Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T15:52:58.392Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

El Indígeno and High-Altitude Human Occupation in the Southern Andes, Mendoza (Argentina)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Gustavo Neme
Gustavo Neme*
Affiliation:
CONICET-Departamento de Antropología, Museo de Historia Natural, Natural, Parque Mariano Moreno s/n (5600) San Rafael City, Mendoza, Argentina, [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The site El Indígeno contains the greatest known concentration of hunter-gatherer residential features in the southern Andes. Located at 3,300 m asl in a meadow in the Cordillera of west-central Argentina, the site is notable for its 133 habitation structures, that—when considered along with the other characteristics of the site—represent an anomalous but perhaps not entirely unexpected adaptation to the highest altitude environment in the region. Based on radiocarbon dating and artifact typologies, the site was occupied between ca. 800 and 1500 B.P. It consequently represents the latest step in the indigenous colonization of what is arguably the most marginal environment in the region. This chronology suggests that the site was occupied when nearby lowland regions were under their most intensive use and during a time when new resources were incorporated into the high-altitude hunter-gatherer diet. In this article I report on research conducted at El Indigeno and compare the results of these studies to the regional record, ultimately concluding that regional population increase affiliated with the spread of increasingly complex socioeconomic systems most parsimoniously explains the intensive occupation of this large, high-altitude hunter-gatherer site.

Resumen

Resumen

El sitio arqueolόgico conocido como El Indígeno contiene la mayor concentraciόn de estructuras habitacionales de cazadores-recolectores en los Andes del sur. Localizado a 3300 msnm en una vega cordillerana del Centro Oeste Argentino, se destaca no solo por sus 133 estructuras sino por otros elementos, los cuales representan una anόmala pero quizás no del todo inesperada adaptacion al entorno de mayor altitud en la region. Sobre la base de dataciones radiocarbόnicas se estableciό su cronología entre ca. 1500 y 800 años A.P., por lo que representa uno de los liltimos pasos en la colonization prehispánica del sur de Mendoza. Esta cronologia sugiere además que el sitio fue ocupado cuando todas las regiones proximas estaban siendo utilizadas intensivamente, y durante un tiempo en el que nuevos recursos fueron incorporados en la dieta de los cazadoresrecolectores. Aquí se presentan los resultados de los trabajos llevados a cabo en El Indígeno, los cuales son comparados con el registro arqueolόgico regional. Finalmente se concluye que el incremento en la poblaciόn a nivel regional, asociado con la dispersiόn de una creciente complejidad del sistema socioecónomico, puede explicar de forma mas parsimoniosa la ocupacion intensiva de este sitio de altura.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 27 , Issue 1 , March 2016 , pp. 96 - 114
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abraham, María Elena 2000 Geomorfología de la Provincia de Mendoza. In Re-cursos y Problemas Ambientales de Zona Árida, Primera Parte: Provincias de Mendoza, San Juan y La Rioja. Tomo I, edited by Elena M. Abraham and Francisco Rodríguez Martínez, pp. 29–48. IDEA, Mendoza.Google Scholar
Aldenderfer, Mark 1998 Montane Foragers: Asana and the South-Central Andean Archaic. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Aldenderfer, Mark 2006 Modelling Plateau Peoples: The Early Human Use of the World’s High Plateaux. World Archaeology 38(3):357–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bárcena, Roberto 2001 Prehistoria del Centra Oeste Argentine In Historia Argentina Prehispánlca Vol. 1, edited by Eduardo Berberian and Axel Nielsen, pp. 561–634. Editorial Brujas, Córdoba.Google Scholar
Basgall, Mark, and Giambastiani, Mark 1995 Prehistoric Use of a Marginal Environment: Continuity and Change in Occupation of the Volcanic Tablelands, Mono and Inyo Counties, California. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis, Publication 12. University of California, Davis.Google Scholar
Baker, Paul 1968 Human Adaptation to High Altitude. In High Altitude Adaptation in a Peruvian Community, edited by T. Paul, Gabriel Escovar, Gordon De Jong, and Charles J. Hoff, pp. 1–33. Occasional Papers in Anthropology Department of Anthropology No. 1. Pennsylvania State University, University Park.Google Scholar
Bender, Susan, and Wright, Gary 1988 High-Altitude Occupations, Cultural Process, and High Plains. Prehistory: Retrospect and Prospect. American Anthropologist 90(3):619–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beall, Cynthia 2007 Two Routes to Functional Adaptation: Tibetan and Andean High-altitude Natives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104:8655–8660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bettinger, Robert L. 1991 Aboriginal Occupation at High Altitude: Alpine Villages in the White Mountains of Eastern California. American Anthropologist 93:657–679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bettinger, Robert L. 1994 How, When, and Why Numic Spread. In Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa, edited by David B. Madsen and David Rhode, pp. 44–55. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Bettinger, Robert L. 2000 Observation on Archaeological Inquiry in the Intermountain Region. In Intermountaln Archaeology, edited by David B. Madsen and Michael D. Metcalf, pp. 15–24. University of Utah Anthropological Papers 122. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Bettinger, Robert, Richerson, Peter, and Boyd, Robert 2009 Constraints on the Development of Agriculture. Current Anthropology 50(5):627–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bibar, Gerónimo 1966 [1558] Crónica y Relación Coplosa y Verdadera de los Reinos de Chile MDLVIII. Fondo Histórico y Bibliográfico “José T. Medina”, Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 1978 Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Brantingham, Jeffrey, and Gao, Xing 2006 Peopling of the Northern Tibetan Plateau. World Archaeology 38:387–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brantingham, P. Jeffrey, Gao, Xing, Olsen, John W., Ma, Haizhou, Rhode, David, Zhang, Haiying, and Madsen, David B. 2007 A Short Chronology for the Peopling of the Tibetan Plateau. In Late Quaternary Climate Change and Human Adaptation in Arid China, edited by David B. Madsen, Xing Gao, and Chen Fahu, pp. 129–150. Developments in Quaternary Science, J. J. M. van der Meer, general editor. Elsevier, Amsterdam.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Böcher, Tyge, Hjerting, Jens, and Rahn, Kristen 1972 Botanical Studies in the Atuel Valley Area, Mendoza Province, Argentina. Part I, II, III. Dansk Botansk Arkiv 22(3):189–358.Google Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C, & Lee, S. 2013 Recent and Planned Developments of the Program OxCal. Radiocarbon, 55(2–3), 720–730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabrera, Antonio 1976 Regiones Fitogeogrdficas Argentinas. Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería II (1). Editorial Acme, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Capitanelli, Roberto 1972 Geomorfología y clima de la Provincia de Mendoza. Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 13:15–48.Google Scholar
Corte, Arturo 1976 El Paleoclima de Cuyo. La Situación Actual y Posibilidades Climáticas. Memoria anual del IANIGLA: 165–188.Google Scholar
Cornejo, Luis, and Sanhueza, Lorena 2003 Coexistencia de cazadores recolectores y horticultores tempranos en la Cordillera andina de Chile Central. Latin American Antiquity 14(4):389–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornejo, Luis, and Sanhueza, Lorena 2011 North and South: Hunter-gatherer Communities in the Andes Mountains in Central Chile. Latin American Antiquity 22(4):487–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D’Antoni, Hector 1983 Pollen Analysis of Grata del Indio. In Quaternary of South America and Antarctic Peninsula 1:83–104.Google Scholar
de Jong, Rixt, von Gunten, Lucien, Maldonado, Antonio, and Grosjean, Martin 2013 Late Holocene Summer Temperatures in the Central Andes Reconstructed from the Sediments of High-elevation Laguna Chepical, Chile (32 S). Climate Past 9:1921–1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durán, Víctor 2000 Poblaclones lndígenas de Malargüe. CEIDER, Serie libros N° 1. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza.Google Scholar
Durán, Victor, Giesso, Martín, Glascock, Michael, Neme, Gustavo, Gil, Adolfo, and Sanhueza, Lorena 2004 Estudio de fuentes de aprovisionamiento y redes de distributión de obsidiana durante el Holoceno tardío en el sur de Mendoza (Argentina). Estudios Atacameños 28:25–43.Google Scholar
Durán, Víctor, Neme, Gustavo, Cortegoso, Valeria, and Gil, Adolfo 2006 Arqueología del Área Natural Protegida Laguna Diamante (Mendoza, Argentina). In Arqueología y Amblente de Áreas Naturales Protegldas de la Provincia de Mendoza, edited by Víctor Durán and Valeria Cortegoso, pp. 91–143. Volumen Especial N°61 Anales de Arqueología y Etnología. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UNCuyo, Mendoza.Google Scholar
Espizua, Lidia 2005 Holocene Glacier Chronology of Valenzuela Valley, Mendoza. Argentina. The Holocene 15:1079–1085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falabella, Fernanda, and Stehberg, Rubén 1989 El Período Agroalfarero Medio en Chile Central. In Prehistoria de Chile. Desde sus Orígenes Hasta los Albores de la Conqulsta, edited by Jorge Hidalgo, Virgilio Schiapacasse, Hans Niemeyer, Carlos Aldunate, and Iván Solimano, pp. 295–311. Editorial Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar
Falabella, Fernanda, Sanhueza, Lorena, Neme, Gustavo, and Lagiglia, Humberto 2001 Análisis Comparativo de Cerámica Aconcagua entre Chile y Argentina. Relaciones XXVI: 193–214.Google Scholar
Falabella, Fernanda, Planella, Teresa, Aspillaga, Eugenio, Sanhueza, Lorena, and Tykot, Robert 2007 Dieta en sociedades alfareras de Chile Central: Aportes de analisis de isótopos estables. Chungaré 39:5–27.Google Scholar
Gasco, Alejandra 2012 Caza y pastoreo de camélidos en la Frontera Meridional del Mundo Andino. Una aproximación osteométriea. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba.Google Scholar
Giesso, Martín, Durán, Víctor, Neme, Gustavo, Glascock, Mike, Cortegoso, Valeria, Gil, Adolfo, and Sanhueza, Lorena 2011 A Study of Obsidian Source Usage in the Central Andes of Argentina and Chile. Archaeometry 53(1):1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil, Adolfo 2003 Zea mays on South American Periphery: Chronology and Dietary Importance. Current Anthropology 44:295–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil, Adolfo 2006 Arqueología de La Payunia (Mendoza, Argentina). El poblamiento humano en los márgenes de la agricultura. BAR International Series 1477. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil, Adolfo, Neme, Gustavo, and Tykot, Robert 2010 Isótopos estables y consumo de maíz en el centra occidente argentine. Tendencias temporales y espaciales. Chungará 42:497–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil, Adolfo, Neme, Gustavo, and Tykot, Robert 2011 Stable Isotopes and Human Diet in Central Western Argentina. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(1):1331–1340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil, Adolfo, Villalba, Ricardo, Ugan, Andrew, Cortegoso, Valeria, Neme, Gustavo, Teresa Michieli, Catalina, Novellino, Paula, and Durán, Víctor 2014 Isotopic Evidence on Human Bone for Declining Maize Consumption during the Little Ice Age in Central Western Argentina. Journal of Archaeological Science 49:213–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González, Mariela, Álvarez, Maráa C., Massigoge, Agustina, Gutiérrez, María A. and Kaufmann, Cristian A. 2012 Differential Bone Survivorship and Ontogenetic Development in Guanaco (Lama guanicoe). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 22:523–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grayson, Donald 1991 Alpine Faunas from the White Mountains, California: Adaptive Change in the Late Prehistoric Great Basin? Journal of Archaeological Science 18(3):483–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grove, Matt 2010 Logistical Mobility Reduces Subsistence Risk in Hunting Economies. Journal of Archaeological Science 37:191–1921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Headland, Tom, and Reid, Lawrence 1989 Hunter-gatherers and Their Neighbors from Prehistory to the Present. Current Anthropology 30:43–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernández, Alicia 2002 Paleoetnobotánica en el Sur de Mendoza. In Entre Montañas y Desiertos: Arqueología del Sur de Mendoza, edited by Adolfo Gil and Gustavo Neme, pp. 103–118. Sociedad Argentina de Antropología, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Jenny, Bettina, Valero-Garcés, Bias, Urrutia, Roberto, Kelts, Kerry, Veit, Heinz, Appleby, Peter, and Geyh, Mebus 2002 Moisture Changes and Fluctuations of the Westerlies in Mediterranean Central Chile during the last 2000 years: The Laguna Aculeo Record (331500S). Quaternary International 87:3–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagiglia, Humberto 1968 Secuencias Culturales del Centro-Oeste Argentino: Valles del Atuel y del Diamante. Revista Cientifica de Investigations del Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael. Tomo I, N° 4. San Rafael.Google Scholar
Lagiglia, Humberto 1977 Dinámica Cultural del Centro Oeste y Sus Relaciones con Áreas Aledanas Argentiñas y Chilenas. Adas del VII Congreso Nacional de Arqueologia Chilena. Volumen II: 532–560. Altos de Vilches.Google Scholar
Lagiglia, Humberto 1997 Arqueología de Cazadores-Recolectores Cordilleranos de Altura. Ediciones Ciencia y Arte, San Rafael.Google Scholar
Lagiglia, Humberto, Neme, Gustavo, and Gil, Adolfo 1994 Informe de los Trabajos de Campo en el Sitio “El Indígeno” (3 ra. Campaña Arquógica, Febrero de 1994). Actas del XI Congreso Nacional de Arqueología Argentina, pp. 116–118. San Rafael, Mendoza.Google Scholar
Lamy, Frank, Hebbeln, Dierk, and Wefer, Gerald 1999 High-Resolution Marine Record of Climatic Change in Mid-latitude Chile during the Last 28,000 Years Based on Terrigenous Sediment Parameters. Quaternary Research 51:83–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamy, Frank, Rühlemann, Carsten, Hebbeln, Dierk, and Wefer, Gerold 2002 High- and Low-latitude Climate Control on the Position of the Southern Peru-Chile Current during the Holocene. Paleoceanography 17(2): 16.1–16.10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Layton, Robert, Foley, Robert, and Williams, Elizabeth 1991 The Transition between Hunting and Gathering and the Specialized Husbandry of Resources. Current Anthropology 32:255–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
L’Heureux, Lorena 2010 Morfometría de Camélidos Sudamericanos Modernos. La Variabilidad Morfológica y la Diversidad Taxonómica. In Zooarqueología a Principles del Siglo XXI. Aportes Teóricos, Metodológicos y Casos de Estudio, edited by María A. Gutiérrez, Mariana De Nigris, Pablo Fernández, Miguel Giardina, Adolfo Gil, Andrés Izeta, Gustavo Neme, and Hugo Yacobaccio, pp. 39–49. Ediciones del Espinillo, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Llano, Carina 2010 Aprovechamiento de Recursos Vegetales Entre las Sociedades Cazadoras-Recolectoras del Sur de Mendoza. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Neuquén.Google Scholar
Llano, Carina, Neme, Gustavo, and Michieli, Teresa 2011 Plant Use Intensification among Hunter-Gatherers in the Diamante River Basin, Argentina. Before Farming 2011/2:1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lozny, Ludomir R. (editor) 2013 Continuity and Change in Cultural Adaptation to Mountain Environments, From Prehistory to Contemporary Threats. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, Thomas 1973 Harvest Timing, Transhumance, and the Process of Domestication. American Anthropologist 75(5): 1254–1259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madsen, David, Scott, T., and Loosle, Brian 2000 Differential Transport Cost and High-altitude Occupation Patterns in the Uinta Mountains, Northeastern Utah. In Intermountain Archaeology, edited by David Madsen and Michael D. Metcalf, pp. 15–24. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, Duncan, and Jones, Kevin T. 1988 A Reconsideration of Animal Body-Part Utility Indices. American Antiquity 53(3):486–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markgraf, Vera 1983 Late Postglacial Vegetational and Paleoclimatic Changes in Subantarctic Temperate, and Arid Environments in Argentina. Palinology 7:43–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michieli, Teresa 1983 Los Huarpes Protohistóricos. Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo. Facultad de Filosofía, Humanidades y Arte, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan.Google Scholar
Michieli, Teresa 2009 Tumbas y textiles preincaicos en una zona andina meridional. In Las sociedades de los paisajes áridos y semiáridos del Centro Oeste Argentino, edited by Yoli Martini, Graciana Perez Zavala, and Yanina Aguilar, pp. 111–122. Universidad nacional de Río Cuarto. Río Cuarto, Córdoba. Argentina.Google Scholar
Morán, Emilio 2000 Human Adaptability. Westview Press, Boulder. Morgan, Christopher Google Scholar
Morán, Emilio 2008 Reconstructing Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Radii: A Case Study from California’s Southern Sierra Nevada. Journal of Archaeological Science 35:247–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morán, Emilio 2009 Climate Change, Uncertainty and Prehistoric Hunter-gatherer Mobility. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28:382–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morán, Emilio 2012 Modeling Modes of Hunter-Gatherer Food Storage. American Antiquity 77(4):714–736.Google Scholar
Morán, Emilio 2015 Is it Intensification Yet? Current Archaeological Perspectives on the Evolution of Hunter-Gatherer Economies. Journal of Archaeological Research 23(2):163–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, Christopher, Fisher, John, and Pomerleau, Monique 2012a High-Altitude Intensification and Settlement in Utah’s Pahvant Range. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 32(1):27–45.Google Scholar
Morgan, Christopher, Adams, Richard, and Losey, Ashley 2012b High Altitude Residential Occupations in Wyoming’s Wind River Range, North American Archaeologist 33:35–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mondini, Mariana, and Muñoz, Sebastián 2004 Behavioral Variability in the So-called Marginal Areas from Zooarchaeological Perspective: An Introduction. In Colonization, Migration and Marginal Areas, edited by Mariana Mondini, Sebastián Muñoz, and Stephen Wickler, pp. 42–45. Proceedings of the ICAZ Conference, Oxbow Books, Durham.Google Scholar
Murra, John 1972 El “Control Vertical” de un máximo de pisos ecológicos en la economía de las sociedades andinas. In Visita de la Provincia de León de Huénuco en 1562, edited by John Murra, Tomo II, pp. 427–468. Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán, Facultad de Letras y Ciencias, Huánuco, Perú.Google Scholar
Nash, Robert 2012 The Role of Maize in Low-Level Food Production among Northern Peripheral Fremont Groups in the Northeastern Uinta Mountains of Utah. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of California Davis.Google Scholar
Neme, Gustavo 2007 Cazadores-recolectores de Altura en los Andes Meridionals: El Alto Valle del Río Atuel. BAR International Series 1591. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neme, Gustavo, and Gil, Adolfo 2008 Biogeografía humana en los Andes Meridionales: Tendencias arqueológicas en el Sur de Mendoza. Chungará 40:5–185.Google Scholar
Neme, Gustavo, and Gil, Adolfo 2009 Human Occupation and Increasing Mid-Holocene Aridity: Southern Andean Perspectives. Current Anthropology 50:149–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neme, Gustavo, and Gil, Adolfo 2012 El Registro Arqueológico del sur de Mendoza en Perspectiva Biogeogréfica. In Paleoecología Humana en el Sur de Mendoza. Perspectivas arqueológicas, edited by Gustavo Neme and Adolfo Gil, pp. 254–279. Sociedad Argentina de Antropologia, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Neme, Gustavo, Gil, Adolfo, Otaola, Clara, and Giardina, Miguel 2013 Resource Exploitation and Human Mobility: Trends in the Archaeofaunal and Isotopic Record from Central Western Argentina. International Journal of Osteoar-chaeology 25(6):866–876.Google Scholar
Neme, Gustavo, Morgan, Christopher, Sugrañez, Nuria, Salgán, Laura, Gil, Adolfo, Otaola, Clara, Giardina, Miguel, and Llano, Carina 2015 Risco de los Indios: Ocupaciones humanas de altura en la Cuenca del río Diamante. Under review at Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología.Google Scholar
Navarro, Diego, and Whitlock, Cathy 2010 Changes in Climate, Vegetation and Fire Regimes in SW Mendoza, Argentina over the Last 6400 cal-yr-BP: Laguna El Sosneado record. II International Symposium “Reconstructing Climate Variations in South America and the Antarctic Peninsula over the last 2000 Years”. PAGES and Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile. Valdivia.Google Scholar
Orlove, Benjamin S., and Guillet, David 1985 Theoretical and Methodological Considerations on the Study of Mountain Peoples: Reflections on the Idea of Subsistence Type and the Role of History in Human Ecology. Mountain Research and Development 5(1):2–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otaola, Clara, Giardina, Miguel, Cobart, Mercedes, and Fernández, Fernando. 2012 Zooarqueologiía en el Sur de Mendoza: Integrando perspectivas zooarqueológicas en un marco biogeográfico. In Paleoecología Humana en el Sur de Mendoza. Perspectivas arqueologicas, edited by Gustavo Neme and Adolfo Gil, pp. 85–115. Sociedad Argentina de Antropología, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Outram, Alan 2004 Identifying Dietary Stress in Marginal Environments: Bone Fats, Optimal Foraging Theory and the Season Round. In Colonization, Migration and Marginal Areas, edited by Mariana Mondini, Sebastián Muñoz, and Stephen Wickler, pp. 74–85. Proceedings of the ICAZ Conference, Oxbow Books, Durham.Google Scholar
Pianka, Erik 1982 Ecología Evolutiva. Ediciones Omega S.A., Barcelona.Google Scholar
Reimer, Paula, Bard, Edouard, Bayliss, Alex, Warren Beck, J., Blackwell, Paul, Bronk Ramsey, Christopher, Buck, Caidin, Cheng, Hai, Lawrence Edwards, R., Friedrich, Michael, Grootes, Pieter, Guilderson, Thomas, Haflidason, Haflidi, Hajdas, Irka, Hatté, Christine, Heaton, Timothy, Hoffmann, Dirk, Hogg, Alan, Hughen, Konrad, Felix Kaiser, K., Kromer, Bernd, Manning, Sturt, Niu, Mu, Reimer, Ron, Richards, David, Marian Scott, E., Southon, John, Staff, Richard, Turney, Christian, and van der Plicht, Johannes 2013 IntCal 13 and Marine 13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4):1869–1887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhoades, Robert, and Thompson, Stephen 1975 Adaptive Strategies in Alpine Environments: Beyond Ecological Particularism. American Ethnologist 2(3):535–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roig, Fidel 1960 Bosquejo Fitogeográfico de las Provincias de Cuyo. Comité Nacional para el Estudio de las Regiones Áridas y Semiáridas. Subcomite Cuyo N° 3, Mendoza.Google Scholar
Roig, Virgilio 1972 Esbozo General del Poblamiento Animal de la Provincia de Mendoza. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina Botánica XIII: 81–88.Google Scholar
Sanhueza, Lorena, Falabella, Fernanda, Fonseca, Eugenia, and Andonie, Oscar 2004 Aplicación de Análisis de Pastas Macroscópicos, Petrográficos y de Compositión de Elementos Químicos al Problema de la Procedencia de Cerámica en el Período Alfarero Temprano de Chile Central y Cuyo, Argentina. Estudios Atacameños 28:121–132.Google Scholar
Scharf, Elizabeth A. 2009 Foraging and Prehistoric Use of High Elevations in the Western Great Basin: Evidence for Seed Assemblages at Midway (CA-MNO-2169), California. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 29(1):11–27.Google Scholar
Schiapacasse, Virgilio, and Hans Niemeyer 1975 Apuntes para el estudio de la transhumancia en el valle de Camarones (provincia de Tarapacá, Chile). Estudios Atacameños 3:49–52.Google Scholar
Solbridg, Paul, Paul Baker, and David Ives 1984 State of Knowledge Report on Andean Ecosystems. UNESCO. Mountain Research and Development 4(2):97–102.Google Scholar
Spielman, Katerine, and John Eder 1994 Hunters and Farmers: Then and Now. Annual Review of Anthropology 23:303–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stehberg, Rubén 1992 El Límite Inferior Cronológico de la Expansión Incaica a Chile. Xama 4:82–89.Google Scholar
Stingl, Helmut, and Karsten Garleff 1985 Glacier Variations and Climate of the Late Quaternary in the Subtropical and Mid-latitude Andes of Argentina. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde 21:225–228.Google Scholar
Thomas, David Hurst 1982 The 1981 Alta Toquima Village Project: A Preliminary Report. Desert Research Institute Social Sciences and Humanities Publications 27.Google Scholar
Thomas, David Hurst 1994 Chronology and the Numic Expansion. In Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa, edited by David B. Madsen and David Rhode, pp. 56–61. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Thomas, Robert 1979 Effects of Change in High Mountain Human Adaptive Patterns. In High Altitude Geoecology, edited by Patrick Webber, pp. 139–188. Westerview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Tripaldi, Alfonsina, Zárate, Marcelo, and Brook, George 2012 Sucesiones Eólicas y Fluviales del Pleistoceno Tardío-Holoceno de la Planicie Sanrafaelina: Paleoambientes y Paleoclima”. In Condiciones Paleoambientales y Ocupaciones Humanas Durante la Transiciñn Pleistoceno-Holoceno y Holoceno de Mendoza, edited by Marcelo Zárate, Adolfo Gil, and Gustavo Neme, pp. 95–121. Sociedad Argentina de Antropología, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Volkheimer, Wolfgang 1978 Description Geológica de la Hoja 27 b, Cerro El Sosneado. Carta Geológico- Económica de la República Argentina. Escala 1: 200.000. Servicio Geológico Nacional, Ministerio de Economia, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Walsh, Kevin 2005 Risk and Marginality at High Altitudes: New Interpretations from Fieldwork on the Faravel Plateau, Hautes-Alpes. Antiquity 79:289–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, Kevin, Richer, Suzi, and de Beaulieau, J.-L. 2006 Attitudes to Altitude: Changing Meanings and Perceptions within a “Marginal” Alpine Landscape-The Integration of Paleoecological and Archaeological Data in a High-Altitude Landscape in the French Alps. “World Archaeology 38:436–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winterhalder, Bruce, and Goland, Carol 1997 An Evolutionary Ecology Perspective on Diet Choice, Risk, and Plant Domestication. In People, Plants, and Landscapes: Studies in Paleoethnobotany, edited by Kristen J. Gremillion,pp. 123–160. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Yacobaccio, Hugo 2010 Osteometría de Llamas (Lama glama L.) y sus Consecuencias Arqueológicas. In In Zooarqueología a Principios del Siglo XXI. Aportes Teóricos, Metodológicos y Casos de Estudio, edited by María A. Gutiérrez, Mariana De Nigris, Pablo Fernández, Miguel Giardina, Adolfo Gil, Andrés Izeta, Gustavo Neme, and Hugo Yacobaccio, pp. 39–49. Ediciones del Espinillo, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Yacobaccio, Hugo 2013 Towards a Human Ecology for the Middle Holocene in the Southern Puna. Quaternary International 307:24–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarate, Marcelo 2002 Los Ambientes del Tardiglacial y Holoceno en Mendoza. In Entre Montañas y Desiertos: Arqueologña del Sur de Mendoza, edited by Adolfo Gil and Gustavo Neme, pp. 103–118. Sociedad Argentina de Antropología, Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Zeanah, David W. 2000 Transport Costs, Central Place Foraging, and Hunter-Gatherer Alpine Land Use Strategies. In Intermountain Archaeology, edited by David B. Madsen and Michael D. Metcalf, pp. 114. University of Utah Anthropological Papers No. 122, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar