Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T15:51:17.822Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bracketing the Copan Dynasty: Late Preclassic and Early Postclassic Settlements at Copan, Honduras

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

T. Kam Manahan  and
Marcello A. Canuto
T. Kam Manahan
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, 226 Lowry Hall, Kent, OH 44242 ([email protected])
Marcello A. Canuto
Affiliation:
Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118-5698 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Archaeological research within the Classic Maya center of Copan and in its surrounding rural regions has generated new data relating to the periods both preceding and following the center’s Classic period dynasty. Recent excavations at both Late Preclassic and Early Postclassic settlements have revealed more similarities between the inhabitants of these two “non-Classic” time periods than to the inhabitants of the intervening and better known Classic period. We explore this striking set of similarities in terms of settlement pattern, spatial organization, architecture, material culture, and ritual deposits and spaces. We suggest that the similarities between the Copan region’s Late Preclassic and Early Postclassic populations and their mutual differences with intervening Classic period peoples reflecta cultural connection between these two populations.

Investigaciones arqueológicas en el centro Maya de Copan, Honduras y en sus alrededores rurales han generado sorprendentes datos sobre las poblaciones anteriores y posteriores a la época dinástica Clásica (D.C. 426–820) del centro. Excavaciones recientes de asentamientos del preclásico tardío y del posclásico temprano compararon una variedad de características independientes: patrones de asentamiento, organización espacial, estilo de arquitectura, tipo de cultura material, y depósitos y espacios rituales. Estos datos revelan que los habitantes de los dos periodos “no-Clásicos” se asemejan más uno al otro que a los habitantes del sobresaliente periodo Clásico. Se propone que estas las semejanzas entre poblaciones copanecas del preclásico tardío y del posclásico temprano (y sus divergencias mutuas con la población copaneca del periodo clásico) implica que 1) estas dos poblaciones compartieron un vínculo cultural, y 2) que la población del periodo clásico representa una discontinuidad en las tradiciones locales de la región de Copan.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 20 , Issue 4 , December 2009 , pp. 553 - 580
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 by the Society for American Archaeology.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Andrews, V, Wyllys, E. 1976 The Archaeology of Quelepa, El Salvador. Publication 42. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Andrews, V, Wyllys, E. 1977 The Southeastern Periphery of Mesoamerica: A View from Eastern El Salvador. In Social Process in Maya Prehistory, Studies in Honor of Sir Eric Thompson, edited by Norman Hammond, pp. 113–128. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Andrews, V, Wyllys, E., and Fash, Barbara 1992 Continuity and Change in a Royal Maya Residential Complex at Copán. Ancient Mesoamerica 3:63–87.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 1991 Site-Planning Principles and Concepts of Directionality among the Ancient Maya. Latin American Antiquity 2(3): 199–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aoyama, Kazuo 1999 Ancient Maya State, Urbanism, Exchange, and Craft Specialization: Chipped Stone Evidence from the Copán Valley and the La Entrada Region, Honduras. University of Pittsburgh Memoirs in Latin American Archaeology no. 12. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA. Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy A., Schortman, Edward M., Urban, Patricia E., Benyo, Julie C., Weeks, John M., and Smith, Sylvia M. 1987 Ancient Society in Santa Barbara, Honduras National Geographic Research 3:232–254.Google Scholar
