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The Preceramic Period Site of Paloma, Peru: Bioindications of Improving Adaptation to Sedentism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Robert A. Benfer Jr.
Robert A. Benfer Jr.*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
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Abstract

The nature of the adjustments made by the steadily increasing population of central coastal Peru in the Middle through Late Preceramic time periods can be examined by careful study of bioindicators. Nonspecific indicators of stress (NSIS) preserved in human remains provide independent evidence for validating paleodemographic hypotheses. If life expectancy improves over a period of time, one expects diminished indication of nonspecific stress. Decreasing stress over time also may imply increasing fertility in precontraceptive peoples, which, along with declining mortality, would lead to population growth. However, the converse does not follow; populations may grow over time whether responding to increasing, stable, or decreasing stress. Other factors, such as changing subsistence strategies or hybrid vigor, also may be useful in explaining diminished indications of either nonspecific stress or population increase. The complex relations among (a) population structure and density (PSD), (b) nonspecific indicators of stress, and (c) diet have not yielded deductions that could form a universal set of expectations. However, several kinds of adaptation that are distinct with respect to population growth and health status are considered and illustrated with analyses of 201 skeletons from the preagricultural village of Paloma in central coastal Peru.

Nuestro comprehensión sobre la naturaleza de las adaptaciones realizadas por la población que aumenta constantemente en la costa central del Perú durante las épocas Precerámicas Media y Tardía se puede mejorar por el estudio cuidadoso de los índices biológicos. Los índices no-específicos de la presión que son preservados en los restos mortales de los humanos proveen evidencia independiente para validar las hipótesis paleodemográficas. Si el índice de la longevidad mejora durante un período de tiempo, se espera un índice disminuído de la presión no-específica. La presión que disminuye durante un período de tiempo con aumento en la fertilidad en una población pre-anticonceptivos induciría un aumento [acrecentamiento] en la población. Sin embargo, lo inverso no se sigue; las poblaciones pueden aumentar al paso del tiempo por responder a la presión, sea que aumente, quede estable o disminuya. Otros elementos, tal como cambios en las estrategias de subsistencia o una robustez híbrida, también pueden servir para explicar índices disminuídos de la presión no-específica o del crecimiento demográfico. Las relaciones complejas entre (a) la estructura de la población, (b) los índices no-específicos de la presión, y (c) la dieta [régimen alimenticio] no han producido las deducciones que pudieran formar un juego universal de expectaciones. Sin embargo, varios tipos de adaptación que son distintos en cuanto al acrecentamiento de población y al estado de salud se consideran y se ilustran con análisis de 201 individuos del pueblo preagrícola de Paloma en la costa central del Perú.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 1 , Issue 4 , December 1990 , pp. 284 - 318
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1990

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