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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 March 2011
In recent years the advances made in the study of nomad history have done much to dispel the popular misconception of Chinghiz Khan. Carried away by the great conqueror's feats of arms, writers have frequently treated him as a political phenomenon, unique and apart from the current of history to which he properly belongs. In reality his career constitutes the most outstanding chapter in the history of the nomads of Northern Asia. Surpassing the most famous of his predecessors, he outstripped the greatest of the Hsiung-nu and Turkish rulers and left behind a name that is a household word from China to the Danube. Of all his exploits, none has impressed the Occident so much as his invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire. This, with its tremendous consequences for the world of Islam and Eastern Europe, has tended to draw attention away from his wars in China. Also it is only since the labours of M. Pelliot and other distinguished Sinologists that many valuable Chinese documents on Chinghiz Khan have become known.
page 182 note 1 The ensuing article is but part of an intended monograph on Chinghiz Khan's wars with Hsi Hsia and Chin.
The principal Chinese sources used for the campaign of 1211 have been the Yuan Ch'ao Pi Shih, translated by , Paladius, 1866Google Scholar; the Yüan Shêg-wu Ch'inchêng-lu, with commentaries by Kuo-wei, Wang, 1926Google Scholar; the Yüan Shih of Lien, Sung, translated by , Krause (Cingis Han), 1922Google Scholar; the Ssū Ch'ao Pieh Shih, compiled by Shao Yüan-p'ing and corrected by Hsi Shih-ch'en; the Hsin Yän Shih of K'ê Shao-ming; the Yilan Shih Hsin Pien by Yuan, Wei, 1905Google Scholar; the Mâng-wu-êrh Shihof T'u Chi, which contains by far the best and most detailed account of the military operations of Chinghiz Khan and Muqali in China; the Chin Shih; the T'ung-chien Chi-lan; the Yüan Ch'ao Ming Ch'êng Shih Liao, Biography of Mu-hua-li (Muqalī) by Su T'ien-chiao; the Mêng Ta Pei Lu of Mâ; ng Hung, commentaries by Wang Kuo-wei, and the Ch'ân-shih Chung-hsi Hui-shih Jih-li (Calendar of Chinese, Christian, and Moslem dates) by Ch'en Yüan, Roman Catholic University of Pei King.
The main works on which the accompanying maps are based are the Pei Chih-na Ti-T'u (Map of North China), published by Kobayashi, Tokyo; the British General Staff Map of Asia, sheet 22 (Mongolia), published 1931; Hermann, A., Atlas of China, published by the Harvard University Press, 1935Google Scholar; the Li Tai Yu-Ti Yen-kê Hsien-yao-T'u (Historical Map of China), by Yang Shou-ch'ing; the Chung Kuo Ku-chin Ti-ming Ta-tzû-tien (Historical Dictionary of Chinese Geography); the Sui-yüan Shêng Fên-hsien Tiao-ch'a (Survey and History of Sui-yüan) and Bretschneider, Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources.
All Turkish and Mongol names are after the form approved by M. Pelliot, but with English substituted for French spelling; Chinese names follow the Wade system.
page 183 note 1 Vladimirtsov, The Life of Chinghiz Khan.
page 183 note 2 During the reign of Chao Yuan-hao (1031–1048) the army of Hsi Hsia numbered 158,000 effectives. (Cordier, , Histoire Generate de La Chine et de ses relations avec les pays étrangers, vol. iiGoogle Scholar).
page 183 note 3 The Chinese word Chin (Golden) is used throughout when referring to the dynasty as it is better known than the Jürchät appellation of Aisin Khioro (Golden Court).
page 184 note 1 Mêng-wu-êrh Shih, Biography of A-la-hu-shih Ti-ohi (Alaqush-Tägin).
page 184 note 2 Known to the Chinese by his title Chang Tsung.
page 184 note 3 Sung Lien, Yüan Shih, translated by Krause (Cingis Han).
page 185 note 1 Kuang-ch'êng, Wu, Hsi Hsia Shu Shih, 1825Google Scholar.