Baudez, Claude F. 1994 Maya Sculpture of Copan: The Iconography. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Baudez, Claude F., and Becquelin, Pierre 1973 Archeologie de los Naranjos, Honduras. Etudes Mesoamericaines, 2. Mission Archeologique et Ethnologique Francaise au Mexique, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Bell, Ellen E., Canute, Marcello A., and Sharer, Robert J. (editors) 2004 Understanding Early Classic Copan. University of Pennsylvania Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Bill, Cassandra R. 1997 Patterns of Variation and Change in Dynastic Period Ceramics and Ceramic Production at Copan, Honduras. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Bishop, Ronald L., Rands, Robert L., and Holley, George R. 1982 Ceramic Compositional Analysis in Archaeological Perspective. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, edited by Michael B. Schiffer, pp. 275–330. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. (editor) 1994 Houses and Households: A Comparative Study. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre 1973 The Berber House. In Rules and Meaning: The Anthropology of Everyday Knowledge, edited by Mary Douglas, pp. 98–110. Penguin, Hammondsworth.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre 1977 Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E. 1992 Obsidian-Hydration Dating: The Coner Phase, and Revisionist Chronology at Copan, Honduras. Latin American Antiquity 3:130–147.Google Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E. 2001 Book Review of ‘Ancient Maya State, Urbanism, Exchange, and Craft Specialization: Chipped Stone Evidence from the Copán Valley and the La Entrada Region, Honduras’ by Kazuo Aoyama. Latin American Antiquity 12:217–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braswell, Geoffrey E. 2003 Obsidian Exchange Spheres of Postclassic Mesoamerica. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Michael E. Smith and Francis F. Berdan, pp. 131–158. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane, Douglas Price, T., Wright, Lori E., and Burton, James A. 2004 Tombs from the Copán Acropolis: A Life History Approach. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Ellen E. Bell, Marcello A. Canute, and Robert J. Sharer, pp. 191–214. University of Pennsylvania Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Cagnato, Clarissa 2008 El Guayabal: life at a Late Preclassic center in the El Paraíso Valley, Honduras. Unpublished Masters thesis, Archaeological Studies, Yale University.Google Scholar
Canute, Marcello A. 2002 A Tale of Two Communities: The Role of the Rural Community in the Socio-Political Integration of the Copan Drainage in the Late Preclassic and Classic Periods. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. University Micro-films, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Canute, Marcello A. 2003 A View from Afar: The Late Classic and Early Post-classic Periods in the Copan Drainage. Paper presented at the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
Canute, Marcello A. 2004a El asentamiento rural en los alrededores de Copán: Un desarrollo precoz. In Memoria del VII Seminario de Antropología de Honduras “Dr. George Hasemann,” edited by C. J. Fajardo and K. R. Ávalos, pp. 75–89. IHAH. Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
Canute, Marcello A. 2004b The Rural Settlement of Copan: Changes through the Early Classic. In Understanding Early Classic Copan. edited by Ellen E. Bell, Marcello A. Canute, and Robert J. Sharer, pp. 29–52. University of Pennsylvania Museum. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Canute, Marcello A., and Bell, Ellen E. 2005 Proyecto Arqueológico Regional El Paraíso (PAREP): Informe Preliminar, 2005, Ms. on file at the Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Copán Ruinas, Honduras.Google Scholar
Canute, Marcello A., and Bell, Ellen E. 2006 Proyecto arqueológico regional El Paraíso (PAREP): informe preliminar, 2006. Ms. on file at the Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Copán Ruinas, Copán Ruinas, Honduras.Google Scholar
Canute, Marcello A., and McFarlane, William F. 2000 Una Comunidad Rural en los Alrededores de Copán: Un Desarrollo Precoz. In XIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Juan P. Laporte. Hector L. Escobedo, and Ana C. Monzón de Suasnávar. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, and Asociación Tikal, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Carballo, David 1997 Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Cerro Chino, Honduras. Manuscript on file in the Research Center, IHAH. Copán.Google Scholar
Cheek, Charles 1983 Las Excavaciones en la Plaza Principal, Resumen y Conclusiones. In Introducción a la Arqueología de Copán, Honduras, edited by Claude F. Baudez, pp. 319–348. SECTOR and the Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
Cohen, Anthony P. 1985 The Symbolic Construction of Community. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Crangle, Sebastian 1994 The Protoclassic Period of Copan. B.A. (Hons.) thesis. University of Queensland, Brisbane.Google Scholar
Cummins, Daniel 2007 Formative Copan: The ritual transformation of an early Mesoamerican village. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, School of Social Science, The University of Queensland.Google Scholar
Cunningham, Clark 1973 Order in the Atoni House. In Right and Left: Essays on Dual Symbolic Classification, edited by Rodney Needham, pp. 204–238. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A., and Sharer, Robert J. 1986 Late Preclassic Ceramic Spheres, Culture Areas, and Cultural Evolution in the Southeastern Highlands of Mesoamerica. In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Patricia A. Urban and Edward M. Schortman, pp. 194–223. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, Boyd 1987 Conflict along the Southeast Mesoamerican Periphery: A Defensive System at the Site of Tenampua. In Interaction on the Southeast Mesoamerican Frontier, edited by Eugenia Robinson, pp. 142–153. BAR International Series 327, Oxford.Google Scholar
Dixon, Boyd 1989 Estudio Preliminar sobre el patron de asentamiento del Valle de Comayagua: corredor cultural prehistórico. Yaxkin 12:40–75.Google Scholar
Dixon, Boyd, Joesink-Mandeville, Leroy R. V., Hasebe, Nobukatsu, Murcio, Michael, Vincent, William, James, David, and Petersen, Kenneth 1994 Formative-Period Architecture at the Site of Yarumela, Central Honduras. Latin American Antiquity 5:70–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fash, Barbara W. 1992 Late Classic Architectural Sculpture Themes in Copán. Ancient Mesoamerica 3:89–104.Google Scholar
Fash, Barbara W. 2004 Early Classic Sculptural Development at Copan. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Ellen E. Bell, Marcello A. Canuto, and Robert J. Sharer, pp. 249–264. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Fash, Barbara W., Fash, William L., Lane, Sheree, Larios, Rudy, Scheie, Linda, Stamper, Jeffrey, and Stuart, David 1992 Investigations of a Classic Maya Council House at Copán, Honduras. Journal of Field Archaeology 19:419–442.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 1983a Deducing Social Organization from Classic Maya Settlement Patterns: A Case Study From the Copan Valley. In Civilization in the Ancient Americas, edited by Richard M. Leventhal and Alan L. Kolata, pp. 261–288. University of New Mexico Press and Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Albuquerque and Cambridge.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 1983b Reconocimiento y Excavaciones en el Valle. In Introducción a la Arqueología de Copán, Honduras, Tomo I, edited by Claude F. Baudez, pp. 229–469. Institute Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Secretaría de Estado en el Despacho de Cultura y Turismo, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 1986 History and Characteristics of Settlement in the Copán Valley, and Some Comparisons with Quiriguá. In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Patricia A. Urban and Edward M. Schortman, pp. 72–93. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Fash, William L. 2001 Scribes, Warriors and Kings: The City of Copán and the Ancient Maya, 2 nd edition. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Fash, William L., and Fash, Barbara W. 2000 Teotihuacan and the Maya: A Classic Heritage. In Mesoamerica’s Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by David Carrasco, Lindsay Jones, and Scott Sessions, pp. 433–463. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Fash, William L., and Lane, Sheree 1983 El Juego de Pelota B. In Introducción a la Arqueología de Copán, Honduras, Tomo II, edited by Claude F. Baudez, pp. 501–562. Secretaría de Estado en el Despacho de Cultura y Turismo, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
Fash, William L., and Sharer, Robert J. 1991 Sociopolitical Developments and Methodological issues at Copan, Honduras: A Conjunctive Perspective. Latin American Antiquity 2:166–187.Google Scholar
Fowler, William R. 1981 The Pipil-Nicarao of Central America. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary, Calgary.Google Scholar
Fox, John G. 1996 Playing With Power: Ballcourts and Political Ritual in Southern Mesoamerica. Current Anthropology 37:483–509.Google Scholar
Freter, AnnCorinne 1988 The Classic Maya Collapse at Copan, Honduras: A Regional Settlement Perspective. Ph.D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Freter, AnnCorinne 1992 Chronological Research at Copan: Methods and Implications Ancient Mesoamerica 3:117–133.Google Scholar
Freter, AnnCorinne 1994 The Classic Maya Collapse at Copan, Honduras: An Analysis of Maya Rural Settlement Trends. In Archaeological Views from the Countryside, edited by Glenn M. Schwartz and Steven E. Falconer, pp. 160–176. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Freter, AnnCorinne 2004 Multiscalar Model of Rural Households and Communities in Late Classic Copan Maya society. Ancient Mesoamerica 15(1):93–106.Google Scholar
Gonlin, Nancy 1993 Rural Household Archaeology at Copan, Honduras. Ph.D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Gonlin, Nancy 1994 Rural Household Diversity in the Late Classic Copan, Honduras. In Archaeological Views from the Countryside, edited by Glenn M. Schwartz and Steven E. Falconer, pp. 177–197. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Hall, Jay, and Viel, René 1994 Searching for the Preclassic Maya at Copán, Honduras: Results of the 1993 University of Queensland Field Season. In Archaeology in the North, edited by Marjorie Sullivan, Sally Brockwell, and Ann Webb, pp. 381–393. NARU, Australian National University, Darwin.Google Scholar
Hall, Jay, and Viel, René 2004 The Early Classic Copán Landscape: A View From the Preclassic. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Ellen E. Bell, Marcello A. Canuto, and Robert J. Sharer, pp. 17–28. University of Pennsylvania Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Healan, Dan M. 1993 Urbanism at Tula from the Perspective of Residential Archaeology. In Prehispanic Domestic Units in Western Mesoamerica: Studies of the Household, Compound, and Residence, edited by Robert S. Santley and Kenneth G. Hirth, pp. 105–119. CRC Press, Boca Raton.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia A. 1989 Elite Household Organization at Copan, Honduras: Analysis of Activity Distribution in the Sepulturas Zone, in Household and Communities: Proceedings of the 21st Annual Chacmool Conference, edited by Scott MacEachern, David J. W. Archer, and Richard D. Garvin, pp. 371–380. Archaeological Association, University of Calgary, Calgary.Google Scholar
Jones, Sian 1996 Discourses of Identity in the Interpretation of the Past. In Cultural Identity and Archaeology, edited by Paul Graves-Brown, Sian Jones, and Clive Gamble, pp. 62–80. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Jones, Sian 1997 The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present. Routledge, London and New York.Google Scholar
Joyce Rosemary, A. 1987 Intraregional Ceramic Variation and Social Class: Developmental Trajectories of Classic Period Ceramic Complexes from the Ulua Valley. In Interaction on the Southeast Mesoamerican Frontier: Prehistoric and Historic Honduras and El Salvador, edited by Eugenia J. Robinson, pp. 280–303. British Archaeological Reports International Series, 327, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kent, Susan 1990 A Cross-Cultural Study of Segmentation, Architecture, and the Use of Space. In Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space: An Interdisciplnary Cross-cultural Study, edited by Susan Kent, pp. 127–152. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Kidder, Alfred V., Jennings, Jesse D., and Shook, Edwin 1946 Excavations at Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication 561, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Killion, Thomas W. 1992 The Archaeology of Settlement Agriculture. In Gardens of Prehistory: The Archaeology of Settlement Agriculture in Greater Mesoamerica, edited by Thomas W. Killion, pp. 1–13. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Longyear, John M. I. 1952 Copan Ceramics: A Study of Southeastern Maya Pottery. Publication 597. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Maca, Allan L. 2002 Spatio-temporal Boundaries in Classic Maya Settlement Systems: Copan’s Urban Foothills and the Excavations at Group 9J–5. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Manahan, T. Kam 2003 The Collapse of Complex Society and Its Aftermath: A Case Study from Copan, Honduras. Ph.D. dissertation, Vanderbilt University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Manahan, T. Kam 2004 The Way Things Fall Apart: Social Organization and the Classic Maya Collapse of Copan. Ancient Mesoamerica 15:107–125.Google Scholar
Manahan, T. Kam, and Braswell, Geoffrey E.. 2001 Late Classic and Early Postclassic Obsidian Exchange and Production at Copan, Honduras. Paper presented at the 66th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans, LA, April.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce, and Flannery, Kent V. 1996 Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
McFarlane, William J. 2001 Rio Amarillo Rural Survey Project: Final Lithic Report. Manuscript in possession of author.Google Scholar
McFarlane, William J. 2005 Power Strategies in a Changing World: Archaeological Investigations of Early Postclassic Remains at El Coyote, Santa Barbara, Honduras. Ph.D. dissertation, SUNY, Buffalo. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G. 1920 The Inscriptions at Copan. Publication 219. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Nakamura, Seiichi, Aoyama, Kazuo, and Uratsuji, Eiji (editors) 1991 Investigaciones Arqueológicas en La Región de la Entrada, Primera Fase. Servicio de Voluntarios Japoneses para la Cooperatión con el Extranjero and Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, San Pedro Sula.Google Scholar
Olson, Gerald W 1979 Effects of Activities of the Ancient Maya upon Some of the Soils in Central America. Mexicon 1:20–22.Google Scholar
Popenoe, Dorothy H. 1936 The Ruins of Tenampua, Honduras. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Popenoe de Hatch, Marion 1997 Kaminaljuyú/San Jorge: Evidencia Arqueológica de la Actividad Económica en el Valle de Guatemala, 300 a. C. a 300 d. C. Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Popenoe de Hatch, Marion 2000 Kaminaljuyú Miraflores II: La Naturaleza del Cambio Político al Final del Preclásico. In XIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Juan P. Laporte, Héctor L. Escobedo, Ana C. Monzón de Suasnávar, and Barbara Arroyo, pp. 11–28. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Asociación Tikal, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Popenoe de Hatch, Marion 2002 New Perspectives on Kaminaljuyú, Guatemala: Regioanal Interaction During the Preclassic and Classic Periods. In Incidents of Archaeology in Central America and Yucatán, edited by Michael Love, Marion Popenoe de Hatch, and Héctor L. Escobedo, pp. 277–296. University Press of America, Lanham, MA.Google Scholar
Rapaport, Amos 1982 The Meaning of the Built Environment. Sage, Beverly Hills.Google Scholar
Rapaport, Amos 1990 System of Activities and System of Settings. In Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space: An Interdisciplinary and Cross-Cultural Study, edited by Susan Kent. pp. 9–20. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Rathje, William L. 2002 The Nouveau Elite Potlatch: One Scenario for the Monumental Rise of Early Civilizations. In Ancient Maya Political Economies, edited by Marilyn A. Masson and David A. Freidel, pp. 31–40. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T. 1989 Household, Lineage, and the State in 8th-Century Copan. In House of the Bacabs, Copan: A Study of the Iconography, Epigraphy, and Social Context of a Maya Elite Structure, edited by David L. Webster, pp. 89–105. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Santley, Robert S., Berman, Michael J., and Alexander, Rani T. 1991 The Politicization of the Mesoamerican Ballgame and Its Implications for the Interpretation of the Distribution of Ballcourts in Central Mexico. In The Mesoamerican Ballgame, edited by David R. Wilcox and Vernon L. Scarborough, pp. 3–24. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Scheie, Linda 1988 Stela I and the Founding of the City of Copan. Copan Note 30. CHAAC Publications, Austin.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M., and Nakamura, Seiichi 1991 A Crisis of Identity: Late Classic Competition and Interaction on the Southeast Maya Periphery. Latin American Antiquity 2:311–336.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M., and Urban, Patricia A. 1991 Patterns of Late Preclassic Interaction and the Formation of Complex Society in the Southeast Maya Periphery. In The Formation of Complex Society in Southeastern Mesoamerica, edited by William Fowler, pp. 121–142 CRC Press, Boca Raton.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M., and Urban, Patricia A. 1994 Living on the Edge: Core/Periphery Relations in Ancient Southeastern Mesoamerica. Current Anthropology 35:410–413.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M., and Urban, Patricia A. 2004 Marching Out of Step: Early Classic Copan and Its Honduran Neighbors. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Ellen E. Bell, Marcello A. Canuto, and Robert J. Sharer, pp.319–336. University of Pennsylvania Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Schortman, Edward M., Urban, Patricia A., Ashmore, Wendy A.. and Benyo, Julie C. 1986 Interregional Interaction in the SE Maya Periphery: The Santa Barbara Archaeological Project 1983–1984 Seasons. Journal of Field Archaeology 13:259–272.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 1974 The Prehistory of the Southeastern Maya Periphery. Current Anthropology 15:165–187.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 1978 The Prehistory of Chalchuapa, El Salvador. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 2003 Tikal and the Copán Dynastic Founding. In Tikal: Dynasties, Foreigners, & Affairs of State: Advancing Maya Archaeology, edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff, pp. 319–353. The School of American Research, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 2004 Early Classic Copan and External Interaction. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Ellen E. Bell, Marcello A. Canuto, and Robert J. Sharer. pp.297–318. University of Pennsylvania Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., Canuto, Marcello A., and Bell, Ellen E. 2009 Before the Classic in the Southeastern Area: Issues of Organizational and Ethnic Diversity in the Copan Valley, In The Southern Maya in the Late Preclassic: Urbanism, Rulership, and Ethnic Interaction, edited by Jonathan Kaplan and Michael Love. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, in press.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., and Gifford, James C. 1970 Preclassic Ceramics from Chalchuapa, El Salvador, and their Relationships with the Maya Lowlands. American Antiquity 35:441–462.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., Miller, Julia C., and Traxler, Loa P. 1992 Evolution of Classic Period Architecture in the Eastern Acropolis, Copan: A Progress Report. Ancient Mesoamerica 3:145–159.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., and Traxler, Loa P. 2006 The Foundations of Ethnic Diversity in the Southeastern Maya Area. In Maya Ethnicity: The Construction of Ethnic Identity From Preclassic to Modern Times, edited by Frauke Sachse, pp. 31–43. Acta Mesoamericana, 19. Verlag Anton Sauerwein, Markt Schwaben.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J., Traxler, Loa P., Sedat, David W., Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Powell, Christopher 1999 Early Classic Architecture beneath the Copan Acropolis: A Research Update. Ancient Mesoamerica 10:3–23.Google Scholar
Stone, Doris Z. 1957 The Archaeology of Central and Southern Honduras. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 49. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Stone, Doris Z. 1959 The Eastern Frontier of Mesoamerica. Mitteilungen aus dem Mus. für Völkerkunde in Hamburg 20:118–121.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 1991 Archaeology and History at Copán. Ancient Mesoamerica 3:169–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuart, David 2004 The Beginnings of the Copan Dynasty: A Review of the Hieroglyphic and Historical Evidence. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Ellen E. Bell, Marcello A. Canuto, and Robert J. Sharer, pp. 215–248. University of Pennsylvania Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1970 The Eastern Boundary of the Maya Area: Placements and Displacement. In Maya History and Religion, edited by J. Eric S. Thompson, pp. 84–102. University of Oklahoma, Norman.Google Scholar
Traxler, Loa P. 2004 Redesigning Copan: Early Architecture of the Polity Center. In Understanding Early Classic Copan, edited by Ellen E. Bell, Marcello A. Canuto, and Robert J. Sharer, pp.53–64. University of Pennsylvania Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Viel, René H. 1983 Evolución de la Cerámica en Copán: Resultados Preliminares. In Introduccián a la Arqueología de Copán, Honduras, Tomo I, edited by Claude F. Baudez, pp. 471–549. Proyecto Arqueológico Copán, Secretaría de Estado en el Despacho de Cultura y Turismo, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
Viel, René H. 1993 Evolución de la Cerámica de Copán, Honduras. Institute Hondureño de Antropología e Historia, Tegucigalpa.Google Scholar
Viel, René H. 1998 La Interactión entre Copán y Kaminaljuyu. In Xl Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Juan P. Laporte, Hector L. Escobedo, and Ana C. Monzón de Suasnávar, pp. 427–430. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, and Asociación Tikal, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Viel, René H. 2006 The Ceramic Chronology of Copan: A Plotted History and Some Revisionist Reflections. In An Archaeological Life: Papers in Honour of Jay Hall, edited by Sean Ulm and Ian Lilley, pp. 203–212. Research Report Series, 7. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Unit, University of Queensland, Brisbane.Google Scholar
Viel, René H., and Hall, Jay 1994 Le Projet Préclassique de Copán. Trace 25:13–20.Google Scholar
Viel, René H., and Hall, Jay 1998 The Chronology of Copán, Honduras: An Update and Discussion. Paper presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Seattle.Google Scholar
Viel, René H., and Hall, Jay 1999 El Periodo Formativo de Copán, Honduras. In XII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Juan P. Laporte, Hector L. Escobedo, and Ana C. Monzón de Suasnávar, pp. 99–106. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, and Asociación Tikal, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Viel, René H., and Hall, Jay 2000 Las Relaciones entre Copán y Kaminaljuyu. In XIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, edited by Juan P. Laporte, Hector L. Escobedo, and Ana C. Monzón de Suasnávar, pp. 127–131. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes, Instituto de Antropología e Historia, and Asociación Tikal, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Viel, René H., and Hall, Jay 2004 The Chabij and Bijac phases revisited: a definition of the Protoclassic period at Copan, Honduras. Ms. on file at the Instituto Hondure_o de Antropología e Historia, Cop Ruinas., Copán Ruinas, Honduras.Google Scholar
Vlcek, David T., and Fash, William L. 1986 Survey in the Outlying Areas of the Copan Region, and the Copan-Quirigua ‘Connection’ In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Patricia A. Urban and Edward M. Schortman, pp. 102–113. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Webster, David L. (editor) 1989 The House of the Bacabs, Copán, Honduras. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Webster, David L. 2002 The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse. Thames and Hudson, New York.Google Scholar
Webster, David L. 2005 Political Ecology, Political Economy, and the Culture History of Resource Management at Copan. In Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom, edited by E. Wyllys Andrews V and William L. Fash, pp. 33–72. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series, series edited by George J. Gumerman. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Webster, David L., and Freter, AnnCorinne 1990a Settlement History and the Classic Collapse at Copan: A Redefined Chronological Perspective. Latin American Antiquity 1:66–85.Google Scholar
Webster, David L., and Freter, AnnCorinne 1990b The Demography of Late Classic Copan. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by T. Patrick Culbert and Don S. Rice, pp. 37–62. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Webster, David L., Freter, AnnCorinne, and Gonlin, Nancy 2000 Copán: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Maya Kingdom. Harcourt Brace, Fort Worth.Google Scholar
Webster, David L., Freter, AnnCorinne, and Rue, David J. 1993 The Obsidian-Hydration Dating Project at Copan: A Regional Approach and Why It Works. Latin American Antiquity 4:303–324.Google Scholar
Webster, David L., Freter, AnnCorinne, and Storey, Rebecca 2004 Dating Copan Culture-History: Implications for the Terminal Classic and the Collapse. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice, and Don S. Rice, pp. 83–101. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Whittington, Stephen L. 1991 The Ostuman archaeological project. Report submitted to the Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia. Tegucigalpa, Honduras.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1986 Copan, Quirigua, and the Southeast Maya Zone: A Summary View. In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Patricia A. Urban and Edward M. Schortman, pp. 168–175. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1988 The Southeast Classic Maya Zone: A Summary. In The Southeast Classic Maya Zone, edited by Elizabeth H. Boone and Gordon R. Willey, pp. 395–408. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R., and Leventhal, Richard M. 1979 A Preliminary Report on the Prehistoric Settlement at Copan. In Maya Archaeology and Ethnohistory, edited by Norman Hammond and Gordon R. Willey, pp. 75–102. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R., Leventhal, Richard M., and Fash, William L. 1978 Maya Settlement of Copan Valley. Archaeology 31:32–43.Google Scholar
Wingard, John D. 1996 Interaction between Demographic Processes and Soil Resources in the Copán Valley, Honduras. In The Managed Mosaic: Ancient Maya Agriculture and Resource Use, edited by Scott L. Fedick, pp. 207–235. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Wonderley, Anthony 1991 The Late Preclassic Sula Plain, Honduras: Regional Antecedents to Social Complexity and Interregional Convergence in Ceramic Style. In The Formation of Complex Society in Southeastern Mesoamerica, edited by William R. Fowler, pp. 143–169. CRC Press, Boca Raton.Google Scholar