Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T16:16:22.123Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Temporal characterization of laser-induced plasma of tungsten in air

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 January 2020

Eshita Mal ,
Rajendhar Junjuri ,
Manoj Kumar Gundawar  and
Alika Khare Open the ORCID record for Alika Khare [Opens in a new window]
Eshita Mal
Affiliation:
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
Rajendhar Junjuri
Affiliation:
Advanced Centre of Research in High Fluence Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
Manoj Kumar Gundawar
Affiliation:
Advanced Centre of Research in High Fluence Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
Alika Khare*
Affiliation:
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
*
Author for correspondence: A. Khare, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this manuscript, the time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) on tungsten target in air and the coexistence of LTE among atoms and ions as well as the fulfillment of optically thin plasma condition are reported. The laser-induced plasma (LIP) of tungsten is generated by focusing the second harmonic of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser of pulse width ~7 ns and repetition rate of 1 Hz on the tungsten target. The temporal evolution of LIP of tungsten is recorded at four different incident laser fluences of 60, 120, 180, and 270 J/cm2. The several atomic and singly ionized lines of tungsten are identified in LIP. For the estimation of plasma temperature via the Boltzmann plot, the transitions at 430.7, 449.4, 468.0, 484.3, 505.3, and 524.2 nm of Atomic transition of tungsten (WI) and that of the ionic transitions, First Ionic transition of Tungsten (WII) at 251.0, 272.9, and 357.2 nm are selected. The electron density is estimated using the Stark-broadened profile of WI line at 430.2 nm. The McWhirter criteria for the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) condition is verified in present experimental conditions as well as the relaxation time and diffusion length are estimated to take into account the transient and inhomogeneous nature of the plasma. The optically thin plasma condition is studied by assessing the experimental intensity ratio of atomic lines and compared with that of the theoretical intensity ratio (branching ratio). The signal to noise ratio (SNR) is also obtained as a function of time with respect to laser pulse and incident laser fluence. All these observations indicate that the spectra should be recorded within the temporal window of 1–3.5 µs with respect to laser pulse where the plasma can be treated as optically thin as well as under LTE simultaneously along with the large SNR.

Keywords

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopysLTEoptical thin plasmaSNRtime evolution of plasma parameters
Type
Research Article
Information
Laser and Particle Beams , Volume 38 , Issue 1 , March 2020 , pp. 14 - 24
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Afif, M, Girardeau-Montaut, J, Tomas, C, Romand, M, Charbonnier, M, Prakash, N, Perez, A, Marest, G and Frigerio, J (1996) In situ surface cleaning of pure and implanted tungsten photocathodes by pulsed laser irradiation. Applied Surface Science 96, 469–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilera, JA and Aragón, C (2004) Characterization of a laser-induced plasma by spatially resolved spectroscopy of neutral atom and ion emissions: comparison of local and spatially integrated measurements. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 59, 1861–1876.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akram, M, Bashir, S, Hayat, A, Mahmood, K, Ahmad, R and Khaleeq-U-Rahaman, M (2014) Effect of laser irradiance on the surface morphology and laser-induced plasma parameters of zinc. Laser and Particle Beams 32, 119–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almaviva, S, Caneve, L, Colao, F, Fantoni, R and Maddaluno, G (2012) Laboratory feasibility study of fusion vessel inner wall chemical analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Chemical Physics 398, 228–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amoruso, S, Ausanio, G, Bruzzese, R, Vitiello, M and Wang, X (2005) Femtosecond laser pulse irradiation of solid targets as a general route to nanoparticle formation in a vacuum. Physical Review B 71, 033406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, AJR and Buckley, SG (2017) Novel applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy 71, 553–566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolt, H, Barabash, V, Krauss, W, Linke, J, Neu, R, Suzuki, S, Yoshida, N and Team, AU (2004) Materials for the plasma-facing components of fusion reactors. Journal of Nuclear Materials 329, 66–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brezinsek, S, Loarer, T, Philipps, V, Esser, H, Grünhagen, S, Smith, R, Felton, R, Banks, J, Belo, P and Boboc, A (2013) Fuel retention studies with the ITER-like wall in JET. Nuclear Fusion 53, 083023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabalin, L and Laserna, J (1998) Experimental determination of laser induced breakdown thresholds of metals under nanosecond Q-switched laser operation. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 53, 723–730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chenais-Popovics, C, Rancu, O, Renaudin, P and Gauthier, J (1996) X-ray spectroscopy of laser-produced hot dense plasmas. Physica Scripta 1996, 163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cortez, J, Farias Filho, BB, Fontes, LM, Pasquini, C, Raimundo, IM, Pimentel, MF and Borba, FdSL (2017) A simple device for lens-to-sample distance adjustment in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Applied Spectroscopy 71, 634–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowpe, J, Pilkington, R, Astin, J and Hill, A (2009) The effect of ambient pressure on laser-induced silicon plasma temperature, density and morphology. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 42, 165202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cristoforetti, G, De Giacomo, A, Dell'Aglio, M, Legnaioli, S, Tognoni, E, Palleschi, V and Omenetto, N (2010 a) Local thermodynamic equilibrium in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: beyond the McWhirter criterion. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 65, 86–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cristoforetti, G, Lorenzetti, G, Legnaioli, S and Palleschi, V (2010 b) Investigation on the role of air in the dynamical evolution and thermodynamic state of a laser-induced aluminium plasma by spatial- and time-resolved spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 65, 787–796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, J, Barabash, V, Makhankov, A, Plöchl, L and Slattery, K (1998) Assessment of tungsten for use in the ITER plasma facing components. Journal of Nuclear Materials 258, 308–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Giacomo, A and Hermann, J (2017) Laser-induced plasma emission: from atomic to molecular spectra. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 50, 183002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dellasega, D, Merlo, G, Conti, C, Bottani, CE and Passoni, M (2012) Nanostructured and amorphous-like tungsten films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Journal of Applied Physics 112, 084328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Díaz, D, Molina, A and Hahn, D (2018) Effect of laser irradiance and wavelength on the analysis of gold- and silver-bearing minerals with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 145, 86–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eliezer, S, Eliaz, N, Grossman, E, Fisher, D, Gouzman, I, Henis, Z, Pecker, S, Horovitz, Y, Fraenkel, M and Maman, S (2005) Nanoparticles and nanotubes induced by femtosecond lasers. Laser and Particle Beams 23, 15–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ershov-Pavlov, E, Katsalap, KY, Stepanov, K and Stankevich, YA (2008) Time-space distribution of laser-induced plasma parameters and its influence on emission spectra of the laser plumes. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 63, 1024–1037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farid, N, Harilal, S, El-Atwani, O, Ding, H and Hassanein, A (2013) Experimental simulation of materials degradation of plasma-facing components using lasers. Nuclear Fusion 54, 012002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farid, N, Harilal, S, Ding, H and Hassanein, A (2014) Emission features and expansion dynamics of nanosecond laser ablation plumes at different ambient pressures. Journal of Applied Physics 115, 033107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Federici, G, Zhitlukhin, A, Arkhipov, N, Giniyatulin, R, Klimov, N, Landman, I, Podkovyrov, V, Safronov, V, Loarte, A and Merola, M (2005) Effects of ELMs and disruptions on ITER divertor armour materials. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 684–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, J, Harilal, S, Diwakar, P, Verhoff, B and Hassanein, A (2013) Comparison of optical emission from nanosecond and femtosecond laser produced plasma in atmosphere and vacuum conditions. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 87, 43–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, J, Diwakar, P, Harilal, S and Hassanein, A (2014) Improvements in discrimination of bulk and trace elements in long-wavelength double pulse LIBS. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 102, 36–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, H, Dong, F, Ni, Z and Wang, J (2016) The influence of acquisition delay for calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy 70, 405–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukuda, M, Hasegawa, A, Tanno, T, Nogami, S and Kurishita, H (2013) Property change of advanced tungsten alloys due to neutron irradiation. Journal of Nuclear Materials 442, S273–S276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganeev, R (2007) High-order harmonic generation in a laser plasma: a review of recent achievements. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 40, R213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, X, Liu, L, Song, C and Lin, J (2015) The role of spatial confinement on nanosecond YAG laser-induced Cu plasma. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 48, 175205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haq, S, Ahmat, L, Mumtaz, M, Shakeel, H, Mahmood, S and Nadeem, A (2015) Spectroscopic studies of magnesium plasma produced by fundamental and second harmonics of Nd:YAG laser. Physics of Plasmas 22, 083504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harilal, S, Bindhu, C, Issac, RC, Nampoori, V and Vallabhan, C (1997) Electron density and temperature measurements in a laser produced carbon plasma. Journal of Applied Physics 82, 2140–2146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harilal, S, O'shay, B, Tillack, MS and Mathew, MV (2005) Spectroscopic characterization of laser-induced tin plasma. Journal of Applied Physics 98, 013306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harilal, S, O'Shay, B, Tao, Y and Tillack, MS (2006) Ambient gas effects on the dynamics of laser-produced tin plume expansion. Journal of Applied Physics 99, 083303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harilal, S, Sizyuk, T, Hassanein, A, Campos, D, Hough, P and Sizyuk, V (2011) The effect of excitation wavelength on dynamics of laser-produced tin plasma. Journal of Applied Physics 109, 063306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harilal, S, Farid, N, Hassanein, A and Kozhevin, V (2013) Dynamics of femtosecond laser produced tungsten nanoparticle plumes. Journal of Applied Physics 114, 203302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussein, A, Diwakar, P, Harilal, S and Hassanein, A (2013) The role of laser wavelength on plasma generation and expansion of ablation plumes in air. Journal of Applied Physics 113, 143305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawakami, Y and Ozawa, E (2002) Tungsten microcone arrays grown using nanosecond pulsed-Nd:YAG laser in a low-pressure He-gas atmosphere. Applied Physics A 74, 59–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kubkowska, M, Gasior, P, Rosinski, M, Wolowski, J, Sadowski, M, Malinowski, K and Skladnik-Sadowska, E (2009) Characterisation of laser-produced tungsten plasma using optical spectroscopy method. The European Physical Journal D 54, 463–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazzari, C, De Rosa, M, Rastelli, S, Ciucci, A, Palleschi, V and Salvetti, A (1994) Detection of mercury in air by time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique. Laser and Particle Beams 12, 525–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Drogoff, B, Margot, J, Vidal, F, Laville, S, Chaker, M, Sabsabi, M, Johnston, T and Barthélemy, O (2004) Influence of the laser pulse duration on laser-produced plasma properties. Plasma Sources Science and Technology 13, 223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, X, Wei, W, Wu, J, Jia, S and Qiu, A (2013) The Influence of spot size on the expansion dynamics of nanosecond-laser-produced copper plasmas in atmosphere. Journal of Applied Physics 113, 243304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowndes, DH, Geohegan, D, Puretzky, A, Norton, D and Rouleau, C (1996) Synthesis of novel thin-film materials by pulsed laser deposition. Science 273, 898–903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mal, E, Junjuri, R, Gundawar, MK and Khare, A (2019) Optimization of temporal window for application of calibration free-laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) on copper alloys in air employing a single line. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 34, 319–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercadier, L, Hermann, J, Grisolia, C and Semerok, A (2011) Analysis of deposited layers on plasma facing components by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: towards ITER tritium inventory diagnostics. Journal of Nuclear Materials 415, S1187–S1190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mortazavi, S, Parvin, P, Pour, MM, Reyhani, A, Moosakhani, A and Moradkhani, S (2014) Time-resolved evolution of metal plasma induced by Q-switched Nd:YAG and ArF-excimer lasers. Optics & Laser Technology 62, 32–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mostako, A, Rao, C and Khare, A (2011) Mirrorlike pulsed laser deposited tungsten thin film. Review of Scientific Instruments 82, 013101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Multari, RA, Foster, LE, Cremers, DA and Ferris, MJ (1996) Effect of sampling geometry on elemental emissions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy 50, 1483–1499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neu, R, Brezinsek, S, Beurskens, M, Bobkov, V, de Vries, P, Giroud, C, Joffrin, E, Kallenbach, A, Matthews, G and Mayoral, M-L (2013) Tungsten experiences in ASDEX Upgrade and JET. 2013 IEEE 25th Symposium on Fusion Engineering (SOFE), 10–14 June 2013, San Francisco, CA, USA. IEEE, pp. 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishijima, D and Doerner, R (2015) Stark width measurements and Boltzmann plots of WI in nanosecond laser-induced plasmas. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 48, 325201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NIST database. https://www.nist.gov.Google Scholar
Philipps, V (2011) Tungsten as material for plasma-facing components in fusion devices. Journal of Nuclear Materials 415, S2–S9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philipps, V, Malaquias, A, Hakola, A, Karhunen, J, Maddaluno, G, Almaviva, S, Caneve, L, Colao, F, Fortuna, E and Gasior, P (2013) Development of laser-based techniques for in situ characterization of the first wall in ITER and future fusion devices. Nuclear Fusion 53, 093002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piip, K, De Temmerman, G, van der Meiden, H, Lissovski, A, Karhunen, J, Aints, M, Hakola, A, Paris, P, Laan, M and Likonen, J (2015) LIBS analysis of tungsten coatings exposed to Magnum PSI ELM-like plasma. Journal of Nuclear Materials 463, 919–922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitts, R, Bardin, S, Bazylev, B, van den Berg, M, Bunting, P, Carpentier-Chouchana, S, Coenen, J, Corre, Y, Dejarnac, R and Escourbiac, F (2017) Physics conclusions in support of ITER W divertor monoblock shaping. Nuclear Materials and Energy 12, 60–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P.L., Heise, C., Esmond, J.R., Kurucz, R.L.. Atomic spectral line database from CD-ROM 23 of R. L. Kurucz. https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/amp/ampdata/kurucz23/sekur.html.Google Scholar
Radziemski, LJ and Cremers, DA (2006) Handbook of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Vol. 1. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1–4.Google Scholar
Russo, RE (1995) Laser ablation. Applied Spectroscopy 49, 14A–28A.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaikh, NM, Hafeez, S, Rashid, B, Mahmood, S and Baig, M (2006 a) Optical emission studies of the mercury plasma generated by the fundamental, second and third harmonics of a Nd:YAG laser. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 39, 4377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaikh, NM, Rashid, B, Hafeez, S, Jamil, Y and Baig, M (2006 b) Measurement of electron density and temperature of a laser-induced zinc plasma. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 39, 1384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaikh, NM, Hafeez, S, Kalyar, M, Ali, R and Baig, M (2008) Spectroscopic characterization of laser ablation brass plasma. Journal of Applied Physics 104, 103108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, JP and Thakur, SN (2007) Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Amsterdam, The Netherlands/Oxford, UK: Elsevier.Google ScholarPubMed
Skrodzki, PJ, Becker, JR, Diwakar, PK, Harilal, SS and Hassanein, A (2016) A comparative study of single-pulse and double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with uranium-containing samples. Applied Spectroscopy 70, 467–473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surmick, D and Parigger, C (2015) Electron density determination of aluminium laser-induced plasma. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 48, 115701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suslova, A, El-Atwani, O, Harilal, S and Hassanein, A (2015) Material ejection and surface morphology changes during transient heat loading of tungsten as plasma-facing component in fusion devices. Nuclear Fusion 55, 033007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaury, C and Quéré, F (2010) High-order harmonic and attosecond pulse generation on plasma mirrors: basic mechanisms. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 43, 213001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, QH, Kalantar-Zadeh, K, Kis, A, Coleman, JN and Strano, MS (2012) Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nature Nanotechnology 7, 699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wermer, L, Lefkowitz, JK, Ombrello, T, Bak, MS and Im, S-K (2018) Spatiotemporal evolution of the plasma from dual-pulsed laser-induced breakdown in an atmospheric air. Plasma Sources Science and Technology 27, 015012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, J, Dunne, P, Hayden, P, O'Reilly, F and O'Sullivan, G (2007) Optimizing 13.5 nm laser-produced tin plasma emission as a function of laser wavelength. Applied Physics Letters 90, 181502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winefordner, JD, Gornushkin, IB, Correll, T, Gibb, E, Smith, BW and Omenetto, N (2004) Comparing several atomic spectrometric methods to the super stars: special emphasis on laser induced breakdown spectrometry, LIBS, a future super star. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 19, 1061–1083.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zehra, K, Bashir, S, Hassan, S, Ahmed, QS, Akram, M and Hayat, A (2017) The effect of nature and pressure of ambient environment on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and ablation mechanisms of Si. Laser and Particle Beams 35, 492–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, S, Wang, X, He, M, Jiang, Y, Zhang, B, Hang, W and Huang, B (2014) Laser-induced plasma temperature. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 97, 13–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, D, Chen, A, Wang, X, Li, S, Wang, Y, Sui, L, Jiang, Y and Jin, M (2017) Enhancement mechanism of femtosecond double-pulse laser-induced Cu plasma spectroscopy. Optics & Laser Technology 96, 117–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar