Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T13:44:05.474Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Who ran the Mongol Empire?1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2011

Extract

“With the Mongols there is neither slave nor free man; neither believer nor pagan…. And every one who approacheth them and offereth to them any of the mammon of the world, they accept it from him, and they entrust to him whatsoever office he seeketh, whether it be great or whether it be little, whether he knoweth how to administer it, or whether he doth not. All they demand is strenuous service and submission which is beyond the power (of man to render).”

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2 Hebraeus, Bar, Chronography, edited and translated by Wallis, E. A.Budge, London, 1932, I, 490.Google Scholar

3 Personnel and personalities in north China in the early Mongol period”, JESHO, IX, 1966, 136.Google Scholar

4 The Secret History of the Mongols and other pieces, London, 1963, 78.Google Scholar

5 Leicester, , 1979.Google Scholar

6 By Jackson, P., in CAJ, XXII, 3–4, 1978, 186244.Google Scholar

7 Translation from Needham, J., Science and civilisation in China, I, Cambridge, 1954, 140.Google Scholar On the correct ascription of the incident to the reign of Ögedei, see Hung, Chin-fu, “China and the nomads: misconceptions in western historiography on Inner Asia”, HJAS, XLI, 2, 1981, 611–2.Google Scholar

8 van den Wyngaert, A. (ed.), Sinica Franciscana, I, Quaracchi-Florence, 1929, 226;Google Scholar tr. in Dawson, C. (ed.), The Mongol mission, London and New York, 1955, 136.Google Scholar

9 “Pūr-i Bahā and his poems”, in his Iranica, Tehran, 1964, 299.Google Scholar

10 On qūbchūr, see my article s.v. ḲūbčŪr, in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, and the literature cited there.

11 I owe my knowledge of this to a lecture by Professor Joseph Fletcher.

12 Buell, P., ”Sino-Khitan administration in Mongol Bukhara”, JAH, XIII, 2, 1979, 122–4.Google Scholar

13 idem, 124, n. 15.

14 idem, 132–3.

15 Wittfogel, K. A. and Chia-Shêng, Fêng, History of Chinese society: Liao 907–1125, Philadelphia, 1949, 666.Google Scholar

16 Clauson, G., An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth century Turkish, Oxford, 1972, 933.Google Scholar

17 Wittfogel, and Fêng, , op. cit., 168.Google Scholar

18 Ta'rīkh-i Jahān Gushā, edited by Qazwīnī, M., I, Leiden and London, 1912, 45;Google Scholar translated by Boyle, J. A., The History of the World Conqueror, I, Manchester, 1958, 78.Google Scholar

19 ed. Qazwīnī, , III, 1937, 89Google Scholar; tr. Boyle, , II, 607Google Scholar.

20 See Franke, H., “Could the Mongol Emperors read and write Chinese?”, Asia Major, III, 1952, 2841.Google Scholar

21 The Travels of Marco Polo, translated by Ricci, A., London, 1931, 127.Google Scholar

22 Quoted from Serruys, H., The Mongols in China during the Hung-wu Period (1368–1398), Brussels, 1959, 25.Google Scholar

23 Histoire secrète des Mongols, edited by Ligeti, L., Budapest, 1971, 236;Google Scholar translated by Spuler, B., History of the Mongols, London, 1971, 43;Google Scholar the translation has been modified with the kind assistance of Professor C. R. Bawden.

24 The geography of Chingis Khan”, Geographical Journal, CXXIX, 1, 03 1963, 5, 4.Google Scholar

25 Quoted from my Cassiodorus and Rashīd al-Dīn on barbarian rule in Italy and Persia”, BSOAS, XL, 1977, 313.Google Scholar

26 China under Mongol rule, edited by Langlois, J. D. Jr, Princeton, 1981, introduction, 9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

27 de Rachewiltz, I., “Yeh-lü Ch‘u-ts‘ai (1189–1243): Buddhist idealist and Confucian statesman”, in Confucian personalities, edited by Wright, A. F. and Twitchett, D., Stanford, 1962, 207.Google Scholar

28 Chronography, I, 490.Google Scholar