Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-04T19:31:23.714Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“What Happens in the Cabin . . .”: An Arts-Based Autoethnography of Underground Hip Hop Song Making

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 March 2014

Abstract

Taking an autoethnographic perspective that foregrounds the interplay between the author's artist-self and researcher-self, this article explores the relationship between agency and structure in the activities surrounding underground hip hop music making within a home studio recording space. It aims to demystify the aura of in-studio music creation by focusing on the nexus of oral/written, pre-composed/improvised, and pre-recorded/live creative practices as experienced within the context of performance. Utilizing Harris Berger's notion of stance, I discuss how hip hop recording artists transcend performative self-consciousness in the pursuit of creativity. Ultimately, this article presents hip hop home recording studios as spaces that facilitate particular kinds of musical innovation through a mix of collective and individual pursuits, as well as routinized and spontaneous activities.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Music 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abrahams, Roger D. Everyday Life: A Poetics of Vernacular Practices. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appiah, Peggy. “Akan Symbolism.” African Arts 13 (1979): 6467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auslander, Philip. Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Culture. New York: Routledge, 1999.Google Scholar
Bakker, J. I. and Bakker, T. R. A.. “The Club DJ: A Semiotic and Interactionist Analysis.” Symbolic Interaction 29/1 (2006): 7182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baraka, Amiri (Leroi Jones). Blues People: Negro Music in America. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1963.Google Scholar
Bates, Eliot. “What Studios Do.” Journal on the Art of Record Production 7/1 (2012): http://arpjournal.com/2199/what-studios-do/.Google Scholar
Bates, Eliot. “Popular Music Studies and the Problems of Sound, Society and Method.” IASPM@Journal 3/2 (2013): 1532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, Harris M. Metal, Rock, and Jazz: Perception and the Phenomenology of Musical Experience. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Berger, Harris M. Stance: Ideas about Emotion, Style, and Meaning for the Study of Expressive Culture. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Bernson, Jon. “Studio Apartment #3: Tim Cohen.” Decoder Magazine, 10 September 2012, http://decoderdecoderdecoder.blogspot.com/2012/09/studio-apartment-3-tim-cohen.html.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Translated by Nice, Richard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, Adam. Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop. New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2009.Google Scholar
Cohen, Sara. “Ethnography and Popular Music Studies.” Popular Music 12/2 (1993): 123–38.Google Scholar
Collins, Mike. Pro Tools for Music Production: Recording, Editing and Mixing. 2nd ed.Burlington, MA: Focal Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Cook, Nicholas. “Methods of Analysing Recordings.” In The Cambridge Companion to Recorded Music, ed. Cook, Nicholas, Clarke, Eric, Leech-Wilkinson, Daniel, and Rink, John, 221–45. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, Nicholas. “Music as Performance.” In The Cultural Study of Music: A Critical Introduction, ed. Clayton, Martin, Herbert, Trevor, and Middleton, Richard, 184–94. 2nd ed.New York: Routledge, 2012.Google Scholar
DeNora, Tia. Music in Everyday Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Edwards, Paul. How to Rap: The Art And Science of the Hip-Hop MC. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Fernando, S. H.The New Beats: Exploring the Music, Culture, and Attitudes of Hip Hop. New York: Anchor Books, 1994.Google Scholar
Finley, Susan. “Arts Based Inquiry: Performing Revolutionary Pedagogy.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research, ed. Denzin, Norman K. & Lincoln, Yvonna S., 681–94. 3rd ed.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005.Google Scholar
Gates, Jr., Henry, Louis. The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday, 1959.Google Scholar
Harkness, Geoff. “True School: Situational Authenticity in Chicago's Hip-hop Underground.” Cultural Sociology 6/3 (2012): 283–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, Anthony Kwame. “‘Cheaper Than a CD, Plus We Really Mean It’: Bay Area Underground Hip Hop Tapes as Subcultural Artefacts.” Popular Music 25/2 (2006): 283301.Google Scholar
Harrison, Anthony Kwame. Hip Hop Underground: The Integrity and Ethics of Racial Identification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Harrison, Anthony Kwame. “‘We're Talking About Practice(-Based Research)’: Serious Play and Serious Performance in the Practice of Popular Music Ethnography.” Journal of Popular Music Studies 23/2 (2011): 221–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, Anthony Kwame. “Reconciling Geppetto: Collaboration, (Re)Creation and Deception in the Practice of Hip Hop Music Ethnography.” Collaborative Anthropologies 6 (2013): 3872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, Mark. Groove Music: The Art and Culture of the Hip-Hop DJ. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Kershaw, Baz. The Politics of Performance: Radical Theatre as Cultural Intervention. London: Routledge, 1992.Google Scholar
Krims, Adam. Rap Music and the Poetics of Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Lassiter, Eric Luke. The Chicago Guide to Collaborative Ethnography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawless, Elaine J. “Oral ‘Character’ and ‘Literary’ Art: A Call for a New Reciprocity Between Oral Literature and Folklore.” Western Folklore 44/2 (1985): 7796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leavy, Patricia. Method Meets Art: Arts-Based Research Practice. New York: Guilford Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Lennartsson, Rebecka. “Notes on ‘Not Being There’: Ethnographic Excursions in Eighteenth-Century Stockholm.” Ethnologia Europaea 41/1 (2011): 105–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mauss, Marcel. “Techniques of the Body.” In Incorporations, ed. Crary, Jonathan and Kwinter, Sanford, 455–77. New York: Zone Books, 1992.Google Scholar
McLeod, Kembrew, and Dicola, Peter. Creative License: The Law and Culture of Digital Sampling. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Meintjes, Louise. Sound of Africa!: Making Music Zulu in a South African Studio. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Meintjes, Louise. “The Politics of the Recording Studio: A Case Study from South Africa.” In The Cambridge Companion to Recorded Music, ed. Cook, Nicholas, Clarke, Eric, Leech-Wilkinson, Daniel, and Rink, John, 8497. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyer, Justin. “Iceland: Subject #12: Tim Cohen.” Washington City Paper, 20 December 2007, http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/iceland/2007/12/20/subject-12-tim-cohen/.Google Scholar
Neff, Ali Colleen. Let the World Listen Right: The Mississippi Delta Hip-Hop Story. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortner, Sherry B. Making Gender: The Politics and Erotics of Culture. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Porcello, Thomas G. “Tails Out: Social Phenomenology and the Ethnographic Representation of Technology in Music Making.” In Music and Technoculture, ed. Lysloff, René T. A. and Gay, Leslie C. Jr., 264–89. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Porcello, Thomas G. “Music Mediated as Live in Austin: Sound, Technology, and Recording Practice.” In Wired for Sound: Engineering and Technologies of Sonic Cultures, ed. Greene, Paul D. and Porcello, Thomas, 103–17. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Rose, Tricia. Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Ryan, John and Hughes, Michael. “Breaking the Decision Chain: The Fate of Creativity in the Age of Self-Production.” In Cybersounds: Essays on Virtual Music Culture, ed. Ayers, Michael D., 239–53. New York: Peter Lang, 2006.Google Scholar
Samudra, Jaida Kim. “Memory in Our Body: Thick Participation and the Translation of Kinesthetic Experience.” American Ethnologist 35/4 (2008): 665–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schloss, Joseph G. Making Beats: The Art of Sample-Based Hip-Hop. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Schumacher, Thomas G. “‘This is a Sampling Sport’: Digital Sampling, Rap Music and the Law of Cultural Production.” Media, Culture, and Society 17/2 (1995): 253–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Timothy D. Strange Sounds: Music, Technology and Culture. New York: Routledge, 2001.Google Scholar
Wacquant, Loïc. Body & Soul: Notebooks of an Apprentice Boxer. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Wacquant, Loïc. “Habitus as Topic and Tool: Reflections on Becoming a Prizefighter.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 8 (2011): 892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, Deborah. Speak it Louder: Asian Americans Making Music. New York: Routledge, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Discography

A Tribe Called Quest. The Low End Theory. Jive/RCA 1418, 1991.Google Scholar
Forest Fires Collective. The Forest Fires Collective. Quellus Records, 2001.Google Scholar
Forest Fires Collective. You Can't See . . . Weapon-Shaped WESH7, 2002.Google Scholar
Genius/GZA. Liquid Swords. Geffen/MCA 24813, 1995.Google Scholar
Marley Marl. In Control, Volume 1. Cold Chillin’/Warner Bros. 25783, 1988.Google Scholar