Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T21:21:27.494Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Patterns of encounter management: Further arguments for discourse variables

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2008

Nikolas Coupland
Nikolas Coupland
Affiliation:
Department of English, University of Wales Institute of Science and Techonology
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Studies of linguistic variation in communities ought to be able to capture variable patterns of discourse. But there are problems in quantitatively studying variable realisations of functional units, because it is impossible to list variants exhaustively. A more abstract approach to discourse variation can examine the distribution of variants which are themselves functional units, tied to higher-order functions. This form of analysis is exemplified in a travel agency setting, where education groups are differentiated by the levels of explicitness with which they manage their encounters: in the identifying of purposes and roles and in the marking of closing transactions and other transaction boundaries. (Discourse variation, discourse analysis, communicative explicitness, travel agency talk)

Type
Articles
Information
Language in Society , Volume 12 , Issue 4 , December 1983 , pp. 459 - 476
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Albert, S. & Kessler, S. (1976). Processes for ending social encounters: The conceptual archeology of a temporal place. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 6:147–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, B. (1971). Class, codes, and control. Vol. 1 London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Cazden, C. B. (1970). The situation: A neglected source of social class differences in language use. Journal of Social Issues 26(2):35–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulthard, M. (1969). A discussion of restricted and elaborated codes. Educational Review 22:38–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulthard, M. (1977). An introduction to discourse analysis. London:Longman.Google Scholar
Coulthard, M. (1982). Developing the description of spoken discourse. In Coulthard, M. & Montgomery, M. (eds.), 1982. 13–30.Google Scholar
Coulthard, M., & Brazil, D. (1982). Exchange structure. In Coulthard, M. & Montgomery, M. (eds.), 1982. 82–106.Google Scholar
Coulthard, M., & Montgomery, M. (eds.) (1982). Studies in discourse analysis. London:Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Coupland, N. (1980). Style-shifting in a Cardiff work setting. Language in Society 9(1):1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coupland, N. (1982). The social differentiation of functional language use: A sociolinguistic investigation of travel agency talk. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wales.Google Scholar
Dines, E. R. (1980). Variation in discourse — “and stuff like that.” Language in Society 9(1):13–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dittmar, N. (1976). Sociolinguistics. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Edwards, J. R. (1979). Language and disadvantage. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1964). The neglected situation. American Anthropologist 66(6) part 2:133–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goffman, E. (1971). Relations in public. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Goldman-Eisler, F. (1958). The predictability of words in context and the length of pauses in speech. Language and Speech 1(3):226–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, J. C. B. (1976). An examination of Bernstein's theory of restricted and elaborated codes. UEA Papers in Linguistics 2:1–21.Google Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. (1975). On the ethnology of linguistic change. In Bright, W. (ed.), Sociolinguistics: Proceedings of the UCLA Sociolinguistics Conference, 1964. The Hague: Mouton. 27–38.Google Scholar
Halliday, M. A. K. (1974a). Language and social man. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Halliday, M. A. K. (1974b). Review of Sociolinguistics: A cross-disciplinary perspective. Language in Society 3(1):94–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as social semiotic. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Hymes, D. (1977). Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Labov, W. (1969). The logic of nonstandard English. Georgetown Monographs on language and linguistics 22:1–22, 26–31.Google Scholar
Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Lavandera, B. R. (1978). Where does the sociolinguistic variable stop? Language in Society 7(2):171–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merritt, M. (1976). Resources for saying in service encounters. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Merritt, M. (1978). On the use of “O.K.” in service encounters. Sociolinguistic Working Papers No. 42. Austin, Texas: Southwest Development Laboratory.Google Scholar
Milroy, J. (1977). Speech community and language variety in Belfast: A report to the Social Science Research Council.Google Scholar
Milroy, L. (1980). Language and social networks. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Romaine, S. (ed.) (1982). Sociolinguistic variation in speech communities. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Rosen, H. (1972). Language and class: A critical look at the theories of Basil Bernstein. Bristol: Falling Wall Press.Google Scholar
Sankoff, G., & Thibault, P. (1977). L'alternance entre les auxiliaires avoir et être en français parlé à Montréal. Langue française 34:81–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schegloff, E. A. (1972). Notes on conversational practice: Formulating place. In Sudnow, D. (ed.), Studies in social interaction. New York: Free Press. 75–119.Google Scholar
Schegloff, E. A., & Sacks, H. (1973). Opening up closings. Semiotica 8(4):289–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1977). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sinclair, J. McH., & Coulthard, M. (1975). Towards an analysis of discourse — the English used by teachers and pupils. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. (1974a). The social differentiation of English in Norwich. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. (1974b). Sociolinguistics: An introduction. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. (ed.) (1978). Sociolinguistic patterns in British English. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar