Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T21:20:15.689Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Variation in the use of ain't in an urban British English dialect

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2008

Jenny Cheshire
Affiliation:
School of Modern Languages, University of Bath

Abstract

Ain't occurs as a sociolinguistic variable in working class speech in the town of Reading, England. The phonetic realizations of ain't in Reading English do not accord with traditional etymologies, depending more on the syntactic environment in which ain't occurs than on the standard English forms from which they are usually assumed to derive. The phonetic variants are also marked for semantic function in tag questions. Variation in the use of ain't can be explained as reflecting an ongoing linguistic change (sociolinguistics, dialectology, language change, theoretical linguistics).

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1981

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Arbini, R. (1969). Tag-questions and tag-imperatives in English. Journal of Linguistics 5:205–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Brook, G. L. (1958). A history of tile English language. London: André Deutsch.Google Scholar
Brown, K., & Millar, B. (1978). Auxiliary verbs in Edinburgh speech. University of Edinburgh, Department of Linguistics: Work in Progress II.Google Scholar
Cattell, R. (1973). Negative transportation and tag questions. Language 49(3):612–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheshire, J. (forthcoming). Variation in an English dialect: A sociolinguistic study. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grice, M. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In Cole, P. & Morgan, J. (eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Huddleton, R. (1970). Two approaches to the analysis of tags. Journal of Linguistics 6:215–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, R. A. (1975). The meaning of questions. Language 51(1): 131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, G. A.. & Trudgill, P. J. (1979). English accents and dialects: An introduction to regional and social varieties of British English. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Jespersen, O. (1940). A nodern English grammar on historical principles. Part V. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard.Google Scholar
Labov, W. (1972). Negative attraction and negative concord in English grammar. Language 48: 773818.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, W.. Cohen, P.. Robins, C.. & Lewis, J. (1968). A study of the nonstandard English of Negro and Puerto Rican speakers in New York City, I & II. Final report, Co-operative Research Project 3288. Washington. D.C.: U.S. Office of Health. Education and Welfare.Google Scholar
McDavid, R. I. (1941). Ain't I and aren't I. Language 17: 5759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millar, M., & Brown, K. (1979). Tag questions in Edinburgh speech. Linguistische Berichte 60: 2445.Google Scholar
Orton, H., et al. (1968). Survey of English Dialects. Vol. IV, part 3. Leeds: E. J. Arnold.Google Scholar
Palmer, F. R. (1965). A litiguistic study of the English verb. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Quirk, R.. Greenbaum, S.. Leech, G.. & Svartvik, J. (1972). A grammar of contemporary English. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Stevens, M. (1954). The derivation of ain't. American speech 29: 196201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stockwell, R. P., Schachter, P.. & Partee, B. M. (1973). The major Syntactic structures of Etiglish. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Willard, E. P. (1936). The Origin of ain't. Word study XI(2).Google Scholar
Wolfram, W. (1973). Sociolinguistic aspects of assimilation: Puerto Rican English in New York City. Arlington. Va.: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Wolfram, W., & Fasold, R. (1974). The study of social dialects in American English. Englewood Cliffs. N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar