Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T03:45:29.508Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The diachrony of quotation: Evidence from New Zealand English

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 November 2012

Alexandra D'Arcy*
Affiliation:
University of Victoria

Abstract

Much recent work on English direct quotation assumes that the system is undergoing rapid and large-scale change via the emergence of “innovative” forms such as be like. This view is supported by synchronic evidence, but the dearth of diachronic evidence forces reconsideration of this assumption. Drawing on data representing the full history of New Zealand English, this paper presents a variationist analysis of the quotative system, providing a continuous link between present-day quotation and that of the late 19th century. It reveals a longitudinal and multifaceted trajectory of change, resulting in a highly constrained variable grammar in which language-internal contextual factors have evolved and specialized, the effects of which reverberate throughout the sector.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Barbieri, Federica. (2009). Quotative be like in American English: Ephemeral or here to stay? English World-Wide 30:6890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blyth, Carl, Recktenwald, Sigrid, & Wang, Jenny. (1990). I'm like, ‘Say what?!’ A new quotative in American oral narrative. American Speech 65:215227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle. (2006a). Diagnostics of age-graded linguistic behaviour: The case of the quotative system. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10:330.Google Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle. (2006b). Social stereotypes, personality traits and regional perception displaced: Attitudes towards the “new” quotatives in the U.K. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10:362381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle. (2008). The localization of global linguistic variants. English World-Wide 29:1544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle. (2011). Quotations across the generations: A multivariate analysis of speech and thought introducers across 5 decades of Tyneside speech. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 7:5992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle, & D'Arcy, Alexandra. (2009). Localized globalization: A multi-local, multivariate investigation of quotative be like. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13:291331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle, Rickford, John R., Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, Wasow, Thomas, & Zwicky, Arnold. (2010). The sociolinguistics of a short-lived innovation: Tracing the development of quotative all across spoken and internet newsgroup data. Language Variation and Change 22:191219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butters, Ronald R. (1980). Narrative go “say.” American Speech 55:304307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butters, Ronald R.. (1982). Editor's note [on “be like”]. American Speech 57:149.Google Scholar
Carbaugh, Donal. (1988). Talking American: Cultural discourses on Donahue. Norwood: Ablex.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, Kerswill, Paul, Fox, Sue, & Torgersen, Eivind. (2011). Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15:151196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cukor-Avila, Patricia. (2002). She say, she go, she be like: Verbs of quotation over time in African American Vernacular English. American Speech 77:331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dailey-O'Cain, Jennifer. (2000). The sociolinguistic distribution and attitudes towards focuser like and quotative like. Journal of Sociolinguistics 4:6080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Arcy, Alexandra. (2010). Quoting ethnicity: Constructing dialogue in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Journal of Sociolinguistics 14:6088.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durham, Mercedes, Haddican, Bill, Zweig, Eytan, Johnson, Daniel Ezra, Baker, Zipporah, Cockeram, David, Danks, Esther, & Tyler, Louise. (2011). Constant linguistic effects in the diffusion of be like. Journal of English Linguistics. http://eng.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/12/27/0075424211431266.full.pdf+htmlGoogle Scholar
Ferrara, Kathleen, & Bell, Barbara. (1995). Sociolinguistic variation and discourse function of constructed dialogue introducers: The case of be + like. American Speech 70:265290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, Campbell, Lyle, Hay, Jennifer, Maclagan, Margaret, Sudbury, Andrea, & Trudgill, Peter. (2004). New Zealand English: Its origins and evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, Hay, Jennifer, & Maclagan, Margaret. (2007). The ONZE Corpus. In Beal, J. C., Corrigan, K. P., & Moisl, H. L. (eds.), Creating and digitizing language corpora. Vol. 2. New York: Palgrave/Macmillan. 82104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guy, Gregory R. (1988). Advanced Varbrul analysis. In Ferrara, K., Brown, B., Walters, K., & Baugh, J. (eds.), Linguistic change and contact. Austin: University of Texas. 124136.Google Scholar
Hay, Jennifer, & Schreier, Daniel. (2004). Reversing the trajectory of language change: Subject verb agreement with BE in New Zealand English. Language Variation and Change 16:209235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, Jennifer, & Sudbury, Andrea. (2005). How rhoticity became /r/-sandhi. Language 81:799823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hymes, Dell. (1977). Discovering oral performance and measure verse in American Indian narrative. New Literary History 5:431457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janda, Richard D. (1999). Accounts of phonemic split have been greatly exaggerated—but not enough. Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences 14:329332.Google Scholar
Joseph, Brian D. (2004). Rescuing traditional (historical) linguistics from grammaticalization theory. In Fischer, O., Norde, M., & Perridon, H. (eds.), Up and down the cline: The nature of grammaticalization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 4569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joseph, Brian D., & Janda, Richard D. (2003). On language, change, and language change—or, of history, linguistics, and historical linguistics. In Joseph, B. D. & Janda, R. D. (eds.), The handbook of historical linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell. 3180.Google Scholar
Klewitz, Gabriele, & Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth. (1999). Quote-unquote? The role of prosody in the contextualization of reported speech sequences. Journal of Pragmatics 4:459485.Google Scholar
Kytö, Merja, Rydén, Mats, & Smitterberg, Erik. (2006). Introduction: Exploring nineteenth-century English past and present perspectives. In Kytö, M., Rydén, M., & Smitterberg, E. (eds.), Nineteenth-century English: Stability and change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William. (1966). The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Labov, William. (1972a). Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William. (1972b). The transformation of experience in narrative syntax. Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 354396.Google Scholar
Labov, William. (1975). On the use of the present to explain the past. In Heilmann, L. (ed.), Proceedings of the 11th international congress of linguists. Bologna: Il Mulino. 825851.Google Scholar
Labov, William. (1989). The child as linguistic historian. Language Variation and Change 1:8594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William. (1994). Principles of linguistic change. Internal factors. Cambridge/Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William. (2001). Principles of linguistic change. Social factors. Malden/Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Langstrof, Christian. (2006). Acoustic evidence for a push-chain shift in the Intermediate Period of New Zealand English. Language Variation and Change 18:141164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lass, Roger. (1997). Historical linguistics and language change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macaulay, Ronald. (2001). You're like “why not?” The quotative expression of Glasgow adolescents. Journal of Sociolinguistics 5:321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maclagan, Margaret, Gordon, Elizabeth, & Lewis, Gillian. (1999). Women and sound change: Conservative and innovative behaviour by the same speakers. Language Variation and Change 11:1941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathis, Terrie, & Yule, George. (1994). Zero quotatives. Discourse Processes 18:6376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, Norman. (1988). Speech in the English novel. 2nd ed.London: MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poplack, Shana. (2011). Grammaticalization and linguistic variation. In Narrog, H. & Heine, B. (eds.), The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 209224.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R., Buchstaller, Isabelle, Wasow, Thomas, & Zwicky, Arnold. (2007). Intensive and quotative all: Something old, something new. American Speech 83:331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne. (1980). The relative clause marker in Scots English: Diffusion, complexity, and style as dimensions of syntactic change. Language in Society 9:221247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne. (1988). Introduction. In Romaine, S. (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language. Vol. 4. 1776–1997. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 156.Google Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne, & Lange, Deborah. (1991). The use of like as a marker of reported speech and thought. American Speech 66:227279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rydén, Mats. (1979). An introduction to the historical study of English syntax. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell.Google Scholar
Schiffrin, Deborah. (1981). Tense variation in narrative. Language 57:4562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schourup, Lawrence. (1982). Response to Ronald R. Butters, Quoting with go “say.” American Speech 57:148149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singler, John Victor. (2001). Why you can't do a VARBRUL study of quotatives and what such a study can show us. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 7:257278.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali, & D'Arcy, Alex. (2004). He's like, she's like: The quotative system in Canadian youth. Journal of Sociolinguistics 8:493514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A., & D'Arcy, Alexandra. (2007). Frequency and variation in the community grammar: Tracking a new change through the generations. Language Variation and Change 19:119217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali, & Hudson, Rachel. (1999). Be like et al. beyond America: The quotative system in British and Canadian youth. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3:147172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tannen, Deborah. (1986). Introducing constructed dialogue in Greek and American conversational and literary narrative. In Coulmas, F. (ed.), Direct and indirect speech. Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter. 311332.Google Scholar
Torres Cacoullos, Rena. (2009). Variation and grammaticisation: The emergence of an aspectual opposition. In Tsiplakou, S., Karyolemou, M., & Pavlou, P. (eds.), Studies in language variation: European perspectives II. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 215224.Google Scholar
Torres Cacoullos, Rena. (2011). Variation and grammaticalization. In Diaz-Campos, M. (ed.), The handbook of Hispanic sociolinguistics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 148167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. (2004). New dialect formation: The inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel, Labov, William, & Herzog, Marvin I. (1968). Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. In Lehmann, W. P. & Malkiel, Y. (eds.), Directions for historical linguistics. A symposium. Austin: University of Texas Press. 95195.Google Scholar
Wolfson, Nessa. (1978). A feature of performed narrative: The conversational historical present. Language in Society 7:215237.Google Scholar
Wolfson, Nessa. (1981). The conversational Historical Present alternation. Language 55:168182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfson, Nessa. (1982). CHP: The conversational historical present in American English narrative. Dordrecht: Foris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar