No CrossRef data available.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 March 2011
It is known that the word erimmatu refers to an ornament of beads which is worn round the neck. It sometimes appears in medical prognostic texts, and it is here proposed that such passages refer to a skin lesion, although Labat was unable to identify the actual disease.
The ZÁ.NUNUZ.MEŠ (erimmatu) is closely associated in these texts with general symptoms of illness and may well be an integral part of the disease. Although it is never actually referred to as a disease, its close association with descriptive terms used in omen texts concerned with the exta, does suggest an abnormal tissue. The description of the lesion affecting the region of the neck is characteristic of that which occurs in pellagra, and is referred to as the “necklace of Cajal”. A deficiency of the vitamin niacin in the diet causes pellagra. There is increased pigmentation, roughening and thickening of the skin, particularly in the exposed areas around the neck, on the backs of the hands and on the dorsum of the feet.
2 CT, XIV, 3Google Scholar(K4325 + K13692). obv. III–IV. 13. NA4.NUNUZ=e-rim-ma-tú. CAD, E, 294.Google Scholarvon Soden, W., AHw, 241Google Scholar.
3 CT, XV, 45.49Google Scholar. NA4.NUNUZ.MEŠ šá kiŠādi-ia. “The necklace for my neck”.
4 Labat, , TDP, 82.17Google Scholar: šumma ina kišādi-šú 
(iṣ) u irat-su ikkal-šú qāt (d) IŠtar I ZÁ.NUNUZ.MEŠ “If he is struck on his neck and his chest pains him: the ‘hand of Ištar’ -beads”. 88.5: šumma idē2 -šú IGI.BAR.MEŠ kuṣṣu imtanaqut su qāt (d) Ištar MU lipte (te) u ZÁ.NUNUZ.MEŠ “If his arms are ?, and coldness overwhelms him: ‘hand of Ištar’-affliction and beads“. In CAD, 1958, E, 292Google Scholar there are variations from the translations offered above. Erimmatu is considered to be part of a ritual or offering.
5 Labat, , TDP, 82, n. 157Google Scholar
6 CT, XX, 41.V1.3Google Scholar. Diš num-ru “spot on exta”. 4. Diš ia-ár-tum “a shell?” 5. Diš e-rimma-tum = erimmatum. 6. Diš is-qú “emblem?”
7 Thompson, , DAB, 97Google Scholar. ZÍD.QU = qēmu 
“pounded” corn. ZÍD.GIG “finely ground flour”. 99–100Google Scholar. ZÍD Š;E.BAR “barley flour”. Note also Labat, , Manuel, 221, no.536Google Scholar. ZÌ.(DA).ŠE = tappinnu “farine d'orge” – barley flour. ZÌ.MAD.MAL = 
“fine meal”.
8 Thompson, , DAB, 106Google Scholar: (šam)ŠE.LI.A = kurangu “rice”.
9 Labat, , TDP, 84, n. 164.Google Scholar
10 Labat, , TDP, 84.39Google Scholar: Šumma 
kaiana iṣṣanabbat-su u i-da-mu imāt-ma… “If the 
continues to seize him and he has convulsions (?): he will die …”. 84.40: šumma 
kaiana iṣṣanabbat-su u irtanaggum(me) imāt-ma… “If the 
continues to seize him and he does not stop crying, he will die …”.
11 Labat, , TDP, 84.38Google Scholar:..-ma arki-šú aba-šú[imāt] “And after him, his father will die”. 39…-ma arki-šú umma-šú[tamāt] “And after him, his mother will die”; 40… -ma arki-šú umma-šú[Imāt] “And after him, his brother will die”.
12 Babylonian Talmud, Tract.Taan.27b, Sanhed.37b, Sabb.33b.
13 Adams, F., The extant works of Aretaeus the Cappadocian. Causes and symptoms of acute diseases - Book 1, London, 1, 1856, 9.Google Scholar
14 Hippocrates, , Epidemics, III.Google Scholar Case VII: adult woman at the house of Aristion.
15 T-W-Fiennes, R. N., Zoonoses and the origins and ecology of human disease, London 1978, 27–8.Google Scholar
16 CT, XIX, 17.I–II.35:Google Scholar (uš)ÚŠ = ú-šul-tum.
17 Holma, H., Die Namen der Körperteile in Assyrisch-babylonische, Ann. Acad. Scient. Fenn. Ser.B, Tom. VII, 1, Leipzig, 1911, 7 and 7, n. 7Google Scholar. Compare also Köcher, F., Keilschrifttexte zur assyrisch-babylonischen Drogen- und Pflanzenkunde, Berlin, 1955, 28, I.17. Ì.UDU = ú-šú-[u]l-tú “tallow”.Google Scholar
18 CT, XVI, 14.IV.27Google Scholar: a-kil Ši-i-ri mu-ša-az-nin da-me Ša-tu-u uš-la-ti. “(The demon) who eats flesh, provides blood, and drinks the ušultu”. CT, 13.15.131: ú-par-ri-'-ma uš-la-at da-mi-ša “(Marduk) cut through the ušultu vessel of her (Tiamat) blood”.
19 Luckenbill, D. D., OIC, II, 1924, 45Google Scholar, V1.4: si-ma-ni ú-mun-ni-śu-nu ú-šar-da-a “I made run down (the contents of) their gullets and veins”. CT, 16.2.45: ú-mu-un-na-a lem-nu (var.-na) ina zumri-šu iš-ku-nu “Evil veins were in his body”.