page 185 note 2 Sung Lien, Yüan Shih, trans. Krause (Cingis Han).
page 185 note 3 T'u Chi, Mêng-wu-êrh Shih; De Mailla, , Histoire Generale de La Chine (translated from the T'ung-chien Kang-mu and other sources), published 1779Google Scholar.
page 186 note 1 Grenard, Gengis Khan.
page 186 note 2 The mountain ascended by Chinghiz Khan was probably a peak in the Burkhan Khalduna (the present Khentei Khan), sacred to him since his early days.
page 186 note 3 D'Ohsson, Rashid ad-Din. Among the Mongols the Chin emperors were known as The Altan or Golden Khans.
page 186 note 4 Meng-wu-erh Shih, Biography of A-la-hu-shih Ti-chi (Alaqush-Tägin). The honours bestowed on Alaqush-Tagin by Chinghiz Khan at this date can have been no more than titular.
page 187 note 1 Cordier, , Hiatoire Generate de La Chine et de ses relations avec lee pays étrangers, vol. iiGoogle Scholar.
page 187 note 2 Wei Yuan, Yüan, Shih Hsin Pien.
page 187 note 3 Hsi Hsia Chī-shih Pin-mo; Hsi Hsia Shu Shih.
page 187 note 4 Vladimirtsov, The Life of Chinghiz Khan.
page 187 note 5 The Mongol army has already formed the subject of a separate monograph.
page 188 note 1 As regards the troops of the three princes, the small forces referred to were but a fraction of their troops, the majority of which, as Barthold says (Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion), came from appanages conquered outside Mongolia as the empire expanded. The fourth son Tolui received, by traditional right of inheritance, the Guard (Kächik) and the Left- and Right-wing armies at his father's death.
page 189 note 1 What is known of the population of Outer Mongolia makes it unlikely that in Chinghiz Khan's day the people were much more numerous than now. A recent Soviet census estimates them at 800,000. If to this be added the Mongols of Buryat Mongolia and former North Chakhar, a total of about 1,000,000 is reached, which may well approximate to the population when Chinghiz Khan's work of unification was completed.
page 189 note 2 As regards the Jürch&ts in the army, we know that some marched with Muqali in 1217, but they cannot have been numerous as there is every indication that the majority continued to resist the Mongols until the extinction of their power by Ögötai (1229–41). The same may also have been true of the Mukhri or Mo-ho who were closely related.
page 189 note 2 Vladimirtsov, The Life of Chinghiz Khan.
page 190 note 1 Chin Shih; Mabel Ping Hua Li, The Economic History of China, Agrarian conditions and measures under the Chin.
page 190 note 2 E. H. Parker, China.
page 190 note 3 Cordier, , Histoire Generate de La Chine et de ses relations avec les pays étrangera, vol. iiGoogle Scholar.
page 191 note 1 The present city of Ta-T'ung.
page 190 note 2 This was the old Khitan frontier wall which was repaired in 1181. See Mullié, Joseph, Les Anciens villes d'empires des Grandes Leao au Royaume Mongol de Barin, T'oung Pao, 1922Google Scholar.
page 190 note 2 Mêng-wu-êrh Shih; Palladius, The Book of Marco Polo; Pelliot, , Chrétiens d'Asie Centrale et d'Extreme Orient, T'oung Pao, 1914Google Scholar.
page 192 note 1 See Joseph Mullié, T'oung Pao, 1922; Palladius, The Book of Marco Polo, Yule, Cordier; D'Ohsson, Rashid ad-Din; The Journey of Ch'iu Ch'ang-ch'un,Bretschneider, , Medieval Researches, p. 47Google Scholar.
page 192 note 2 The advance of the princes to Ching Chou is largely a matter of speculation, but it is based on the reports of the Yüan-Shêng-wu Ch'in-chêng-lu, the Yüan Shih, and the Mêng-wu-êrh Shih, which refer to all places captured by the Mongols in present Sui-yüan and N. Shan-hsi as falling to the Eight-Wing army.
As regards the location of Ching Chou, the Chung Kuo Ku-chin Ti-ming Ta-Tzû-Tien and Hermann, Atlas of China, both locate it in Sui-yüan, but give no specific situation. However, on the Shara Muren, Sui-yüan, there is a ruin, now known as Boro Baishing, which from a neighbouring Nestorian inscription seems to date from the Chin period. Though very dilapidated, its strategic position and the remains of many bastions on the walls indicate that it was a place of considerable military importance. Mullie, Joseph, T'oung Poo, 1922Google Scholar, quoting from the annals of the Chin dynasty, says that Ching Chou stood some 80 li (approximately 24 miles) south of the rampart constructed by the emperor Madaku (1190–1208). To-day, 79 li or 80 li north of Boro Baishing, there stretches an old wall, which must be Madaku's work, i.e. the Wai pao or Öngü. It is therefore assumed that Boro Baishing on the Upper Shara Muren is the ruin of Ching Chou—see map.
page 194 note 1 Yüan Shih; Hsin YUan Shih; Mêng-wu-êrh Shih.
page 194 note 2 Yüan Shâng-wu Ch'in-châng-lu, commentaries by Wang Kuo-wei.
page 194 note 3 It was not until 1218 that Küchlüg was overthrown and slain by an army under Jebe.
page 194 note 4 When Chinghiz Khan marched west against the Khwarazmian Empire in 1219, Temūge Ochighin was put in command of all troops left in Outer Mongolia.
page 194 note 5 The armies of the Centre and Left-wing perhaps included 8,000 men of the Guard (Kächik), the majority of troops belonging to the Left-wing army and contingents from various members of the Imperial Family. The Right-wing army must have counted most of the prince's guardsmen and all the men of the Rightwing army except those left to guard the north.
page 194 note 6 Gaubil mentions both, but his source of information is unknown. (See Histoire de Qentchiscan et de toute La Dinastie des Mongous ses sncesseurs conquerant de La China.) However, on every other expedition led by Chinghiz Khan in person Tolui was present, while it is well known that Jüchi Khassar took an important part in the invasion of 1213–14. (See Yiian Shih” and “Meng-wu-erh Shih”.)
page 194 note 7 In 1220, during the invasion of Khwarazm, Bogorchu marched with the princes to besiege Gurganj. (Barthold, Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion).
page 195 note 1 “Yüan Shih,” Biography of Ch'a-han (Chakhan).
page 195 note 2 “Mêng-wu-êrh Shih,” Biographies of Yeh-lü A-hai (Aqai) and Yeh-lü T'u-hua (Tuqa). Yeh-lü was the name of the ruling Khitan clan, whose empire the Chin overthrew between 1113 and 1123.
page 195 note 3 The more easterly of the two columns may have consisted entirely of Leftwing army troops under Muqali and perhaps Sübotai. The other column was probably made up of the Guard (Kähik), certain troops of the Left-wing army, and contingents from various members of the Imperial Family.
page 195 note 4 Maurice Courant, L'Empire Kalmouk ou Empire Mantchou?
page 196 note 1 For the present day routes over the Gobi, see the British General Staff Map of Asia, sheet 22 (Mongolia), published 1931; the Pei-chih-na Ti T'u (map of N. China), published by Kobayashi, Tokyo; Hermann, A., Atlas of China, published at the Harvard University Press, 1935Google Scholar.
page 196 note 2 Later in the summer this additional supply of water is practically all dried up.
page 196 note 3 Such advance depots appear to have beeen established along the first stages of the march west to the frontiers of the Khwarazmian Empire in 1219.
page 197 note 1 The Mêng-uni-êrh Shih, Biography of Che-pieh (Jebe), specifically states that in the fourth month (14th May to 13th June) the Mongol vanguard under Jebe took Ta-shui-luan, while the Biography of Su-pieh-u-t'ai (Sübötai) says that the latter captured Huan Chou. In the main text of the Mêng-wu-êrh-Shih the fall of Huan Chou is dated for the seventh month (10th August to 12th September). However, it doubtless fell much earlier in May or June.
Ching Chou is listed in the Mêng-wu-êrh Shih among the places occupied by the princes up to the ninth month (9th October to 10th November), but it very likely succumbed in May or June.
page 197 note 2 Mêng-ivu-êrh Shih.
page 197 note 3 Mêng-wu-êrh Shih, Biography of A-la-hu-shih Ti-chi (Alaqush-Tägin).
page 197 note 4 Mêng-wu-£rh Shih.
page 197 note 5 T'ung-chien Chi-lan; M£ng-ivu-êrh Shih.
Wan-yen, which Pelliot believes is the Jürchāt corruption of the Chinese word Wang (Prince), was always prefixed to the names of those belonging to the Imperial family. Hu-sha, Na-ho-mai-chu, etc., are Chinese renderings of Jürchāt names.
page 198 note 1 It was probably this cavalry inferiority that discouraged the Chin from launching a flank attack from the Khinghan. For though first class, the Imperial cavalry in Manchuria can hardly have been numerous enough to oppose theinvading armies single handed.
page 199 note 1 Mêng-wu-êrh Shih, Biographies of Chê-pieh (Jebe) and Yeh-lu T'u-hua (Tuqa).
page 199 note 2 Mêng-uru-êrh Shih; Chin Shih, Biography of Wan-yen Hu-sha; Ssü, Ch'ao Pieh Shih.
page 199 note 3 Wu-yüeh Ying is not to be found on any map, nor is it mentioned in any historical geography of Chinese place-names that I have been able to consult.
page 200 note 1 Mêng-wu-êrh Shih, Biography of Yeh-lu T'u-hua (Tuqa), Biography of Liu Po-lin. In the latter it is implied that Chinghiz Khan and not Jebe was before Wei-ning, but this must be a mistake.
page 200 note 2 Yüan Shih, Biography of Ch'in-k'ai (Chinkai)—see excerpt in Arthur Waley's Ch'ang-ch'un.
page 200 note 3 The Yüan Süng-tvu Ch'in-chüng-lu says that Chinghiz Khan was preparing to leave Fu Chou, the T'ung-chien Chi-lan that he was on the point of making another drive south. Probably Chinghiz Khan only intended to move camp for hygienic and other reasons, as it was to his advantage to remain north and give battle where the terrain was advantageous to the favourite tactics of his army.
page 200 note 4 The commander was also known as Kê-shih-lieh'Chiu-chin and Kê-shih-lieh Hu-sha-hu (see Yilan-Sêng-wu Ch'in-chêng lu and Chin Shih, Biography of Kê-shih-lieh Chih-chung).
page 200 note 5 T'ung-chien Chi-lan; Mêng-wu-êrh Shih.
page 200 note 6 The Yüan Shih and the Mêng-wu-êrh Shih say 300,000; the Hsin Yüan Shih, T'ung-chien Chi-lan, and Yüan Ch'ao Ming-ch'eng Shihs Liao, Biography of Muhua-li (Muqali), 400,000, and the Mêng Ta Pei Lu, Pai T'a-T'a, commentary by Wang Kuo-wei, 500,000.
page 200 note 7 In 1696 K'ang-hsi moved across Eastern Mongolia with three columns of 36,000 men each. To oppose him Galdan had no more than 30,000 all told. Prior to the revolt of his nephews, Tse Wang Araptan and Seriing Dunduk, Galdan could have mustered 50,000 to 60,000 troops. (Courant, L'Empire Kalmouk ou Umpire Mantchou ?)
page 201 note 1 The term Jürchät may here cover the Mukri or Mo-ho as well as the Jürchat rulers of N. China. Prior to the twelfth century the Chinese divided the Jürchä into two branches: the Mukri or civilized Jürchä, who founded the state of Po-hai in the seventh century, and the uncivilized Jürchä led to power by Akuda (1113–1123). For information on the Jürchä, see Ethnographic des peuples Strangers a La Chine, by Ma Tuan-lin, section on the Nü-chin or Nü-chih.
page 201 note 2 The Mêng-wu-êrh Shih, Biography of A-la-hu-shih Ti-chi (Alaqush-Tagin), says that among the forces left with Muqali in 1217 were 10,000 Wang-ku (Öngüt) under the command of Chên Kuo, nephew of Alaqush-Tägin.
page 201 note 3 Mêng-wu-êrh Shih, Biography of A-la-hu-shih Ti-chi (Alaqush-Tägin).
page 201 note 4 The Yüan Shih provides little information on the subject and has mistakenly reported a battle at the Yeh-hu ling for 1211 and a second at Huan-erh-tsui for 1212.
page 202 note 1 The Tung-chien Chi-lan states that Shih-mo Ming-an also betrayed information concerning the Chin army's strength and disposition.
page 202 note 2 The Mêng-wu-êrh Shih, Biography of Shih-mo Ming-an, reports that Chinghiz Khan sent the commander back to the Chin. It also says that in the winter of 1215–14 he was despatched by the latter to discuss peace with the conqueror, but instead of carrying out his mission he entered the service of the Mongols.
During the battle of Huan-erh-Tsui another Chin officer, Kê Pao-yü, was made prisoner, and going over to the Mongols, remained in their service until his death. In 1218 his son, Kê Tê-hai, accompanied Jebe against Küchlüg, and the following year he himself marched west with Chinghiz Khan. (See Histoire de Oentchiscan et de toute La Dinastie des Mongous ses successeurs conquerant de La Chine, by Gaubil.)
page 204 note 1 Wan-yen Hu-sha's retreat, defeat, and flight to Hsüan-tê Chou are also recorded by the T'ung-chien Chi-lan.
page 204 note 2 Bretschneider, Archæologkal and Historical Researches on Pei King and its environs, says that Fu Chou contained an imperial residence, so the booty seized may have been considerable.
page 205 note 1 The Guard or army of the centre is sure to have been augmented by some of the contingents supplied by Chinghiz Khan's relatives. In another memorable battle, that fought against Jalal ad-Din on the Indus during September or early October, 1221, the Kachik again struck the decisive blow, for it was a charge by 7,000 guardsmen against the enemy centre that finally swept the Khwarazmian army into the river.
page 205 note 2 The continuation of Wan-yen Hu-sha's flight to Te-hsing Chou is mentioned only in Fêng Ch'êng-chun's biography of Ch'êng-chi-ssŭ Han (Chinghiz Khan).
page 206 note 1 There is considerable confusion as regards the part played by Kê'-shih-lieh Chih-chung in 1211. The biography of Yeh-lü T'u-hua (Tuqa), like that of Chihchung, records a battle to the north of Ting-an, i.e. opposite the mouth of the Hu-lai Ho. The Mê'ng-wu-êrh Shih, without stating precisely whether it was from Huan-êrh-tsui or Hui-ho pao that Tuqa pursued Chih-chung, mentions the same engagement. The Sung Yilan T'ung-chien Ch'uan pienalone states that Chihchung fought at Hui-ho pao.
The direction of his flight is guesswork, but he conceivably went past Hsūan-tê Chou and then south-west to the Sang-Kan Ho (see Yeh-lū Aqai's pursuit as shown on map). This road if rather circuitous is less difficult than the more direct route to the river via Huai-an.
Completely at variance with the Yüan Shêng-wu Chin-chêng-lu are the Chin Shih and the T'ung-chien Chi-lan. According to both Chih-chung was besieged by Chinghiz Khan in Hsi Ching, not beaten in battle at Huan-erh-Tsui, which the latter dates in the ninth month (9th October to 7th November). More detailed than the Chin Shih, the T'ung-chien Chi-lan asserts that during the eighth month (12th September to 9th October) the Mongols defeated the Chin at Wu-sha pao. Following up the victory, Chinghiz Khan took Pai-teng Ch'êng and laid siege to Hsi Ching. After seven days Hu-sha-hu began to fear for his safety and broke through the Mongol lines with a body of chosen troops. Chinghiz Khan forthwith despatched 3,000 cavalry in pursuit and the fugitives were overtaken, defeated, and driven down the Ts'ui-p'ing K'ou (here a defile to the south-east of Hsi Ching) while the city fell. The Chin Shihmakes no reference to the capture of the city, and the Biography of Mo-jan Chin-chung implies that it remained untaken.
Since the Yüan-sêng-wu Ch'in-chêng-lu is more reliable for the first years of the Mongol invasion than either the Chin Shih or the T'ung-chien Chi-lan, it is fairly safe to assume that Chih-chung was at Huan-êrh-tsui and not in Hsi Ching. Perhaps the T'ung-chien-Chi-lanhas been led into error by Chih-chung's position as commander of Hsi Ching and the existence of two Ts'ui-p'ing K'ou. (See map.)
page 206 note 2 The Mê'ng-wu-êrh Shihincludes Hung Chou among the places taken by the Central- and Left-wing armies, so the town may have fallen to Tuqa or one of his officers.
page 207 note 1 The Biography of Ch'a-han (Chakhan) says that after the Mongol victory at the Yeh-hu ling, he was instructed by Chinghiz Khan to go and besiege Pai-lou (Pai-têng Ch'êng), which surrendered at the end of seven days. However, it is likely that he did not receive his orders until after the battle of Hui-ho pao. On the way he must have taken T'ien Ch'eng, though it is only in the Biography of Liu Po-lin, and apropos of Chinghiz Khan's withdrawal at the beginning of 1212, that one learns that the town was captured.
page 207 note 2 Fêng Ch'êng-chun, Biography of Ch'eng-chi-ssu Han (Chinghiz Khan).
page 207 note 3 Yüan Ch'ao Pi Shih; Mêng-iou-êrh Shih, Biography of Chê-pieh (Jebe). The name of the Chin commander Wan-yen Fu Shou is to be found in the T'ungchien Chi-lan.
page 207 note 4 The Chin Shih and Mêng-wu-êrh Shih date the fall of Wei-ch'uan, Chin-shan, and Ch'ang-p'ing in the eleventh month of the Hsin-wei nien (7th December, 1211, to 6th January, 1212), but all three places must have been invested earlier in order to secure possession of the Chü-yung Kuan. Wei-ch'uan perhaps succumbed to Jebe along with the pass, as it is possible that the garrison joined the defenders of the Chü-yung Kuan in their disastrous pursuit to the Chi-ming Shan.
page 208 note 1 T'ung-chien Chi-lan.
page 208 note 2 Yüan Shih Hsin Pien.
page 208 note 3 Chin-Shih. In a note in the Meng-vm-erh Shih, the author T'u Chi says that wherever the Mongols appeared the inhabitants surrendered.
page 208 note 4 Yüan Shih Hsin Pien.
page 208 note 5 Jebe's line of march is that suggested by T'u Chi.
page 209 note 1 The statement that Jebe retired six days' distance must mean that he covered the same distance that infantry would march in that time, i.e. about 120 miles. This ia not really extraordinary for Mongols as it is quite common for them to ride 100 miles or more at a stretch.
page 209 note 2 The Yüan Ch'ao Pi Shih; Mêng-wu-êrh Shih, Biography of Che-pieh (Jebe). Differing from these sources are the Yüan Shih and the Yuan Shih Hsin Pien, which date the capture of Tung Ching in the twelfth month of the Jên-shên nien (25th December, 1212, to 24th January, 1213). However, as Chinghiz Khan was never further east than Tê-hsing Chou during the Jên-shên nien, the Mêng-wu-êrh Shih must be correct in assigning Jebe's expedition to the twelfth month of the Hsin-wei nien (6th January to 5th February, 1212).
page 209 note 3 As regards Yeh-lu Aqai's raid on Yün-nei, the Yüan Shih infers that it occurred in the tenth month (7th November to 7th December), but the Ssu Ch'ao Pieh Shih dates it prior to the advance of the princes into N. Shan-hsi, which seems more likely.
page 210 note 1 The Yüan Shêng-wu Ch'in-ching-lu alone lists Hsüan-ning among the places reduced by the princes, but on the strength of it I have taken it for granted that the Bight-wing army advanced into Shan-hsi via the Sha-hu K'ou and Shuo-p'ing Also, since the country between the plain of Feng Chou and the Sha-hu K'ou is very mountainous, so extremely dangerous to an invader if held by a hostile force, the Mongols probably reached the Sha-hu K'ou by way of the longer but safer road up the Hung-ta Ho.
page 210 note 2 Kuo is not included among the towns taken by the princes, but being on their line of march, was doubtless attacked.
page 210 note 3 Chin Shih.
page 210 note 4 Following Rashid ad-Din, T'u Chi thinks that Hsi Ching remained untaken until the twelfth month of the P'ing-tzŭ nien (9th January to 8th February, 1217), when it surrendered to Samuqa. The Yüan Shih only records one siege, the unsuccessful attempt by Chinghiz Khan in the autumn of 1212.
page 211 note 1 It should be mentioned that Wang Kuo-wei does not regard the Ta Chin Kuo Tzŭ as a very trustworthy source of information.
page 211 note 2 Chinghiz Khan passed the summers of 1214 and 1215 at Yü-êrh-lo and Huan Chou. (Yüan Shih; Mêng-wu-êrh Shih).
page 212 note 1 It was quite common for the Mongols to make marriage alliances of the kind described. During the sixteenth century the later celebrated Dayan Khan was, for political reasons, married while still a child to a woman many years his senior.
For the Öngüt revolt, see the Mêng-wu-êrh Shih, Biography of A-la-hu-shih Ti-chi (Alaqush Taghin) and the Mêng Ta Pei Lu, section on the Pai T'a-T'a, which contains a reference by Wang Kuo-wei to the subject as written up in the Ta Chin Kuo Tzŭ.
page 213 note 1 The location of the Chin Shan—see Map—would indicate that it is to be identified with the Mu-yeh Shan, the sacred mountain and burying place of the Khitan rulers. (See Parker, A Thousand Years of the Tartars, also Bretschneider, , Medieval Researches, vol. i, note 640.Google Scholar)
page 213 note 2 The account of Yeh-lü Liu-kê's rebellion and treaty with the Mongols has been taken from his biography in the Mêng-wu-êrh Shih, but all dates are from the Yüan Tai Chin Liao Tung Pei K'ao of Chenuohi, a Japanese authority on Mongol history who has specialized on the chronology of Liu-Kê's revolt and the conquest of Manchuria.
page 214 note 1 Yüan Shih Hsin Pien.
page 214 note 2 M. Pelliot, in a communication to the Asiatic Society on 9th December, 1938, reports that recently investigated Chinese sources of the year 1340 date the birth of Chinghiz Khan in 1167. The previously accepted date in the Yilan Shih was the year 1162, that given by the Persian histories, 1155. (Rene Grousset, L'Empire des Steppes, addendum.)
page 214 note 3 See D'Ohsson, footnote on Huan-êrh-Tsui.
page 214 note 4 Ch'ang-ch'un, having been invited by Chinghiz Khan to pay him a visit, left China in the spring of 1220 and finally came up with the conqueror during the summer of 1221. (See Arthur Waley's Ch'ang-ch'un).
page 215 note 1 Chin Shih, Biography of Mo-jan Chin-chung.
page 215 note 2 Walker's, C. C. “The Greatest Cavalry Raid in History,” Canadian Defence Quarterly, 07, 1932Google Scholar, deals at some length with Jebe and Sübötai's operations in Western Persia.
page 215 note 3 Mêng Ta Pei Lu, Pai T'a-T'a, commentary by Wang Kuo-wei.