Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T18:04:06.996Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The principal principles of pragmatic inference: politeness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2008

Ken Turner
Affiliation:
The Language Centre, University of Brighton

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
State-of-the-Art Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adeguija, Efurosibina (1989). A comparative study of politeness phenomena in Nigerian English, Yoruba and Ogori. Multilingua, 8, 5780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agha, Asif (1994). Honorification. Annual Review of Anthropology, 23, 277302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, Keith (1986). Linguistic meaning: Volume 1. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Allwood, Jens (1987). Linguistic communication as action and cooperation: a study in pragmatics (2nd edition). Gothenburg Graphic Systems AB: Monographs in Linguistics 2.Google Scholar
Armengaud, Francoise (1993). La pragmatique. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Aronsson, Karin & Rundstrom, Bengt (1989). Cats, dogs, and sweets in the clinical negotiation of reality: on politeness and coherence in pediatric discourse. Language in Society, 18, 483504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aston, Guy (1988). Learning comity: an approach to the description and pedagogy of interactional speech. Bologna: Editrice Clueb.Google Scholar
Austin, Paddy (1988). The dark side of politeness: a pragmatic analysis of non-cooperative communication. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Christchurch, New Zealand: University of Canterbury.Google Scholar
Austin, Paddy (1990). Politeness revisited - the dark side. In Allan, Bell and Janet, Holmes (eds.), New Zealand ways of speaking English, 277–93. Clevedon/Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters Ltd.Google Scholar
Bar-Hillel, Yehoshua (ed.). (1971). Pragmatics of natural languages. Dordrecht: Reidel Publishing Germany.Google Scholar
Baxter, Leslie A. (1984). An investigation of compliance-gaining as politeness. Human Communication Research, 10, 427–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayraktaroglu, Arin (1991). Politeness and international imbalance. International Journal of the Society of Language 92, 534.Google Scholar
Bertuccelli-Papi, Marcella (1993), Che cos'è la pragmatica? Milano: Bompiani.Google Scholar
Blakemore, Diane (1992). Understanding utterances: an introduction to pragmatics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan & Verschueren, Jef (eds.) (1991). The pragmatics of intercultural international Pragmatics Conference, Antwerp, 17–22 August 1987 and the Ghent Symposium on Intercultural Communication. Volume 3. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana (1987). Indirectness and politeness in requests: same or different? Journal of Pragmatics, 11, 131–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana (1990). You don't touch lettuce with your fingers: parental polietness in family discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 259–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana (1992). The metapragmatics of politeness in Israeli society. In Watts, Richard J., Sachiko, Ide & Konrad, Ehlich (eds.), Politeness in language: studies in its history, theory and practice, 255–80. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Danet, Bernda & Gherson, Rimona (1985). The language of requesting in Israeli society. In Forgas, Joesph P. (ed.), Language and social situations, 113–39. Berlin/New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, House, Julliane & Kasper, Gabriele (eds.) (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: requests and apologies. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana & Shefer, Hadess (1993). The metapragmatic discourse of American-Israeli families at dinner. In Gabriel, Kasper & Shoshana, Blum-Kulka (eds.), Interlanguage pragmatics, 196223. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boudieu, Ruth M. (1978). Politeness. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 16, 253–6.Google Scholar
Brown, Penelope & Levinson, Stephen C. (1978). Universals in language usage: politeness phenomena. In Goody, E. N. (ed.), Questions and politeness: strategies in social interaction, 56324. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, Penlope & Levinson, Stephen C. (1987). Politeness: some universals of language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Roger (1988). More than P' and Q'. Contemporary Psychology, 33, 749–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Roger (1990). Politeness theory: exemplar and exemplary. In Irvin, Rock (ed.), The legacy of Soloman Asch: essays in cognition and social psychology, 2338. Hove/London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Brown, Roger & Gilman, Albert (1989). Polietness theory and Shakespeare's four major tragedies. Language in Society, 18, 159212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Susan Meredith (1990). External and internal conflict: conversational code-switching and the theory of politeness. Sociolinguistics, 19, 2135.Google Scholar
Butler, Christopher S. (1988). Politeness and the semantics of modalised directives in English. In Benson, J. D., Cummings, M. & Greaves, W. S. (eds.), Linguistics in a systemic perspective, 119–53. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Christopher S. & Channell, Joanna (1989). Researching politeness in a second language. In Butler, Christopher S., Cardwell, Richard A. and Joanna, Channell (eds.), Language and literature – theory and practice: a tribute to Walter Grauberg, 116. Nottingham Linguistic Circular Special Issue in association with University of Nottingham Monographs in the Humanities.Google Scholar
Carrell, Patricia L. & Konneker, Beverly H. (1981). Politeness: comparing native and nonnative judgements. Language Learning, 31, 1730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherry, Roger D. (1988). Politeness in written persuasion. Journal of Pragmatics, 12, 6381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, Herbert & Carlson, Thomas (1982). Hearers and speech acts. Language, 58, 332–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, Herbert H. & Schunk, Dale H. (1980). Polite responses to polite requests. Cognition, 8, 111–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, Herbert H. & Schunk, Dale H. (1981). Politeness in requests: a rejoinder to Kemper and Thissen. Cognition, 9, 311–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coupland, Nikolas, Grainger, Karen & Coupland, Justine (1988). Politeness in context: intergenerational issues (review article). Language in Society, 17, 253–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, R. T., Tracy, K. & Spisak, F. (1986). The discourse of requests: assessment of a politeness approach. Human Communication Research, 12, 437–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dascal, Marcelo (1983). Pragmatics and the philosophy of mind 7: Thought in language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, Eirlys E. (1987). A contrastive approach to the analysis of politeness formulas. Applied Linguistics, 8, 7588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Steven (ed.) (1991). Pragmatics: a reader. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
D'souza, Jean (1988). Interactional strategies in South Asian languages: their implications for teaching English internationally. World Englishes, 7, 159–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DuFon, Margaret A., Kasper, Gabriele, Takahashi, Satomi & Yoshinaga, Naoko (1994). Bibliography on linguistic politeness. Journal of Pragmatics, 21, 527–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dzameshie, Alex K. (1995). Social motivations for politeness behavior in Christian sermonic discourse. Anthropological Linguistics, 37, 192215.Google Scholar
Errington, J. Joseph (1988). Structure and style in Javanese: a semiotic view of linguistic etiquette. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Escandell-Vidal, M. Victoria (1993). Introduction a la pragmática. Barcelona: Anthropos.Google Scholar
Escandell-Vidal, M. Victoria (1996). Towards a cognitive approach to politeness. In Katarzyna, Jaszczolt & Ken, Turner (eds.), Selected papers from the First International Conference on Contrastive Semantics and Pragmatics. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Fasold, Ralph (1990). The sociolinguistics of language: Introduction to sociolinguistics, Volume 2. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Charles A. (1981). The structure and use of politeness formulas. In Florian, Coulmas (ed.), Conversational routine: explorations in standardized communication situations and prepatterned speech, 2135. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.Google Scholar
Fill, Alwin (1986). ‘Divided illocution’ in conversational and other situations - and some of its implications. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 24, 2734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fonseca, Joaguim (1994). Pragmatica linguistica: introdução, teoria e desção do Português. Porto: Porto Editora.Google Scholar
Fraser, Bruce (1990). Perspectives on politeness. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 219–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, Bruce & Nolan, William (1981). The association of deference with linguistic form. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 27, 93109.Google Scholar
Gallardo-Pauls, Beatriz (1993). Linguiüstica perceptiva y conversation: secuencias. València: Universitat de València.Google Scholar
Gazdar, Gerald (1979). Pragmatics: implicature, presupposition, and logical form. London/New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gazdar, Gerald (1980). Pragmatics and logical form. Journal of Pragmatics, 4, 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Givón, Talmy (1989). Mind, code and context: essays in pragmatics. London/Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Glover, Kelly D. (1995). A prototype view of context and linguistic behaviour: context prototypes and talk. Journal of Pragmatics, 23, 137–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gobber, Giovanni (ed.) (1992). La linguistica pragmatica: atti del XXIV Congresso della Società di Linguistica Italiana, Milano, 4–6 September 1990. Roma: Bulzoni.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving (1955). On face-work: an analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 18, 213–31. Reprinted in his (1967) Interaction ritual: essays on face-to-face behaviour, 545. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving (1956). The nature of deference and demeanor. American Anthropologist, 58, 473502. Reprinted in his (1967) Interaction ritual: essays on face-to-face behaviour, 4795. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving (1981). Footing. In his Forms of talk, 124–59. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gonzales, M., Pederson, J., Manning, D. & Wetter, D. (1990). Pardon my gaffe: effects of sex, status, and consequence severity on accounts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 610–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, Georgia M. (1989). Pragmatics and natural language understanding. Hillsdale, New Jersey/Hove and London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Grice, Paul (1975). Logic and conversation. In Peter, Cole and Morgan, Jerry L. (eds.), Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, 4158. New York/San Francisco/London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Grice, Paul (1989). Studies in the way of words. Cambridge, Massachusetts/London, England: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Grimshaw, Allen D. (1979). Review of Goody, E. N. (ed.), Questions and politeness: strategies in social interaction. Language in Society, 8, 112–20.Google Scholar
Grundy, Peter (1995). Doing pragmatics. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Gu, Yueguo (1990). Politeness in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 237–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haberland, Hartmut & Mey, Jacob L. (1977). Editorial: Linguistics and pragmatics. Journal of Pragmatics, 1, 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagge, John & Kostelnick, Charles (1989). Linguistic politeness in professional prose: a discourse analysis of auditor's suggestion letters, with implications for business communication pedagogy. Written Communication, 6, 312–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harnish, Robert M. (ed.) (1994). Basic topics in the philosophy of language. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Held, Gudrun (1992). Politeness in linguistic research. In Richard, J.Watts, Sachiko Ide & Konrad, Ehlich (eds.), Politeness in language: studies in its history, theory and practice, 131–53. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
HillBeverly, Ide, Sachiko, Ikuta, Shoko, Kawasaki, Akiko Beverly, Ide, Sachiko, Ikuta, Shoko, Kawasaki, Akiko & Ogino, Tsunao (1986). Universals of linguistic politeness: quantitative evidence from Japanese and American English. Journal of Pragmatics, 10, 347–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiraga, M. K. & Turner, J. M. (1996). Differing perceptions of face in British and Japanese academic settings. In Jaszczolt, & Turner, (eds.).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, David Yau-Fai (1975). On the concept of face. American Journal of Sociology, 81, 867–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, Janet (1992). An introduction to sociolinguistics. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Holtgraves, Thomas (1991). Interpreting questions and replies: effects of face-threat, question form and gender. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54, 1524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holtgraves, Thomas & Yang, Joong-Nam (1992). Interpersonal underpinnings of request strategies: general principles and differences due to culture and gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 246–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horn, Laurence R. (1988). Pragmatic theory. In Newmeyer, F. J. (ed.), Linguistics: the Cambridge survey 1. Linguistic theory: foundations, 113–45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Horn, Laurence R. (1992). Pragmatics, implicaturc, and presupposition. In William, Bright (ed.), International encyclopedia of linguistics, Volume 3, 260–6. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
House, Juliane & Kasper, Gabriele (1981). Politeness markers in English and German. In Florian, Coulmas (ed.), Conversational routine: explorations in standardized communication situations and prepatterned speech, 157–85. The Hague: Mouton Publishers.Google Scholar
Hu, Hsien Chin (1944). The Chinese concepts of ‘face’. American Anthropologist, 46, 4564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, Richard A. (1980). Sociolingnistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Hymes, Dell H. (1986). Discourse: scope without depth. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 57, 4989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ide, Sachiko (1989). Formal forms and discernment: two neglected aspects of universal of linguistic politeness. Multilingna, 8, 223–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ide, Sachiko (1989). Preface: the search for integrated universals of linguistic politeness. Miiltilingna, 12, 711.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janney, Richard W. & Arndt, Horst (1993). Universality and relativity in cross-cultural politeness research: a historical perspective. Miiltilingna, 12, 1350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaszczolt, Katarzyna & Turner, Ken (eds.) (1996). Selected papers from the First International Conference on Contrastive Semantics and Pragmatics. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Johnson, Donna M. (1992). Compliments and politeness in peer-review texts. Applied Linguistics, 13, 5171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Donna M. & Yang, Agnes Weigun (1990). Politeness strategics in peer review texts. In Bouton, Lawrence F. & Yamuna, Kachru (eds.), Pragmatics and language learning. Volume 1, 99114. Division of English as an International Language, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar
Jucker, Andreas H. (1986). News interviews: a pragmalingnistic analysis. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jucker, Andreas H. (1988). The relevance of politeness. Miiltilingna, 7, 375–84.Google Scholar
Kasher, Asa (1986). Politeness and rationality. In Jorgen, Dines Johansen & Harley, Sonne (eds.), Pragmatics and linguistics: Festschrift for Jacob L. Mey on his 60th birthday, 30th October 1986, 103–14. Odense: Odense University Press.Google Scholar
Kasper, Gabriele (1990). Linguistic politeness: current research issues. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 193218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasper, Gabriele (1992). Pragmatic transfer. Second Language Research, 8, 203–31.Google Scholar
Kasper, Gabriele (1994). Politeness. In Asher, R. E. & Simpson, J. M. Y. (eds.), The encyclopedia of language and linguistics, Volume 6, 3206–11. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Kasper, Gabriele & Blum-Kulka, Shoshana (eds.) (1993). Interlanguage pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katriel, Tamar (1986). Talking straight: ‘Dngri’ speech in Israeli ‘Sabra’ culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kelley, William R. (1987). How to get along with language: a theory of politeness phenomena. Papers from the 23rd Annual Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society: Part One, The General Session, 181–95.Google Scholar
Kemper, Susan & Thissen, David (1981). How polite?: A reply to Clark and Schunk. Cognition, 9, 305–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemper, Susan & Thissen, David (1981a). Memory for the dimensions of requests. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 552–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kempson, Ruth (1988). Grammar and conversational principles. In Newmeyer, F. J. (ed.), Linguistics: the Cambridge survey II. Linguistic theory: extensions and implications, 139–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine (1992). Les interactions verbales: Tome II. Paris: Armand Colin.Google Scholar
Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine (1994). Les interactions verbales: Tome III. Paris: Armand Colin.Google Scholar
Kingwell, Mark (1993). Is it rational to be polite? Journal of Philosophy, 90, 387404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuiper, Koenraad (1991). Sporting formulae in New Zealand English: two models of male solidarity. In Jenny, Cheshire (ed.), English around the world: sociolingnistic perspectives, 200–9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, Ibha & Sah, Prajapati (1994). Why are we polite? International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, 23, 121–9.Google Scholar
Lachenicht, L. G. (1980). Aggravating language: a study of abusive and insulting language. Papers in Linguistics, 13, 607–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, Robin (1972). Language in context. Language, 48, 907–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, Robin (1973). The logic of politeness; or, minding your P's and Q's. Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 292305.Google Scholar
Lakoff, Robin (1977). What you can do with words: politeness, performatives, and pragmatics. In Rogers, A., Wall, B. & Murray, J.-P. (eds.), On performatives, presuppositions and implicatures, 79105. Arlington: Centre for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Lakoff, Robin Tolmach (1979). Stylistic strategies within a grammar of style. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 327, 5380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, Robin Tolmach (1989). The limits of politeness: therapeutic and courtroom discourse. Miiltilingna, 8, 101–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, Robin (1990). Philosophy of language meets the real world; or, when is ‘enough’ enough? Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on the Legacy of Crice, 472–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavandera, Beatriz R. (1988). The social pragmatics of politeness forms. In Ulrich, Ammon, Norbert, Dittmar & Mattheier, Klaus J. (eds.), Sociolingnistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society, 11961205. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey N. (1977). Language and tact. L.A.U.T. Series A, Paper 46.Google Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey N. (1980). Explorations in semantics and pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey N. (1981). Pragmatics and conversational rhetoric. In Herman, Parret, Marina, Sbisà & Jef, Verschueren (eds.), Possibilities and limitations of pragmatics: Proceedings of the Conference on Pragmatics, Urbino, 814 July 1979, 413441. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London/New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey N. (1992). Pragmatic principles in Shaw's you Never Can Tell. In Michael, Toolan (ed.), Language, text and context: essays in stylistics, 259–78. London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey N. & Thomas, Jenny (1990). Language, meaning and context: pragmatics. In Collinge, N. E. (ed.), An encyclopedia of language, 173206. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lee-Wong, Song Mei (1994). Imperatives in requests: director impolite – observations from Chinese. Pragmatics, 4, 491515.Google Scholar
Levinson, Stephen (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levinson, Stephen (1988). Putting linguistics on a proper footing: explorations in Goffman's concepts of participation. In Paul, Drew & Anthony, Wooton (eds.), Erving Goffman: exploring the interaction order, 161227. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Maier, Paula (1992). Politeness strategies in business letters by native and non-native English speakers. English for Specific Purposes, 11, 189205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mao, Luming Robert (1994). Beyond politeness theory: ‘face’ revisited and renewed. Journal of Pragmatics, 21, 451–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathiot, Madeleine (1982). Review of Goody, E. N. (ed.), Questions and politeness: strategies in social interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 6, 70–3.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, Yoshiko (1988). Reexamination of the universality of face: politeness phenomena in Japanese. Journal of Pragmatics, 12, 403–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, Yoshiko (1989). Politeness and conversational universals – observations from Japanese. Multilingua, 8, 207–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCawley, James (1984). Speech acts and Goffman's participant roles. Proceedings of the First Eastern States Conference on Linguistics, 260–74.Google Scholar
Meier, A. J. (1995). Passages of politeness. Journal of Pragmatics, 24, 381–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mey, Jacob L. (ed.) (1979). Pragmalinguistics: theory and practice. The Hague/Paris: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mey, Jacob L. (1993a). Pragmatics: an introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Mey, Jacob L. (1993b). Pragmatics in the nineties: topics, trends, perspectives. Plenary Talk at the 4th International Pragmatics Conference, Kobe, Japan. 30 July 1993.Google Scholar
Mey, Jacob L. (1994a). Pragmatics. In Asher, R. E. & Simpson, J. M. Y. (eds.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, Volume 6, 3260–78. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Mey, Jacob L. (1994b). How to do good things with words: a social pragmatics for survival. Pragmatics, 4, 239–63.Google Scholar
DeMey, Sjaak Mey, Sjaak (1994). A new impetus to pragmatics. Studies in Applied Linguistics, 1, 141–64.Google Scholar
Moeschler, Jacques (1985). Argumentation et conversation: éléments pour line analyse pragmatique du discours. Paris: HatierCrédif.Google Scholar
Myers, Greg (1989). The pragmatics of politeness in scientific articles. Applied Linguistics, 10, 135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nwoye, Onuigbo G. (1989). Linguistic politeness in Igbo. Multilingua, 8, 259–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nwoye, Onuigbo G. (1992). Linguistic politeness and socio-cultural variations of the notion of face. Journal of Pragmatics, 18, 309–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obilade, Tony (1984). Mother tongue influence on polite communication in a second language. Language and Communication, 4, 295–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'driscoll, Jim (1996). About face: a defense and elaboration of universal dualism. Journal of Pragmatics, 25, 132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oleksy, Wieslaw (ed.) (1989). Contrastive pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Parret, Herman, Sbsà, Marina & Verschueren, Jef (eds.) (1981). Possibilities and Limitations of Pragmatics: Proceedings of the Conference on Pragmatics, Urbino, 814 July 1979. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, Bethyl (1988). Power and politeness in conversation: encoding of face-threatening acts at church business meetings. Anthropological Linguistics, 30, 6893.Google Scholar
Penman, Robyn (1990). Facework and politeness: multiple goals in courtroom discourse. In Karen, Tracy & Nikolas, Coupland (eds.), Multiple Coals in Discourse, 1538. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.Google Scholar
Renkema, Jan (1993). Discourse studies: an introductory textbook. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sbisà, Marina (1989). Linguaggio, ragione, interazione: per una teoria pragmatica degli atti linguistici. Bologna: II Mulino.Google Scholar
Scheerhorn, Dirk R. (1991/2). Politeness in decision-making. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 25, 253–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, Richard W. (1980). Review of Goody, E. N. (ed.), Questions and politeness: strategies in social interaction. RELC Journal, 11, 100–14.Google Scholar
Schulze, Rainer (1986). Strategic indeterminacy and face-work. Stadia Anglica Posnaniensia, 19, 7589.Google Scholar
Schulze, Rainer (1987). Persuasive strategies and face-work in impromptu speech. In Kari, Sajavaara (ed.), Discourse analysis: openings, 2149. Reports from the Department of English, University of Jyväskyla, No. 9.Google Scholar
Scollon, Ron & Scollon, Suzanne B. K. (1981). Narrative, literacy and face in interethnic communication. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Scollon, Ron & Scollon, Suzanne B. K. (1983). Face in interethnic communication. In Richards, Jack C. & Schmidt, Richard W. (eds.), Language and Communication, 156–88. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Scollon, Ron & Scollon, Suzanne Wong (1995). Intercultural communication: a discourse approach. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sifianou, Maria (1992). Politeness phenomena in England and Greece: a cross-cultural perspective. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slama-Cazacu, Tatiana (1986). The concept of politeness and its formulas in the Romanian language. In Fishman, Joshua A., Andrée, Tabouret-Keller, Michael, Clyne, Krishnamurti, Bh. & Mohamed, Abdulaziz (eds.), The Fergusonian impact: in honor of Charles A. Ferguson on the occasion of his 65th birthday, Volume 2: Sociolinguistics and the sociology of language, 3558. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Slugowski, Ben R. & Turnbull, William (1988). Cruel to be kind and kind to be cruel: sarcasm, banter and social relations. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 7, 101–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer-Oatey, Helen (1992). Cross-cultural politeness: British and Chinese conceptions of the tutor-student relationship. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Lancaster.Google Scholar
Spencer-Oatey, Helen (1993). Conceptions of social relations and pragmatics research. Journal of Pragmatics, 20, 2747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sperber, Dan & Wilson, Deirdre (1986). Relevance: communication and cognition. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Statis, S. (1982). // dialogo: considerazioni di linguistica pragmatica. Napoli: Lignori.Google Scholar
Strecker, Ivo (1988). The social practice of symbolization: an anthropological analysis. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Subbarao, K. V., Agnihotri, R. K. & Mukherjee, A. (1991). Syntactic strategics and politeness phenomena. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 92, 3553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanaka, Shigenori & Kawade, S. (1983). Politeness and second language acquisition. Psychologia, 26, 4053.Google Scholar
Thomas, Jenny (1983). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics, 4, 91112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Jenny (1984). Cross-cultural discourse as ‘unequal encounter’: towards a pragmatic analysis. Applied Linguistics, 5, 226–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Jenny (1995). Meaning in interaction: an introduction to pragmatics. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Thomas, Richmond H. (1990). Accommodation, meaning, and implicature: interdisciplinary foundations for pragmatics. In Cohen, Philip R., Jerry, Morgan & Pollack, Martha E. (eds.), Intentions in communication, 325–63. Cambridge, Massachusetts/London, England: The M.I.T. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ting-Toomy, S. (ed.) (1994). The challenge of face-work: cross-cultural and interpersonal issues. New York: University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Travis, Charles (1981). The true and the false: the domain of the pragmatic. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trognon, Alain & Ghiglione, Rodolphe (1993). Où va la pragmatique? De la pragmatiqiie a la psychologie sociale. Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble.Google Scholar
Turner, Ken (1995). The principal principles of pragmatic inference: co-operation. Language Teaching, 28, 6776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, Ken (in preparation). Wx = D(S, H)+P(H, S)+RX.Google Scholar
Verschueren, Jef (ed.) (1991a). Pragmatics at issue: selected papers of the International Pragmatics Conference, Antwerp, 1722 August 1987, Volume 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verschueren, Jef (ed.) (1991b). Levels of linguistic adaptation: selected papers of the International Pragmatics Conference, Antwerp, 1722 August 1987, Volume 2. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verschueren, Jef & Bertuccelli-Papi, Marcella (eds.) (1987). The pragmatic perspective: selected papers from the 1985 International Pragmatics Conference. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wardhaugh, Ronald (1992). An introduction to sociolinguistics, 2nd edition. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Watts, Richard J. (1992). Linguistic politeness and politic verbal behaviour: reconsidering claims for universality. In Watts, Richard J., Sachiko, Ide & Konrad, Ehlich (eds.), Politeness in language: studies in its history, theory and practice, 117. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, Richard J., Ide, Sachiko &: Ehlich, Konrad (1992). Introduction. In Watts, Richard J., Sachiko, Ide & Konrad, Ehlich (eds.), Politeness in language: studies in its history, theory and practice, 117. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, Max W. (1994). ‘Politeness’, sociolinguistic theory and language change. Folia Linguistica Historica, 15, 149–74.Google Scholar
Wierzuicka, Anna (1991). Cross-cultural pragmatics: the semantics of human interaction. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Steven R.Kim, Min-Sun & Meischke, Hendrika (1991/2). Evaluating Brown and Levinson's politeness theory: a revised analysis of directives and face. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 25, 215–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yahya-Othman, Saida (1994). Covering one's social back: politeness among the Swahili. Text, 14, 141–61.Google Scholar
Zajdman, Anat (1995). Humorous face-threatening acts: humor as strategy. Journal of Pragmatics, 23, 325–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, Liman (1993). Footing and speaker intention: a study in interactional linguistics. Papers from the 29th Annual Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society: Volume 1; The Main Session, 493–99.Google Scholar