Art. II.—The Lineal Measures of Fa-hian and Yuan Chwang

W. Vost

doi:10.1017/S0035869X00029981

Art. II.—The Lineal Measures of Fa-hian and Yuan Chwang

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 March 2011

W. Vost

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The two principal terms of lineal measure adopted by Fa-hian, Yuan Chwang, and other Chinese pilgrims, in their narratives of the different countries in India and on its frontiers, are the yojana and the li.

Type: Original Communications
Information: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 35 , Issue 1 , January 1903 , pp. 65 - 107

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00029981 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 1903

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References

^{page 65 note 1} J.A.S.B., 1899, vol. liviii, pt. 1, extra No. 2, pp. 16. 138Google Scholar.

^{page 66 note 1} Beal, : Buddhist Records of the Western World, 1885, vol. i, p. 70Google Scholar.

^{page 66 note 2} The Ancient Geography of India, p. 571 sq.

Hiouen Thsang, ii, p. 60.

^{page 66 note 3} Hiouen Thsang, ii, p. 60.

^{page 68 note 1} See Prinsep, , Useful Tables, pp. 111, 113, 115Google Scholar.

^{page 71 note 1} Bigandet, : Life or Legend of Gaudama, vol. i, p. 64Google Scholar; Hardy, : Manual of Budhism, p. 164Google Scholar.

^{page 71 note 1} Sacred Books of the East, vol. xix, p. xxi.

^{page 71 note 3} Hardy, p. 224.

^{page 71 note 4} Hardy, p. 225; see also pp. 204, 205, 343.

^{page 72 note 1} Hardy, p. 196; Bigandet, i, p. 150. The distance from Pāvā to Kuśinagara is variously given as 12 miles, or 3 gavots (Hardy, p. 357; Bigandet, ii, p. 44). A gavyūti is usually equal to ¼ yojana, or 2,000 bow-lengths each of 96 fingers (Hardy, p. 11*). This requires the yojana from Pāvā to Kuśinagara to have 16 divisions (miles). Occasionally the gayyūti was reckoned as a double one of 4,000 bows, just as there was a double yojana, as in the distance from Kapilavastu to the Anomā river, which was 6 yojanas (Foucaux), or 12 yojanas according to other authorities (Rockhill, p. 25).

^{page 72 note 2} Beal, ii, p. 147.

^{page 72 note 3} Beal, ii, p. 148.

^{page 72 note 4} Beal, ii, p. 148.

^{page 72 note 5} Beal, ii, p. 149.

^{page 72 note 6} Beal, ii, p. 159.

^{page 73 note 1} Beal, ii, p. 165.

^{page 73 note 2} Beal, ii, p. 165.

^{page 73 note 3} Beal, ii, p. 165.

^{page 73 note 4} Beal, i, p. lx. Yuan Chwang's account may originally have had 360 paces, which have been altered to 1 li (see remarks on the li).

^{page 74 note 1} Stein, : Notes on an Archæological Tour in South Bihar and Hazaribagh, p. 8Google Scholar. Reprinted from the Indian Antiquary, 1901, vol. xxx, pp. 54 ff. and 81 ff.

^{page 74 note 2} Lalita Vistara (Calc, . ed.), pp. 208, 212Google Scholar.

^{page 75 note 1} Orientalia, Numismata, Ancient Coins of Ceylon, p. 16Google Scholar.

^{page 75 note 2} p. 205.

^{page 75 note 3} p. 52, note 1.

^{page 76 note 1} Hardy, p. 222.

^{page 76 note 2} Beal, ii, p. 22.

^{page 76 note 3} Rockhill, p. 211.

^{page 76 note 4} Rockhill, p. 25.

^{page 77 note 1} See Jervis, p. 329. CaptainJervis, T. B. wrote his Essay on the Primitive Universal Standard of Weights and Measures in 1835Google Scholar, and the Metrologieal and Monetary Standards throughout India, or Weights, Measures, and Coins, in 1836. At pp. 5–9 the former gives the proof of the patriarchal cubit of 21·9 inches, afterwards referred to. The references in this paper are to the later work.

^{page 77 note 2} Jervis, p. 325.

^{page 78 note 1} Wells Williams: Dictionary of the Chinese Language.

^{page 78 note 2} Introduction, British Museum Catalogue, Chinese Coins, para, viii, p. xlvGoogle Scholar.

^{page 80 note 1} Chinese Coins, p. xliv, note 6. A tchang = 10 tch'ih = 80 fingers is used by Confucius to record the stature of certain relatives and other persons.

^{page 80 note 2} Chinese Coins, p. xliv, note 3.

^{page 81 note 1} The late Mr. T. Watters, of our Society, was kind enough to hunt up this passage in the “book from which Lacouperie translated,” and on June 8th, 1900, replied that the Chinese character for ‘spread out’ was in both places the same.

^{page 81 note 2} Jervis, p. 325; Chinese Coins, para. 6, p. xliv.

^{page 82 note 1} Jervis, p. 271.

^{page 82 note 2} Chambers, : Encyclopædia, 1892Google Scholar, Weights and Measures.

^{page 83 note 1} Anc. Geog. India, p. 367.

^{page 84 note 1} Beal, i, pp. 201, 202.

^{page 85 note 1} Beal, : Life of Hiuen Tsiang, pp. 81, 190Google Scholar.

^{page 86 note 1} Anc. Geog. India, p. 367. Archæologieal Survey Reports, i, p. 270; ix, p. 15.

^{page 87 note 1} Pioneer, April 14, 1898.

^{page 88 note 1} Stein, : Reprint, pp. 9, 11. Beal, ii, p. 147Google Scholar.

^{page 88 note 2} Stein, : Reprint, p. 12. Beal, ii, p. 148Google Scholar.

^{page 89 note 1} Stein, : Reprint, p. 12. Beal, ii, p. 148Google Scholar.

^{page 89 note 2} Stein, : Reprint, p. 19. Beal, ii, p. 142Google Scholar.

^{page 89 note 3} Vol. i, p. 2.

^{page 90 note 1} Anc. Geoq. India, p. 467. Arch. Surv. Rep, i, 23.

^{page 90 note 2} Beal, ii, p. 166.

^{page 90 note 3} pp. 81–85.

^{page 92 note 1} Beal, i, ch. xvii, pp. xl, xli.

^{page 92 note 2} Beal, i, p. 203.

^{page 92 note 3} Beal, i, chap, xiii, p. xxxv. Giles, : Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, p. 24Google Scholar.

^{page 93 note 1} Beal, i, p. 96, note 51. I have not had an opportunity to consult the references noted.

^{page 94 note 1} Takakusu, : Record of the Buddhist Religion, p. 191Google Scholar.

^{page 94 note 2} Beal, i, chap, xxii, p. xxxii.

^{page 94 note 3} Beal, i, p. 100.

^{page 94 note 4} Jervis, p. 324.

^{page 95 note 1} Beal, i, p. xlvii.

^{page 95 note 2} Beal, ii, p. 10.

^{page 95 note 3} Beal, i, p. lvii.

^{page 95 note 4} Giles, p. 66.

^{page 95 note 5} Beal, ii, p. 91.

^{page 97 note 1} Beal, ii, p. 13.

^{page 97 note 2} Beal, : Life, p. 94Google Scholar.

^{page 97 note 3} Beal, i, p. xlviii.

^{page 97 note 4} Beal, : Life, p. 94Google Scholar.

^{page 97 note 5} Beal, ii, p. 13.

^{page 98 note 1} J.R.A.S., July, 1898, p. 526.

^{page 98 note 2} Ane. Geog. India, p. 414.

^{page 98 note 3} Oldenberg, : Buddha, p. 168Google Scholar.

^{page 98 note 4} J.R.A.S., July, 1898, p. 527; January, 1900, p. 1.

^{page 99 note 1} Antiquities in the Tarai, Nepāl, Pref. Note, p. 7.

^{page 99 note 2} J.R.A.S., 1898, p. 537.

^{page 99 note 3} Beal, i, chap, xxi, p. xlviii.

^{page 99 note 4} Beal, i, chaps, xxi, xxii, p. xlix.

^{page 99 note 5} Beal, ii, pp. 18, 19.

^{page 100 note 1} Anc. Geog, India, p. 414.

^{page 100 note 2} The true bearing will probably prove to be north and some way to the east: but compare Laidlay's translation, given in Arch. Surv. Reports, xii, p. 178.

^{page 101 note 1} Beal, ii, p. 19.

^{page 102 note 1} o.r. = old reckoning; c.r. = common reckoning.

^{page 102 note 2} 633·4 li = 800—60—106·6.

^{page 105 note 1} Beal, i, chap, xx, p. xliv.

^{page 105 note 2} Beal, ii, p. 4.

^{page 106 note 1} Jervis, p. 324.

^{page 106 note 2} Beal, ii, p. 10; i, chap, xx, p. xlvii.

^{page 107 note 1} Hardy, p. 224.

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Art. II.—The Lineal Measures of Fa-hian and Yuan Chwang

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