Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T11:01:01.378Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A peak at death: Assessing continuity and change in an underdocumented language

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

Robin Sabino
Affiliation:
Auburn University

Abstract

Neither historical nor linguistic records reveal exactly when the shift from Negerhollands to English and English Creole began in the Danish West Indies. In order to assess phonological continuity and change in the last stage of this moribund creole, the following discussion (1) contrasts earlier and current views of Negerhollands and sketches language contact in the Danish West Indies; (2) examines the language history and the vowel systems of the last speaker; and (3) assesses variation in a Negerhollands corpus produced by 10 elderly bilinguals. The article demonstrates how using a variety of approaches can enhance the investigation of an underdocumented language.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alleyne, Mervyn C. (1980). Comparative Afro-American. Ann Arbor: Karoma.Google Scholar
Alleyne, Mervyn C. (1986, 07). Predicate structures in Saramaccan. Paper presented at the Workshop on Pidgins and Creoles in Space, Time, and Society,New York.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. (1975). Dynamics of a creole system. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. (1981). Roots of language Ann Arbor: Karoma.Google Scholar
Börgesen, F., & Uldall, F. P. (1900). Vove Vestindiske Öer. Kopenhagen.Google Scholar
Carter, Hazel. (1987). Suprasegmentals in Jamaican: Some African comparisons. In Gilbert, Glenn G. (ed.), Pidgin and creole languages: Essays in memory of John Reinecke. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Cassidy, F. G., & Le Page, R. B. (1980). Dictionary of Jamaican English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 213263.Google Scholar
de Jong, , de Josselin, J. P. B. (1924). Het Negerhollandsch van St. Thomas en St. Jan. Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen Afdeeling Letterkunde Deel 57 Serie A no. 3. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
de Jong, , de Josselin, J. P. B. (1926). Het Huidige Negerhollandsch (Texten and Woordenlijst). Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. Afdeeling Letterkunde Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 26, No. 1.Google Scholar
Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). Language death. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer-Jørgensen, . (1990). Intrinsic Fo in tense and lax vowles with special reference to German. Phonetica 47:99140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, James E., & Munro, Murray J. (1994). The word unit in second language speech and production and perception. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16:381411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graves, Anne V. (1977). The present state of the Dutch Creole of the Virgin Islands. Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Hall, Neville A. T. (1992). Slave society in the Danish West Indies: St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. (1989). On the signs of health and death. In Dorian, N. C. (ed.), Investigating obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 197210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesseling, D. C. (1905). Het Negerhollands der Deeuse Autillen. Bidrage tot de Geschiedenis der Nederlandse Taal in Amerika. Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff.Google Scholar
Holm, John. (1988). Pidgins and creoles: Volume 1. Theory and structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jansen, Bert, Koopman, Hilda, & Muysken, Pieter. (1978). Serial verbs in the creole languages. Amsterdam Creole Studies 2:125159.Google Scholar
Kemper, Susan, & Anagnopoulos, Cheryl. (1989). Language and aging. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 10:3750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kewley-Port, Diane, & Watson, S. Charles. (1994). Formant-frequency discrimination for isolated English vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95:485496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liljencrants, Johan, & Lindblom, Björn. (1972). Numerical simulation of vowel systems: The role of perceptual contrast. Language 48:839862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magens, J. M. (1770). Grammatica over det Creolske Sprog, som Bruges pȧ de Trende Danske Eilande, St. Croix, St. Thomas, og St. Jans i America. Trans. by Hale, Mark Robert, n.d. Manuscript.Google Scholar
Meinecke, . (1931). Varsuch einer Geschichte der Europäischen Colonieu in West Indien. Weimar.Google Scholar
Oldendorp, C. G. A. ([1777] 1987). A Caribbean mission. Trans. and ed. by Highfield, A. R. & Barac, V.. Ann Arbor: Karoma.Google Scholar
Pontoppidau, Eric. (1881). Einige Notizeu über die Kreolensprache der dänisch-westindischen Inseln. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 13:130138.Google Scholar
Rankin, Robert L. (1978). The unmarking of Quapaw phonology: A study of language death. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics 3:4552.Google Scholar
Reinecke, John. (1937). Marginal languages: A sociological survey of the creole langages and trade jargons. Doctoral dissertation, Yale University.Google Scholar
Ryalls, John, Le Dorze, Guylaine, Lever, Nathalie, Ouellet, Lisa, & Larfeuil, Celine. (1994). The effects of age and sex on speech intonation and duration for matched statements and questions in French. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 95:22742276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sabino, Robin. (1990). Towards a phonology of Negerhollands: An analysis of phonological variation. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Sabino, Robin. (1992, 01). A point of detail: Serial verbs in Negerhollands. Paper presented at a meeting of the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics,Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Sabino, Robin. (1993). On onsets: Explaining Negerhollands initial clusters. In Byrne, F. & Holm, J. (eds.), Atlantic meets Pacific. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 3744.Google Scholar
Sabino, Robin. (1994a.) First language transfer and universal processes in the acquisition of phonotactic structure. In Blackshire-Belay, C. (ed.), Current issues in second language acquisition and development. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. 728.Google Scholar
Sabino, Robin. (1994b). … They just fade away: Language death and the loss of phonological variation. Language in Society 23:495526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmied, Josef. (1991). English in Africa. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Annette. (1985). Young pepole's Dyirbal: An example of language death from Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schuchardt, Hugo. ([1914] 1979). Zum Negerhollandischen von St. Thomas. Translated by T. L. Markey. In Markey, T. L. (trans. & ed.), The ethnography of variation: Selected writings on pidgins and creoles. Ann Arbor: Karoma. 4858.Google Scholar
Sprauve, Gilbert A. (1974). Towards a reconstruction of Virgin Islands English Creole phonology. Doctoral dissertation, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Sprauve, Gilbert A. (1990). Dutch Creole/English Creole distancing: Historical and contemporary data considered. International Journal of the Sociology of Languages 85:4150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, Peter. (1989). When creole speakers write the standard language: An analysis of some of the earlist slave letters from St. Thosmas. In Putz, M. & Dirven, R. (eds.), Wheels within wheels. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. 153178.Google Scholar
Stolz, Thomas. (1986). Gibt es das kreolische Sprachwandelmodell? Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Van Name, Addison. (18691870). Contributions to creole grammar. Transactions of the American Philological Association 1:123167.Google Scholar
Veatch, Thomas Clark. (1991). English vowels: Their surface phonology and phonetic implementation in vernacular dialects. Doctorcal dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Westergȧrd, Waldemar. (1917). The Danish West Indies: Under Company rule. New York: Macmillian.Google Scholar
Wode, Henning. (1994). Nature, nuture, and age in language acquisition: The case of speech perception. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16:325345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar