Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T19:43:10.875Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Language learning and teaching in South African primary schools

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2019

Rosemary Wildsmith-Cromarty*
Affiliation:
North-West University, South Africa
Robert J. Balfour
Affiliation:
North-West University, South Africa
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

South Africa's history of segregation and the privileging of English and Afrikaans as the only languages of teaching and learning beyond primary schooling, make the post-apartheid period a complex one, especially in light of the Constitutional commitment to multilingualism in the 11 official languages. Research on literacy and language teaching contextualises the impact of curriculum and language policy initiatives aimed at improving learner performance. We review research concerning the transition from the study of first additional language (FAL) as subject, to the use of FAL as the language of learning and teaching (LoLT). Also considered are major studies on learner performance nationally and South Africa's comparability globally. The impact of home language (HL) literacy development on performance in English as the LoLT links to research on language development in teacher education programmes, and shows connections between the capacity of teachers to develop languages for literacy and LoLT and learner success. Research on the development of early childhood literacy in the HL demonstrates the positive impact on literacy development in the LoLT.

Type
A Country in Focus
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akinyeye, C., & Pluddemann, P. (2016). The story of a narrative: Teaching and assessing English writing in a township school. Reading & Writing, 7(1), a88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/rw.v7i1.88Google Scholar
Alexander, N. (Ed.). (2005). Mother tongue-based bilingual education in South Africa: The dynamics of implementation. Cape Town: Salty Print.Google Scholar
Asher, J. (1969). The Total Physical Response approach to second language learning. Modern Language Journal, 53(1), 317.Google Scholar
Balfour, R. J. (2007). Mother-tongue education or bilingual education for South Africa: Theories, pedagogies and sustainability. Journal for Language Teaching, 41(2), 114.Google Scholar
Bengu, N. (2015). Towards the teaching of isiZulu as a First Additional Language (FAL) at an independent school in Durban. Masters dissertation, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Google Scholar
Cenoz, J., & Genesee, F. (1998). Psycholinguistic perspectives on multilingualism and multilingual education. In Cenoz, J. & Genesee, F. (Eds.), Beyond bilingualism: Multilingualism and multilingual education (pp. 1632). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Christie, P. (2008). Opening the doors of learning. Johannesburg: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Cook, V., & Wei, L. (Eds.). (2016). Cambridge handbook of linguistic multicompetence. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cummins, J. (2008). BICS and CALP: Empirical and theoretical status of the distinction. In Street, B. & Hornberger, N. H. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language and education: Literacy (pp. 7183). New York: Springer Science.Google Scholar
Dampier, G. A. (2014). Second language acquisition and the national curriculum. Journal for Language Teaching, 48(2), 3751.Google Scholar
Deacon, R. (2016). Initial Teacher Education Research Project (ITERP) Final Report. Johannesburg: Joint Education Trust (JET).Google Scholar
Department of Basic Education (DBE). (2011a). Curriculum and assessment policy statement Foundation Phase grades 1–3. Pretoria: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Department of Basic Education (DBE). (2011b). National protocol for assessment. Pretoria: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Department of Basic Education (DBE). (2013). The incremental introduction of African languages in South African schools. Draft policy, September 2013. Pretoria: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Department of Basic Education (DBE). (2014). Report on the annual national assessment of 2014. Pretoria: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Department of Basic Education (DBE). (2015). Report on the implementation of education White Paper 6 on inclusive education: An overview for the period 2013–2015. Pretoria: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Department of Education (DoE). (1996a). National Education Policy Act. Pretoria: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Department of Education (DoE). (1996b). South African Schools Act. Available online at https://www.gdeadmissions.gov.za/Content/Files/SchoolsAct.pdfGoogle Scholar
Department of Education (DoE). (1997). Language in education policy (LiEP). Pretoria: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Department of Higher Education & Training (DHET). (2013). Trends in teacher education 2012. Pretoria: DHET.Google Scholar
Desai, Z. (2016). Learning through the medium of English in multilingual South Africa: Enabling or disabling learners from low income contexts? Comparative Education, 52(3), 343358.Google Scholar
De Vos, M., Van der Merwe, K., & Van der Mescht, K. (2014). A research programme for reading in African languages to underpin CAPS. Journal for Language Teaching, 48(2), 148177.Google Scholar
Draper, K., & Spaull, N. (2015). Examining oral reading fluency among Grade 5 rural ESL learners in South Africa: An analysis of NEEDU 2013. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 5(2), 4477.Google Scholar
Evans, R. (2011). Preparing pre-service teachers for multilingual classrooms: Designing a multiple African language module. Journal for Language Teaching, 45(2), 6982.Google Scholar
Fleisch, B. (2008). Primary education in crisis: Why South African children underachieve in reading and mathematics. Cape Town: Juta.Google Scholar
Fleisch, B., Pather, K., & Motilal, G. (2017). The patterns and prevalence of monosyllabic three-letter-word spelling errors made by South African English First Additional Languages learners. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 7(1), a481. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v7i1.481.Google Scholar
Garcia, O., & Wei, L. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gauteng Department of Education (GDE) Lekgotla, Johannesburg, 13 June 2017. www.gdelekgotla17.orgGoogle Scholar
Govindsamy, F. (2008). Attitudes towards the implementation of isiZulu as a subject in selected Durban high schools in 2006 and its implications for language planning and policy in South Africa. Masters dissertation, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Google Scholar
Guzula, X., McKinney, C., & Tyler, R. (2016). Languaging-for-learning: Legitimising translanguaging and enabling multimodal practices in third spaces. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 34(3), 211226.Google Scholar
Herholdt, R., & Henning, E. (2014). How teachers use the annual national assessment data: Lessons for the future. Johannesburg: JET Education Services and the University of Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Heugh, K. (2009). Into the cauldron: An interplay of indigenous and globalised knowledge with strong and weak notions of literacy and language education in Ethiopia and South Africa. Language Matters, 40(2), 166189.Google Scholar
Heugh, K. (2013). Multilingual education policy in South Africa constrained by theoretical and historical disconnections. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 33, 215237.Google Scholar
Heugh, K. (2015). Epistemologies in multilingual education: Translanguaging and genre –companions in conversation with policy and practice. Language and Education, 29(3), 280285.Google Scholar
Hoadley, U. (2012). What do we know about teaching and learning in South African primary schools? Education as Change, 16(2), 187202.Google Scholar
Hoadley, U. (2016). A review of the research literature on teaching and learning in the foundation phase in South Africa. Research on Socioeconomic Policy (RESEP) Working Papers: 05/16, University of Stellenbosch.Google Scholar
Hoadley, U., & Galant, J. (2016). The DBE's workbooks as a curriculum tool. RESEP Policy Brief: University of Stellenbosch.Google Scholar
Howie, S., Venter, E., Van Staden, S., Zimmerman, L., Long, C., du Toit, C., & Archer, E. (2008). PIRLS 2006 Summary Report: South African childrens’ reading achievement. Pretoria: Centre for Evaluation and Assessment, University of Pretoria.Google Scholar
Howie, S. J., van Staden, S., Dowse, C., Tshele, M., & Zimmerman, L. (2012). Progress In International Reading Literacy Study 2011. South African children's reading literacy achievement: Summary report. Pretoria: Centre for Evaluation and Assessment, University of Pretoria.Google Scholar
Howie, S. J., Combrinck, C., Tshele, M., Roux, K., McLeod Palane, N., & Mokoena, G. (2017). PIRLS 2016: Progress in international reading literacy study 2016: South African children's reading literacy achievement. Centre for Evaluation and Assessment (CEA).Google Scholar
Hugo, A. J., & Nieman, M. (2010). Using English as a second language as the language of instruction: Concerns and needs of primary school teachers in South Africa. Journal for Language Teaching, 44(1), 5969.Google Scholar
Hungi, N., Makuwa, D., Ross, K., Saito, M., Dolata, S., Capelle, F. V., & Villiers, J. (2010). SACMEQ III Project Results: Pupil achievement levels in reading and mathematics. Working document No 1. Paris: Southern & Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality.Google Scholar
Jordaan, H. (2011). Language teaching is no panacea: A theoretical perspective and critical evaluation of language in education in the SA context. Journal of Communication Disorders, 58, 7985.Google Scholar
Kaschula, R. H., & Wolff, H. E. (2016a). Introduction – the multilingual context of education in Africa. In Kaschula, R. H. & Wolff, E. (Eds.), Multilingual education for Africa: Concepts and practices (pp. 28). Pretoria: UNISA Press.Google Scholar
Kaschula, R. H., & Wolff, H. E. (Eds.). (2016b). Multilingual education for Africa: Concepts and practices. Pretoria: UNISA Press.Google Scholar
Kerfoot, C., & Van Heerden, M. (2015). Testing the waters: Exploring the teaching of genres in a Cape Flats primary school in South Africa. Language and Education, 29(3), 235255.Google Scholar
King, J. R., & Chetty, R. (2014). Codeswitching: Linguistic and literacy understanding of teaching dilemmas in multilingual classrooms. Linguistics and Education, 25, 4050.Google Scholar
Klapwijk, N., & Du Toit, R. (2009). Improving second language reading comprehension through a blended learning approach to strategy instruction. Mousaion, 27(2), 7792Google Scholar
Klapwijk, N., & Van der Walt, C. (2016). English-Plus multilingualism as the new linguistic capital? Implications of university students’ attitudes towards languages of instruction in a multilingual environment. Journal of Language, Identity and Education, 15(2), 6782.Google Scholar
Land, S. (2015). Reading isiZulu: Reading processes in an agglutinative language with a transparent orthography. Ph.D. thesis by publication, University of KwaZulu-Natal.Google Scholar
Macdonald, C. (1990). Crossing the threshold into Standard Three in black education: The consolidated main report of the Threshold Project. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.Google Scholar
Makalela, L. (2015). Moving out of linguistic boxes: The effects of translanguaging strategies for multilingual classrooms. Language and Education, 29(3), 200217.Google Scholar
Makalela, L. (2016). Ubuntu translanguaging: An alternative framework for complex multilingual encounters. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 34(3), 187196.Google Scholar
Makoe, P., & McKinney, C. (2014). Linguistic ideologies in multilingual South African suburban schools. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(7), 658673.Google Scholar
Makoni, S., & Pennycook, A. (Eds.). (2007). Disinventing and reconstituting languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Mashiya, N. (2010). Mother tongue teaching at the University of KwaZulu-Natal: Opportunities and threats. Alternation, 17(1), 92107.Google Scholar
Mbatha, T. (2014). Experiences of foundation phase teachers qualified in a dual-medium programme. Per Linguam, 30(2), 3750.Google Scholar
Mkhize, D. (2016). Mediating epistemic access through everyday language resources in an English language classroom. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 34(3), 227240.Google Scholar
Mkhize, D., & Balfour, R. J. (2017). Language rights in education in South Africa. South African Journal of Higher Education, 31(6), 133150.Google Scholar
Mthembu, T. (2008). The implementation of isiZulu as a subject in public primary schools of the lower Tugela circuit in KwaDukuza: Multilingualism in South African classrooms. Masters dissertation, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Google Scholar
Mullis, I.V.S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., & Drucker, K. T. (2012). PIRLS 2011 international results in reading. Chestnut Hill, MA: TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Centre, Boston College.Google Scholar
National Education Evaluation and Development Unit (NEEDU). (2012). National summary report. Pretoria: DBE, Government Printer.Google Scholar
Nel, N., & Muller, H. (2010). The impact of teachers’ limited English proficiency on English second language learners in South African schools. South African Journal of Education. Vol 30: 635650. http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/saje/v30n4/v30n4a09.pdfGoogle Scholar
Nel, N., & Swanepoel, E. (2010). Do the language errors of ESL teachers affect their learners? Per Linguam, 26(1), 4760.Google Scholar
Nel, M., & Theron, L. (2008). Critique of a language enrichment programme for Grade 4 ESL learners with limited English proficiency: A pilot study. South African Journal of Education, 28, 203219.Google Scholar
Ntuli, C. D., & Pretorius, E. J. (2005). Laying foundations for academic language competence: The effects of storybook reading on Zulu language, literacy and discourse development. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 23(1), 91109.Google Scholar
PanSALB, (2001). Language use and language interaction in South Africa: A national sociolinguistic survey summary report. PanSALB: Government Printer.Google Scholar
PIRLS, (2011). User guide for the international database. IEA TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Centre. Boston College.Google Scholar
Plüddemann, P, Nomlomo, V., & Jabe, N. (2010). Using African languages for teacher education. Alternation, 17(1), 7291.Google Scholar
Plüddemann, M. (2015). Unlocking the grid: Language-in-education policy realisation in post-apartheid South Africa. Language and Education, 29(3), 186199.Google Scholar
Pretorius, E. J. (2014). Supporting transition or playing catch-up in Grade 4? Implications for standards in education and training. Perspectives in Education, 32(1), 5176.Google Scholar
Pretorius, E. J. (2017). Reading in the African languages: An annotated bibliography. Pretoria: UNISA Press.Google Scholar
Pretorius, E. J. (2018). Reading research in African languages: Trends and implications from the annotated bibliography. Presentation at the Workshop on Reading in the African Languages, 9 April 2018, Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Pretorius, E. J., & Mampuru, D. M. (2007). Playing football without a ball: Language, reading and academic performance in a high poverty school. Journal of Reading Research, 30(1), 3858.Google Scholar
Pretorius, E. J., & Mokhwesana, M. M. (2009). Putting reading in Northern Sotho on track in the early years: Changing resources, expectations and practices in a high poverty school. South African Journal of African Languages, 29(1), 5473.Google Scholar
Pretorius, E. J., & Lephalala, M. (2011). Reading comprehension in high poverty schools: How should it be taught and how well does it work? Per Linguam, 27, 124.Google Scholar
Pretorius, E. J., Jackson, M-J., McKay, V., Murray, S., & Spaull, N. (2016). Teaching reading (and writing) in the Foundation Phase: A Concept Note. RESEP: University of Stellenbosch.Google Scholar
Pretorius, E. J., & Spaull, N. (2016). Exploring relationships between oral reading fluency and reading comprehension amongst English second language readers in South Africa. Reading and Writing, 29(7), 14491471.Google Scholar
Probert, T., & De Vos, M. (2016). Word recognition strategies amongst isiXhosa/English bilingual learners: The interaction of orthography and language of learning and teaching. Reading & Writing, 7(1), a84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/rw.v7il.84Google Scholar
Probyn, M. (2009). Smuggling the vernacular into the classroom: Conflicts and tensions in classroom codeswitching in township/rural schools in South Africa. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 12(2), 123136.Google Scholar
Probyn, M. (2015). Pedagogical translanguaging: Bridging discourses in South African science classrooms. Language and Education, 29(3), 218234.Google Scholar
Ramani, E., Kekana, T., Modiba, M., & Joseph, M. (2007). Terminology development versus concept development through discourse: Insights from a dual medium B.A. degree. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 25(2), 207223.Google Scholar
Reed, Y. 2014. Report on English courses for Intermediate Phase student teachers at five universities. Johannesburg: Jet Education Services.Google Scholar
Reeves, C, Heugh, K. A., & Prinsloo, C. (2008). Evaluation of literacy teaching in primary schools in Limpopo province. Pretoria: HSRC.Google Scholar
Republic of South Africa. (1995). Pan-South African language board act. Pretoria: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Republic of South Africa. (1996). Constitution of South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Rose, D. (2004). Sequencing and pacing of the hidden curriculum: How indigenous children are left out of the chain. In Muller, J., Morais, A. & Davies, B. (Eds.), Reading Bernstein,researching Bernstein (pp. 97107). London: Routledge Falmer.Google Scholar
Rose, D., & Martin, J. (2012). Learning to write, Reading to learn: Genre, knowledge and pedagogy in the Sydney school. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Sefotho, M. P., & Makalela, L. (2017). Translanguaging and orthographic harmonisation: A cross-lingual reading literacy in a Johannesburg school. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 35(1), 4151.Google Scholar
Setati, M., Adler, J., Reed, Y., & Bapoo, A. (2002). Incomplete journeys: Code-switching and other language practices in mathematics, science and English language classrooms in South Africa. Language and Education, 16(2), 128149.Google Scholar
Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational quality (SACMEQ) (2000, 2007). Working Documents No. 1. Paris.Google Scholar
Spaull, N. (2013). South Africa's education crisis: The quality of education in South Africa 1994–2011. Johannesburg: Report commissioned by the Centre for Development and Enterprise.Google Scholar
Spaull, N. (2016). Excessive class sizes in the foundation phase. RESEP Policy Brief: University of Stellenbosch.Google Scholar
Spaull, N., van der Berg, S., Wills, G., Gustafsson, M., & Kotze, J. (2016). Laying firm foundations: Getting reading right. ReSEP: University of Stellenbosch.Google Scholar
Taljard, E. (2012). Corpus-based language teaching: An African language perspective. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 30(3), 377393.Google Scholar
Taylor, N. (2011). National school effectiveness study (NSES). Summary for the Synthesis Report. Johannesburg: JET Education Services.Google Scholar
Taylor, N. (2017). Report on the implementation evaluation of the National Curriculum Statement Grade R to 12 focusing on the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements (CAPS). Johannesburg: JET Education Services.Google Scholar
Taylor, N., & Vinjevold, P. (Eds.). (1999). Getting learning right: Report of the President's education initiative research project. Johannesburg: Joint Education Trust.Google Scholar
Taylor, N., Van der Berg, S., & Mabogoane, T. (Eds.). (2013). Creating effective schools: Report on the National School Effectiveness Study (NSES). Cape Town: Pearson.Google Scholar
Taylor, S., & von Fintel, M. (2016). Estimating the impact of language of instruction in South African primary schools: A fixed effects approach. Economics of Education Review, 50, 7589.Google Scholar
Taylor, S., Cilliers, J., Prinsloo, C., Fleisch, B., & Reddy, V. (2017). The Early Grade Reading Study: Impact evaluation after two years of interventions. Technical Report. Pretoria: DBE & HSRC.Google Scholar
Turner, N. (2015). The status of isiZulu second-language learning in UKZN, with specific reference to the case against Durban High School (2008). Language Matters, 41(1), 97108.Google Scholar
Turner, N. (2016). Additional language in secondary and tertiary education. In Kaschula, R. & Wolff, H. E. (Eds.), Multilingual education for Africa: Concepts and practices (pp. 179192). Pretoria: UNISA Press.Google Scholar
Van Broekhuizen, H. (2015). Increasing the supply of teacher graduates. RESEP Policy Brief: University of Stellenbosch.Google Scholar
Van Der Berg, S. (2016). What the ANAs tell us about socioeconomic learning gaps in South Africa. RESEP Policy Brief: University of Stellenbosch.Google Scholar
Van Rooy, B., & Pretorius, E. J. (2013). Is reading in an agglutinating language different from an analytic language? An analysis of isiZulu and English reading based on eye movements. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 31(3), 281297.Google Scholar
Van Staden, S., & Zimmerman, L. (2017). Evidence from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS). In Scherman, V., Bosker, R. J., & Howie, S. J. (Eds.), Monitoring the quality of education in schools (pp. 123138). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.Google Scholar
Wildsmith, R. (1992). A study of teacher attitudes as related to teacher practices at primary school level in South Africa. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Institute of Education, University of London.Google Scholar
Wildsmith-Cromarty, R. (2003). Do learners learn Zulu the way children do? A response to Suzman. Southern African Journal of African Languages, 23(3), 175188.Google Scholar
Wills, G. (2016). Limited support for the foundation phase: A misallocation of district resources. RESEP Policy Brief: University of Stellenbosch.Google Scholar
Wilsenach, C. (2015). Receptive vocabulary and early literacy skills in emergent bilingual Northern Sotho-English children. Reading and Writing, 6(1), 111.Google Scholar