Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T15:44:05.794Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Taxonomic scale dependency of Bergmann’s patterns: a cross-scale comparison of hawkmoths and birds along a tropical elevational gradient

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 September 2021

Mansi Mungee Open the ORCID record for Mansi Mungee [Opens in a new window] ,
Rohan Pandit  and
Ramana Athreya Open the ORCID record for Ramana Athreya [Opens in a new window]
Mansi Mungee*
Affiliation:
Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Rohan Pandit
Affiliation:
B/3 Sterling Homes, Warje, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Ramana Athreya
Affiliation:
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
*
Author for correspondence: Mansi Mungee, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Bergmann’s rule predicts a larger body size for endothermic organisms in colder environments. The contrasting results from previous studies may be due to the differences in taxonomic (intraspecific, interspecific and community) and spatial (latitudinal vs elevational) scales. We compared Bergmann’s patterns for endotherms (Aves) and ectotherms (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) along the same 2.6 km elevational transect in the eastern Himalayas. Using a large data spanning 3,302 hawkmoths (76 morpho-species) and 15,746 birds (245 species), we compared the patterns at the intraspecific (hawkmoths only), interspecific and community scales. Hawkmoths exhibited a positive Bergmann’s pattern at the intraspecific and abundance-weighted community scale. Contrary to this, birds exhibited a strong converse Bergmann’s pattern at interspecific and community scales, both with and without abundance. Overall, our results indicate that incorporation of information on intraspecific variation and/or species relative abundances influences the results to a large extent. The multiplicity of patterns at a single location provides the opportunity to disentangle the relative contribution of individual- and species-level processes by integrating data across multiple nested taxonomic scales for the same taxa. We suggest that future studies of Bergmann’s patterns should explicitly address taxonomic and spatial scale dependency, with species relative abundance and intraspecific trait variation as essential ingredients especially at short elevational scales.

Keywords

Bergmann’s patternsbirdscommunity-leveleastern Himalayaelevational gradienthawkmothsinterspecificintraspecific
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Tropical Ecology , Volume 37 , Issue 6 , November 2021 , pp. 302 - 312
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, DC and Church, JO (2008) Amphibians do not follow Bergmann’s rule. Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution 62, 413–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alhajeri, BH and Steppan, SJ (2016) Association between climate and body size in rodents: a phylogenetic test of Bergmann’s rule. Mammalian Biology 81, 219–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ali, S and Ripley, SD (1972) Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan, Together with Those of Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. Bombay: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Araújo, MS and Costa-Pereira, R (2013) Latitudinal gradients in intraspecific ecological diversity. Biology Letters 9, 20130778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashton, KG (2002) Patterns of within-species body size variation of birds: strong evidence for Bergmann’s rule. Global Ecology and Biogeography 11, 505–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asplund, J and Wardle, DA (2014) Within-species variability is the main driver of community-level responses of traits of epiphytes across a long-term chronosequence. Functional Ecology 28, 1513–1522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, D and Sibly, RM (1997) Why are organisms usually bigger in colder environments? Making sense of a life history puzzle. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 12, 235–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auger, S and Shipley, B (2013) Inter-specific and intra-specific trait variation along short environmental gradients in an old-growth temperate forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 24, 419–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartholemew, GA, Vleck, D and Vleck, CM (1981) Instantaneous measurements of oxygen consumption during pre-flight warm-up and post-flight cooling in Sphingid and Saturnid moths. Journal of Experimental Biology 90, 17–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barton, PS, Cunningham, SA, Manning, AD, Gibb, H, Lindenmayer, DB and Didham, RK (2013) The spatial scaling of beta diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography 22, 639–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, J and Kitching, IJ (2009) Drivers of moth species richness on tropical altitudinal gradients: a cross-regional comparison. Global Ecology and Biogeography 18, 361–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, J, Kitching, IJ and Linsenmair, KE (2006a) Wallace’s line revisited: has vicariance or dispersal shaped the distribution of Malesian hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 89, 455–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, J, Kitching, IJ and Linsenmair, KE (2006b) Effects of habitat disturbance can be subtle yet significant: biodiversity of hawkmoth-assemblages (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in Southeast-Asia. In Hawksworth DL and Bull AT (eds), Arthropod Diversity and Conservation. Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation (vol. 1, pp. 451–472). Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Beck, J, Liedtke, HC, Widler, S, Altermatt, F, Loader, SP, Hagmann, R, Lang, S and Fiedler, K (2016) Patterns or mechanisms? Bergmann’s and Rapoport’s rule in moths along an elevational gradient. Community Ecology 17, 137–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beerli, N, Bärtschi, F, Ballesteros-Mejia, L, Kitching, IJ and Beck, J (2019) How has the environment shaped geographical patterns of insect body sizes? A test of hypotheses using sphingid moths. Journal of Biogeography 46, 1687–1698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bidau, CJ and Martí, DA (2007) Clinal variation of body size in Dichroplus pratensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae): inversion of Bergmann’s and Rensch’s rules. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 100, 850–860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bivand, RS and Wong, DWS (2018) Comparing implementations of global and local indicators of spatial association TEST, 27, 716–748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11749-018-0599-x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackburn, TM and Gaston, KJ (1996) Spatial patterns in the body sizes of bird species in the New World. Oikos 77, 436–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackburn, TM and Hawkins, BA (2004) Bergmann’s rule and the mammal fauna of Northern North America. Ecography 27, 715–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackburn, TM, Redding, DW and Dyer, EE (2019) Bergmann’s rule in alien birds. Ecography 42, 102–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackburn, TM and Ruggiero, A (2001) Latitude, elevation and body mass variation in Andean passerine birds. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10, 245–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brehm, G and Fiedler, K (2004) Bergmann’s rule does not apply to geometrid moths along an elevational gradient in an Andean Montane rain forest. Global Ecology and Biogeography 13, 7–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brehm, G, Zeuss, D and Colwell, RK (2019) Moth body size increases with elevation along a complete tropical elevational gradient for two hyperdiverse clades. Ecography 42, 632–642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, JM and Knight, TM (2013) Scale-dependent effect sizes of ecological drivers on biodiversity: why standardised sampling is not enough. Ecology Letters 16, 17–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chase, JM, McGill, BJ, McGlinn, DJ, May, F, Blowes, SA, Xiao, X, Knight, TM, Purschke, O and Gotelli, NJ (2018) Embracing scale-dependence to achieve a deeper understanding of biodiversity and its change across communities. Ecology Letters 21,1737–1751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chown, SL and Gaston, KJ (2010) Body size variation in insects: a macroecological perspective. Biological Reviews 85, 139–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Classen, A, Steffan-Dewenter, I, Kindeketa, WJ and Peters, MK (2017) Integrating intraspecific variation in community ecology unifies theories on body size shifts along climatic gradients. Functional Ecology 31, 768–777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornwell, WK and Ackerly, DD (2009) Community assembly and shifts in plant trait distributions across an environmental gradient in coastal California. Ecological Monographs 79, 109–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushman, JH, Lawton, JH and Manly, BF (1993) Latitudinal patterns in European ant assemblages: variation in species richness and body size. Oecologia 95, 30–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dahirel, M, Dierick, J, De Cock, M and Bonte, D (2017) Intraspecific variation shapes community-level behavioral responses to urbanization in spiders. Ecology 98, 2379–2390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de la Riva, EG., Pérez-Ramos, IM., Tosto, A, Navarro-Fernández, CM., Olmo, M, Marañón, T and Villar, R (2016) Disentangling the relative importance of species occurrence, abundance and intraspecific variability in community assembly: a trait-based approach at the whole-plant level in Mediterranean forests. Oikos 125, 354–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Des Roches, S, Post, DM, Turley, NE, Bailey, JK, Hendry, AP, Kinnison, MT, Schweitzer, JA and Palkovacs, EP (2018) The ecological importance of intraspecific variation. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2, 57–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dillon, ME, Frazier, MR and Dudley, R (2006) Into thin air: physiology and evolution of alpine insects. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46, 49–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diniz-Filho, JAF, Bini, LM and Hawkins, BA (2003) Spatial autocorrelation and red herrings in geographical ecology. Global Ecology and Biogeography 12, 53–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enquist, BJ, Norberg, J, Bonser, SP, Violle, C, Webb, CT, Henderson, A, Sloat, LL and Savage, VM (2015) Scaling from traits to ecosystems: developing a general trait driver theory via integrating trait-based and metabolic scaling theories. Advances in Ecological Research 52, 249–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, L, Cai, T, Xiong, Y, Song, G and Lei, F (2019) Bergmann’s rule and Allen’s rule in two passerine birds in China. Avian Research 10, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, BG (2017) Little evidence for Bergmann’s rule body size clines in passerines along tropical elevational gradients. Journal of Biogeography 44, 502–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia Raventós, A, Viza, A, Tierno de Figueroa, JM, Riera, JL and Múrria, C (2017) Seasonality, species richness and poor dispersion mediate intraspecific trait variability in stonefly community responses along an elevational gradient. Freshwater Biology 62, 916–928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaston, KJ, Chown, SL and Evans, KL (2008) Ecogeographical rules: elements of a synthesis. Journal of Biogeography 35, 483–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillooly, JF, Allen, AP, West, GB and Brown, JH (2005) The rate of DNA evolution: effects of body size and temperature on the molecular clock. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, 140–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gohli, J and Voje, KL (2016) An interspecific assessment of Bergmann’s rule in 22 mammalian families. BMC Evolutionary Biology 16, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, J, Cardozo, D, Brusquetti, F, Bueno Villafañe, D, Caballero Gini, A and Bianchi, C (2018) Body size variation and sexual size dimorphism across climatic gradients in the widespread treefrog Scinax fuscovarius (Anura, Hylidae). Austral Ecology 43, 35–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, RE., Lebuhn, G, Seavy, NE, Gardali, T and Bluso-Demers, JD (2012) Avian body size changes and climate change: warming or increasing variability? Global Change Biology 18, 63–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, HM, Louzada, J, Bardgett, RD and Barlow, J (2016) Assessing the importance of intraspecific variability in dung beetle functional traits. PloS One 11, e0145598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gutiérrez-Pinto, N, McCracken, KG, Alza, L, Tubaro, P, Kopuchian, C, Astie, A and Cadena, CD (2014) The validity of ecogeographical rules is context-dependent: testing for Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules by latitude and elevation in a widespread Andean duck. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 111, 850–862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassall, C (2015) Odonata as candidate macroecological barometers for global climate change. Freshwater Science 34, 1040–1049.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinrich, B (1993) The Hot-Blooded Insects. Strategies and Mechanisms of Thermoregulation. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, p. 601.Google Scholar
Oksanen, J, Blanchet, GF, Friendly, M, Kindt, R, Legendre, P, McGlinn, D, Minchin, PR, O’Hara, RB, Simpson, GL, Solymos, PM, Stevens, HH, Szoecs, E and Wagner, H (2019). Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.5-6. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan Google Scholar
Jetz, W, Thomas, GH, Joy, JB, Hartmann, K and Mooers, AO (2012) The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491, 444–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jung, V, Albert, CH., Violle, C, Kunstler, G, Loucougaray, G and Spiegelberger, T (2014) Intraspecific trait variability mediates the response of subalpine grassland communities to extreme drought events. Journal of Ecology 102, 45–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keddy, PA (1992) Assembly and response rules: two goals for predictive community ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science 3, 157–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kichenin, E, Wardle, DA, Peltzer, DA, Morse, CW and Freschet, GT (2013) Contrasting effects of plant inter-and intraspecific variation on community-level trait measures along an environmental gradient. Functional Ecology 27, 1254–1261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitching, IJ (2020) Sphingidae Taxonomic inventory. Available at http://sphingidae.myspecies.info/ (accessed on 15 November 2019).Google Scholar
Klepsatel, P, Gáliková, M, Huber, CD and Flatt, T (2014) Similarities and differences in altitudinal versus latitudinal variation for morphological traits in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 68, 1385–1398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Körner, C (2000) Why are there global gradients in species richness? Mountains might hold the answer. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15, 513514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, M (2020) caret: Classification and Regression Training. R package version 6.0-86. Available at https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=caret Google Scholar
Kuznetsova, A, Brockhoff, PB and Christensen, RHB (2017) lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software 82, 1–26. Available at https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepš, J, de Bello, F, Šmilauer, P and Doležal, J (2011) Community trait response to environment: disentangling species turnover vs intraspecific trait variability effects. Ecography 34, 856–863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, SA (1992) The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: the Robert H. MacArthur award lecture. Ecology 73, 1943–1967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacArthur, R and Levins, R (1967) The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. The American Naturalist 101, 377–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, MC and Street, SE (2019) Conformity to Bergmann’s rule in birds depends on nest design and migration. Biorxiv 686972.Google Scholar
Mani, MS (1968) Ecological specializations of high altitude insects. In Ecology and Biogeography of High Altitude Insects Series Entomologica, vol 4. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1339-9_3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manyak-Davis, A, Bell, TM and Sotka, EE (2013) The relative importance of predation risk and water temperature in maintaining Bergmann’s rule in a marine ectotherm. The American Naturalist 182, 347–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNab, BK (2010) Geographic and temporal correlations of mammalian size reconsidered: a resource rule. Oecologia 164,13–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meiri, S and Dayan, T (2003) On the validity of Bergmann’s rule. Journal of Biogeography 30, 331–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meiri, S and Thomas, GH (2007) The geography of body size–challenges of the interspecific approach. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16, 689–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mousseau, TA (1997) Ectotherms follow the converse to Bergmann’s rule. Evolution 51(2), 630–632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mungee, M and Athreya, R (2020a) Rapid photogrammetry of morphological traits of free-ranging moths. Ecological Entomology 45, 911–923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mungee, M and Athreya, R (2020b) Intraspecific trait variability and community assembly in hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) across an elevational gradient in the eastern Himalayas, India. Ecology & Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7054 Google Scholar
Myers, N, Mittermeier, RA, Mittermeier, CG, Da Fonseca, GA and Kent, J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853–858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nwaogu, CJ, Tieleman, BI, Bitrus, K and Cresswell, W (2018) Temperature and aridity determine body size conformity to Bergmann’s rule independent of latitudinal differences in a tropical environment. Journal of Ornithology 159, 1053–1062.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olalla-Tárraga, MÁ and Rodríguez, MÁ (2007) Energy and interspecific body size patterns of amphibian faunas in Europe and North America: anurans follow Bergmann’s rule, urodeles its converse. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16, 606–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olalla-Tárraga, MÁ (2011) “Nullius in Bergmann” or the pluralistic approach to ecogeographical rules: a reply to Watt et al.(2010). Oikos, 120, 1441–1444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olalla-Tárraga, MA, Bini, LM, Diniz-Filho, JA and Rodríguez, MÁ (2010) Cross-species and assemblage-based approaches to Bergmann’s rule and the biogeography of body size in Plethodon salamanders of eastern North America. Ecography 33, 362–368.Google Scholar
Olalla-Tárraga, MÁ, Diniz-Filho, JAF, Bastos, RP and Rodríguez, MÁ (2009) Geographic body size gradients in tropical regions: water deficit and anuran body size in the Brazilian Cerrado. Ecography 32, 581–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olalla-Tárraga, MÁ, Rodríguez, MÁ and Hawkins, BA (2006) Broad-scale patterns of body size in squamate reptiles of Europe and North America. Journal of Biogeography 33, 781–793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, VA, Davies, RG, Orme, CDL, Thomas, GH, Meiri, S, Blackburn, TM, Gaston, KJ, Owens, IP and Bennett, PM (2009) Global biogeography and ecology of body size in birds. Ecology Letters 12, 249–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orme, CDL, Davies, RG, Burgess, M, Eigenbrod, F, Pickup, N, Olson, VA, Webster, AJ, Ding, TS, Rasmussen, PC, Ridgely, RS and Stattersfield, AJ (2005) Global hotspots of species richness are not congruent with endemism or threat. Nature 436, 1016–1019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pagel, M (1999) Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution. Nature 401, 877–884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paradis, E and Schliep, K (2018) ape 5.0: an environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R. Bioinformatics 35, 526–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, TD (2012) Eaglenest wildlife sanctuary: pressures on biodiversity: (E.O. Wilson award address). The American Naturalist 180(5), 535–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, TD, Hooper, DM, Buchanan, CD, Johansson, US, Tietze, DT, Alström, P, Olsson, U, Ghosh-Harihar, M, Ishtiaq, F, Gupta, SK and Martens, J (2014) Niche filling slows the diversification of Himalayan songbirds. Nature 509, 222–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quintero, I and Jetz, W (2018) Global elevational diversity and diversification of birds. Nature 555, 246–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahbek, C (1997) The relationship among area, elevation, and regional species richness in neotropical birds. The American Naturalist 149, 875–902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasmussen, PC and Anderton, JC (2005) Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide, Vol. 2. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx edicions.Google Scholar
Riemer, K, Guralnick, RP and White, EP (2018) No general relationship between mass and temperature in endothermic species. Elife 7, e27166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodríguez, MÁ, Olalla-Tárraga, MÁ and Hawkins, BA (2008) Bergmann’s rule and the geography of mammal body size in the Western Hemisphere. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17, 274–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romano, A, Séchaud, R and Roulin, A (2021) Generalized evidence for Bergmann’s rule: body size variation in a cosmopolitan owl genus. Journal of Biogeography 48, 51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenzweig, ML (1968) Net primary productivity of terrestrial communities: prediction from climatological data. The American Naturalist 102, 67–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salewski, V and Watt, C (2017) Bergmann’s rule: a biophysiological rule examined in birds. Oikos 126(2). doi: 10.1111/oik.03698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumm, M, White, AE., Supriya, K and Price, TD (2020) Ecological limits as the driver of bird species richness patterns along the east Himalayan elevational gradient. The American Naturalist 195, 802–817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shelomi, M (2012) Where are we now? Bergmann’s rule sensu lato in insects. The American Naturalist 180, 511–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siefert, A, Violle, C, Chalmandrier, L, Albert, CH, Taudiere, A, Fajardo, A, Aarssen, LW, Baraloto, C, Carlucci, MB, Cianciaruso, MV and de Dantas, LV (2015) A global meta-analysis of the relative extent of intraspecific trait variation in plant communities. Ecology Letters 18, 1406–1419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, Y, Li, M, Song, G, Lei, F, Li, D and Wu, Y (2017) The role of climate factors in geographic variation in body mass and wing length in a passerine bird. Avian Research 8, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taudiere, A and Violle, C (2016) cati: an R package using functional traits to detect and quantify multi-level community assembly processes. Ecography 39, 699–708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vellend, M, Lajoie, G, Bourret, A, Múrria, C, Kembel, SW and Garant, D (2014) Drawing ecological inferences from coincident patterns of population-and community-level biodiversity. Molecular Ecology 23, 2890–2901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watt, C, Mitchell, S and Salewski, V (2010) Bergmann’s rule; a concept cluster? Oikos 119, 89–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilman, H, Belmaker, J, Simpson, J, de la Rosa, C, Rivadeneira, MM and Jetz, W (2014) EltonTraits 1.0: species-level foraging attributes of the world’s birds and mammals: ecological Archives E095-178. Ecology 95, 2027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xavier Jordani, M, Mouquet, N, Casatti, L, Menin, M, de Cerqueira Rossa-Feres, D and Albert, CH (2019) Intraspecific and interspecific trait variability in tadpole meta-communities from the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. Ecology and Evolution 9, 4025–4037.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yom-Tov, Y and Geffen, E (2006) Geographic variation in body size: the effects of ambient temperature and precipitation. Oecologia 148, 213–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zamora-Camacho, FJ, Reguera, S and Moreno-Rueda, G (2014) Bergmann’s rule rules body size in an ectotherm: heat conservation in a lizard along a 2200-metre elevational gradient. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27, 2820–2828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeuss, D, Brunzel, S and Brandl, R (2017) Environmental drivers of voltinism and body size in insect assemblages across Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography 26, 154–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zug, GR, Vitt, LJ and Caldwell, JP (2001) Herpetology. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Mungee et al. supplementary material

Mungee et al. supplementary material

Download Mungee et al. supplementary material(File)
File 606.8 KB