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Bone Chemistry at Cerro Oreja: A Stable Isotope Perspective on the Development of a Regional Economy in the Moche Valley, Peru During the Early Intermediate Period

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Patricia M. Lambert ,
Celeste Marie Gagnon ,
Brian R. Billman ,
M. Anne Katzenberg ,
José Carcelén  and
Robert H. Tykot
Patricia M. Lambert
Affiliation:
Anthropology Program, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321 ([email protected])
Celeste Marie Gagnon
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Wagner College, Staten Island, NY 10301
Brian R. Billman
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
M. Anne Katzenberg
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1 N4
José Carcelén
Affiliation:
Instituto Nacional de Cultura—La Libertad, Trujillo, Peru
Robert H. Tykot
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
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Abstract

In this paper we test the hypothesis that an intensification of maize production preceded the development of a regional Moche political economy in the Moche Valley of north coastal Peru during the Early Intermediate period (400 B.C.—A.D. 600). To do so we analyze stable isotopic signatures of 48 bone apatite and 17 tooth enamel samples from human remains recovered from the site of Cerro Oreja, a large urban and ceremonial center in the Moche Valley. These remains date to the Guañape, Salinar, or Gallinazo phases and provide a diachronic picture of subsistence before the appearance of the Southern Moche state. The most notable patterns identified in the study include a lack of significant change in δ13 Capatite values from the Guañape to Satinar phases, followed by a significant enrichment in δ13 Capatite values from the Salinar to Gallinazo phases. Several lines of evidence, including archaeological context, dental data, and comparative carbon stable isotope data from experimental animal studies and studies of archaeological human remains support the interpretation that the observed 13C enrichment in stable isotope values in the Gallinazo phase primarily reflects maize intensification. The stable isotope data from Cerro Oreja thus suggest that a shift in subsistence toward a highly productive and storable crop may have served as an important precursor to state development during the Early Intermediate period in the Moche Valley.

En este trabajo se prueba la hipótesis de que una intensificación de la producción de maíz precedió al desarrollo de una economía política regional moche en el Valle de Moche de la costa norte del Perú durante el período Intermedio Temprano (400 a.C.–600 d.C.). Para ello se analizan firmas isotópicas estables de 48 muestras de apatita de huesos y 17 muestras de esmalte dental de los restos humanos recuperados en el sitio de Cerro Oreja, un gran centro urbano y ceremonial en el Valle de Moche. Estos restos datan de las épocas Guañape, Salinar o Gallinazo y proporcionan una visión diacrónica de la subsistencia anterior a la aparición del estado moche del sur. Los patrones más notables identificados en el estudio incluyen la falta de cambios significativos en los valores de la δ 13 Capatita entre las épocas Guañape y Salinar, seguida por un importante enriquecimiento de los valores de δ 13 C apitita entre las épocas Salinar y Gallinazo. Este enriquecimiento podría haber ocurrido de tres maneras: 1) los ocupantes de la época Gallinazo Cerro Oreja podrían haber aumentado su producción de maíz; 2) estos mismos podrían haber intensificado el uso de los recursos marinos; o 3) que ellos podrían haber intensificado el uso y la producción de maíz y los recursos marinos, respectivamente. Varias líneas de evidencia apoyan la primera hipótesis, incluyendo el contexto arqueológico, los datos dentales y los datos comparativos de isótopos de carbono de los estudios experimentales con animales y la investigación de restos humanos arqueológicos que une los valores δ 13 C apatita similares a los observados en la muestra de la época Gallinazo con una dieta a base de maíz. Los datos de isótopos estables de Cerro Oreja por lo tanto sugieren que un cambio en la subsistencia hacia un cultivo altamente productivo y almacenable puede haber servido como un importante precursor para el desarrollo del estado durante el período Intermedio Temprano en el Valle de Moche.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 23 , Issue 2 , June 2012 , pp. 144 - 166
Copyright
Copyright © 2012 by the Society for American Archaeology.

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