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Art. XVI.—Land Tenures of Dukhun1 (Deccan)
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2011
Extract
In fulfilment of the expectation promulgated in the Fourth Number of our Quarterly Journal, I do myself the honour to submit to the Society the conclusion of my notices of Land Tenures in Dukhun, embracing the holding of that important functionary, the Pateel (usually called Potail), or headman of towns and villages. This office, together with the village accountants, are, no doubt, co-eval with those of the Deshmook and Deshpandeh, already described.
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References
page 350 note 2 
page 350 note 3 
page 351 note 1 Civil governors of districts.
page 351 note 2 District accountants.
page 352 note 1 The name of the year.
page 352 note 2 Goht.
page 352 note 3 
Khujusteh Bunyäd.
page 352 note 4 Pateel's assistant.
page 352 note 5 Village accountant.
page 353 note 1 The signature of the Pateels and cultivators is the drawing of a plough. The names of the Mokuddum would have lengthened this communication so much that I have omitted them.
page 353 note 2 Government assessment.
page 353 note 3 The chieftain who held the village in feoff.
page 353 note 4 Minister of state.
page 353 note 5 Tuhnama.
page 354 note 1 Name of the year.
page 354 note 2 
Goht.
page 354 note 3 Tuh.
page 354 note 4 Land in free gift.
page 354 note 5 Public service, or village corporation.
page 354 note 6 Market town.
page 354 note 7 Chawree.
page 354 note 8 Dignities.
page 354 note 9 Complimentary presents of areca-nut and leaf of piper betel.
page 354 note 10 A plough is the signature of a cultivator.
page 355 note 1 Annund Rao Powar, Pateel of Multun, the complainant.
page 355 note 2 Perquisites.
page 355 note 3 Profits and fees.
page 355 note 4 Prince's court, or levee.
page 355 note 5 The prime minister.
page 355 note 6 Government.
page 355 note 7 Village artisans, or crafts.
page 355 note 8 Deed of acknowledgement.
page 356 note 1 Different lineages or families.
page 356 note 2 Confirmed award.
page 356 note 3 Hereditary lands.
page 357 note 1 The right to be the first person to throw into the fire a sweet bread cake at the burning of the Holee, at the vernal equinox: highly prized.
page 357 note 2 Precedence in paying respects to superiors, with, the village present.
page 357 note 3 Precedence for the Guhoor, which is a figure of Parwutee, the wife of the god Shewuh, under this name, made by the Koonbees, or cultivators themselves, and worshipped in their houses at two or three periods in the year; and which figure, on the close of the worship, is carried in procession and thrown into water. The Guhoor is probably viewed in the character of the Ceres of the Greeks.
page 357 note 4 Precedence in receiving presents from the government at the liquidation of the revenue settlements.
page 357 note 5 The worship of the image of somebody, whose memory is associated with an absurd story, and which image is carried in procession. The dignity consists in having precedence for this image.
page 357 note 6 Precedence in having a light waved round the head by all the village women at the Dewalee, or feast of lights. It is looked upon as a ceremony insuring good fortune.
page 357 note 7 Precedence in having in ceremonies and entertainments the spot (Teelah) put on the forehead, and in receiving the betel-leaf (Weerah).
page 357 note 8 Precedence in having the music which is played to the Pateels at the Dusruh, a great festival in October.
page 357 note 9 Precedence for the bullocks of Goreh Pateel on the day the cattle are released from labour, painted, their horns gilded and ornamented, and then worshipped, and led in procession. It occurs in August or September. The Greeks had a similar ceremony.
page 358 note 1 The Holee is a great festival celebrated during several days, about the time of the vernal equinox. It has partly the character of the festival in honour of Cybele, and partly that of the greater Dionysia of the Greeks.
page 358 note 2 A small pot from the potmaker.
page 358 note 3 A cubit of cloth from the weaver the day the sun returns north.
page 359 note 1 The Bytuk is the fee of a pice (about a half-penny) paid by sellers not belonging to the village, for permission to sit in the market and sell their articles on market-days. The Phuskee is a handful of grain, or of greens, taken from each seller of those articles; and the Sooparee is the betel-nut taken from the grocers on market-days.
page 359 note 2 The skins of all cattle dying in the village belong to the Mahrs, or outcasts. An exception is made in favour of the Pateels.
page 360 note 1 The Bellona of the Hindoos.
page 360 note 2 Chahoor and Tukkeh, and fifty other terms, &c, are names applied to lands of variable superficial extent, and are not, therefore, reducible to an English standard.
page 361 note 1 Name of the estate.
page 361 note 2 Field-land, in Contradistinction to garden-land.
page 361 note 3 Hereditary estate, so called.
page 361 note 4 Land of extinct families.
page 361 note 5 Abandoned sites of houses in the villages.
page 361 note 6 Name of the estate which belonged to an extinct family.
page 362 note 1 The village community; meaning here, “united for the public good.”
page 363 note 1 Head of the shopkeepers.
page 364 note 1 A box with divisions, in which paan-leaves are kept.
page 364 note 2 Hereditary estates.
page 364 note 3 Hereditary owners of the estate called Weechkeh.
page 365 note 1 Person attached to the temple. He may he a Shudrah, as well as a Brahman.
page 365 note 2 A gimlet worked by a bow.
page 366 note 1 Clothes are not washed in India by the hand, but are beaten with a mallet, or beaten against a stone.
page 366 note 2 A kind of little gong, used in the temple.
page 366 note 3 A kind of modelling instrument, used by pot-makers.
page 366 note 4 An instrument for smoothing leather.
page 366 note 5 One of the principal duties of the low caste Mahrs is to bring wood and grass; whence their signature of a sickle and rope.
page 367 note 1 The Hindoo era.
page 367 note 2 The Moosulman era.
page 367 note 3 Public office.
page 367 note 4 Pateel's hereditary assistant.
page 367 note 5 Quarter Mokuddum.
page 367 note 6 Quarter Mokuddum.
page 367 note 7 A certain extent of land.
page 368 note 1 
Chutoorseema. Sanscrit.
page 368 note 2 Euphorbia tetragona.
page 368 note 3 Village authorities, or community.
page 368 note 4 Persons having trifling hereditary fees, or rights on the village lands.
page 369 note 1 A thief by profession; he is either hired, or has lands given to him to protect the village.
page 369 note 2 The lowest of all the casts; he is the executioner, and skins beasts, &c, &c.
page 370 note 1 This abrogation has not taken place in native states, nor in Jaghree, or alienated villages in our own states.
page 370 note 2 Villages were assessed at a fixed sum in England in Edward the Third's time.
page 371 note 1 Stalks of the Andropogon Sorghum.
page 371 note 2 270 acres.
page 371 note 3 45 acres.
page 372 note 1 Phallus.
page 373 note 1 I must not omit to notice the characteristic signatures of the different witnesses. Those who could not write, it may be well supposed, could yet draw the symbol of their occupation — a plough for a cultivator, a gimlet for a carpenter, and a rope and sickle for the grass-cutter; but why the astrologer should draw an almanac for his signature, and the Moosalman priest a rosary for his, both being persons able to write, is not quite so intelligible.