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Sex-Specific Phenotypic Variability and Social Organization in the Chiribaya of Southern Peru

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Kenneth C. Nystrom  and
Christine M. Malcom
Kenneth C. Nystrom
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Wooster Science Building 124, State University of New York at New Paltz, 1 Hawk Drive, New Paltz, NY 12561 ([email protected])
Christine M. Malcom
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, and Department of Sociology, Roosevelt University ([email protected])
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Abstract

Analyses of skeletal phenotypic traits have the potential to yield information pertaining to social organization, such as kinship and residence patterns. In this research, we examine sex-specific phenotypic variability of craniofacial and mandibular metric traits in eight skeletal samples from four sites (San Gerónimo, Chiribaya Alta, Chiribaya Baja, and El Yaral) attributed to the Chiribaya polity (A.D. 772–1350) and a contemporary Ilo-Tumilaca/Cabuza group (El Algodonal) from southern Peru. Through this data set we investigate various aspects of social organization (e.g., postmarital residence patterns) within the Chiribaya polity. We also examine Chiribaya interactions with the contemporaneous, yet culturally distinct, Tumilaca cultural group. The pattern of between-group bias-corrected estimates of biological distances points toward a more distant biological relationship between the two cultures than has previously been reported. Among the Chiribaya groups considered, determinant ratio analyses indicate that males from two cemeteries (Chiribaya Alta Cemetery 4 and Chiribaya Alta Cemetery 7) were significantly more variable than females, suggesting that males were the more mobile sex. Several explanatory models are considered, including a matrilocal residence pattern and the in-migration of males. We also examine the unique nature of results from within Chiribaya Alta, which support the argument made by previous researchers that this site represents a regional political center.

Los análisis de la morfología esquelética tienen el potencial de rendir información referente a la organización social, tal como parentesco y patrones de residencia. En esta investigación examinamos la variabilidad fenotípica sexo-específica de rasgos métricos cráneo-faciales y mandibulares en ocho muestras esqueléticas de cuatro sitios (San Gerónimo, Chiribaya Alta, Chiribaya Baja y El Yaral) atribuidos a la entidad política Chiribaya (772–1350 d.C.) y una de un grupo contemporáneo de Ilo-Tumilaca/Cabuza (El Algodonal) de Perú. Mediante estos datos investigamos varios aspectos de la organización social (e.g., patrones de residencia postmarital) del sistema de gobierno Chiribaya. Examinamos también las interacciones de los Chiribaya con el grupo Tumilaca, que es contemporáneo pero culturalmente distinto. El patrón de las estimaciones corregidas de los sesgos entre grupos para las distancias biológicas señala una relación biológica más distante entre las dos culturas de lo que se había reportado previamente. Entre los grupos Chiribaya considerados, los análisis de cocientes determinantes indicaron que los individuos masculinos de dos cementerios (Chiribaya Alta cementerio 4 y Chiribaya Alta cementerio 7) eran significativamente más variables que los femeninos, sugiriendo que los hombres fueron el sexo más móvil. Se consideran varios modelos explicativos, incluyendo un patrón de residencia matrilocal y la inmigración masculina. También examinamos la naturaleza extraordinaria de los resultados dentro de Chiribaya Alta, que apoyan el argumento hecho por investigadores anteriores de que este sitio representa un centro político regional.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 21 , Issue 4 , December 2010 , pp. 375 - 397
Copyright
Copyright © 2010 by the Society for American Archaeology.

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