 1989 Disconnection, Foreign Insignia, and Political Expansion: Teotihuacan and the Warrior Stlea of Piedras Negras. In Mesoamerica after the decline of Teotihuacan, A.D. 700–900, edited by Richard A. Dield and Janet Catherine Berlo, pp. 153–172. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1994 The Iconography of Toltec Period Chichen Itza. In Hidden Among the Hills: Maya Archaeology of the Northwest Yucatan Peninsula: First Maler Symposium Bonn 1989, edited by Hanns J. Prem, pp. 213–246. Verlag Von Flemming, Möckmül.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric 1957 Deities Portrayed on Censers at Mayapán. Current Reports 40:599–632. Carnegie Institution of Washington Department of Archaeology, Washington D.C.Google Scholar
Tozzer, Alfred M. (editor and translator) 1941 Landa’s Relatión de las cosas de Yucatán. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 18. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Umberger, Emily 1987 Antiques, Revivals, and References to the Past in Aztec Art. RES 13:62–106.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1962 Early Great Art Styles and the Rise of the Pre-Columbian Civilizations. American Anthropologist 64:1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winters, Howard D. 1955 Three Serpent Column Temples and Associated Platforms at Mayapán. Current Reports 32:397–423. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Archaeology, Washington D.C.Google Scholar