20 von Soden, , AHw, 1420: umunnū; 1443Google Scholar: ušultu(m) I.
21 Holma (n.17 above); Köcher (cf. n.17 above).
22 CT, XX, 43.3:Google Scholaršumma GABA šumēli kīma U;Š… “If the left side of the chest is like an ušultu”. Leichty, E., Texts from cuneiform sources. Vol. IV. The omen series šumma izbu, New York, 1970, 35.40: BE SAL ú-šul-tam ša SIG.
[mu..] “If a woman gives birth to an ušultu covered with hair”.Google Scholar
23 Steinfeld, A. D. and McDuff, H. C., “An ancient report of a dermoid cyst of the vagina”, Surg. Gynec. Obst. 1980, CL, 95–6.Google Scholar
24 AMT, 40, 5.8Google Scholar: KÁ maš;-ri-šú Šamna tapaššaš.. “You shall anoint the opening of his excreta (anus) with fat”.
25 Holma, (cf. n. 17 above), 74 quoting text K 71B.IV.11: ki-ṣir TEMEN.ŠÀ mariṣ.. “If he suffers from kisir mušarī of the anus”.
26 BAM, 95.14: Šumma NA KU-Šú 
[n]iq-ma KU-Šú ur-še u um-ṣa-a-ti malī… “If a man's anus is constricted and his anus is full of uršu and umṣātu …”. BAM. 152.III.16: šumma NA ina KU-šú dämu i-te-iṣ tīb ur-ši.. “If a man has blood coming from his anus: relief of the uršu”.
27 AMT, 56, 5. 1:Google ScholarŠāra ina Šuburri-šu ú-kal akala u mé tur-ra i-sil-ti Šuburri mariṣ.. “He suffers with wind at his anus, food and water are returned, he is ill with a constriction of the anus”. Ano-rectal diseases were also commonly found in Egypt (Banov, L. Jnr, “The Chester Beatty medical papyrus”, Surgery, LVIII, 1965, 1037–43).Google Scholar
28 CAD, I and J, 192.Google Scholar
29 Leichty (cf. n. 22 above), 169.47: BE iz-bu šu-bu-ra-šú 
“If the anomaly (a lamb), its anus is patent”. 169.48: BE iz-bu i-si-il-ta-šú 
“If its isiltu is patent (i.e. the sphincter ani muscle is not functioning properly)”.
30 CAD, I and J, 192, see references for isiltu sub sect. 1.Google Scholar
31 CT, XXX, 21 (83–1–18,467). rev. 4–8.Google Scholar
32 MSL, IX, 12, 201Google Scholar: UZU.UR = p[e-mu] “haunch?” 202: UZU.
= ditto 203: UZU.
= šá[pu-lu] Leichty, (cf. n. 22 above), 216. Comm. 123. ša-pu-lum = pe-e-mu. CT. 28.27.24: Šumma ina ša-pu-ul imitti šakin “If it is on the right Šapūlu”. 25. Šumma ina ša-pu-ul šumēli Šakin “If it is on the left šapūlu”.Google Scholar
33 CT, XIV, 3.I–II.8:Google Scholar[ša]pu-lu = bi-rit pu-ri-di, “between the legs”. CT. XLI. 26.14: ša6-pu-ul = bi-rit pu-ri-du.Google Scholar
34 Kraus, , Texte, 22.obv.I.20. Šumma Šá-pu-li šáp-uk.. If the Šapulu turns. 22.obv.I.22. šumma Šá-pu-li it-ta-nab-al-kàt “If the šapulu is twisted”.Google Scholar
35 Leichty (cf. n. 22 above), 62.79. BE SAL Ù.TU-ma šá-pu-li u UŠ NU GÁL “If a woman gives birth (to a boy) and there is no śapūlu nor penis”.
36 Kraus, , Texte, 22.obv.I.17Google Scholar: Šumma Šá-pu-li qá-tan “If the Šapūlu is thin”; 18. Šumma šá-pu-li ka-bar “If it is thick”; 19. Šumma šá-pu-li SA5 “If it is red”.
37 CT, XXXVIII, 38.45Google Scholar. šumma GíR.TAB Šá-pu-ul imitti-šú KIMIN “If a scorpion ditto (= stings) his right Šapūlu”; 46… Ša-pu-ul Šumēli-Šú KIMIN “If it stings his left one”.
38 Kraus, , Texte, (cf. n. 34 above).Google Scholar
39 Kraus, , Texte, (cf. n. 36 above).Google Scholar
40 CT, XXVIII, 6Google Scholar (K766). BE iz-bu UŠ u GALLÁ GAR-ma ŠIR NU TUK “If the anomaly (abnormal foetus) has penis and vulva but no testicles”.
41 Possibly among the Hebrews for religious reasons (Tract.Hag.2a; Bikkur.1.5; Lev. 21.20–21). Eunuchs were known in Mesopotamia, but the SAL.ZIKRUM is specifically mentioned in texts, and possibly suggests pseudohermaphroditism (see Driver, G. R. and Miles, J. C., The Babylonian laws, I, Oxford, 1956, 367–9).Google Scholar
42 BAM, 95.obv.12Google Scholar: um-ṣa-a-ti qut-tu-pi “Pluck off the umsātu”. BAM, 108.obv.2Google Scholar: um-ṣa-te qut-tu-pi. BAM, 168.51: Šum-ma um-ṣa-a-tú uq-tá-ta-pa “If the umṣātu are plucked off”. AMT, 17.5.1: ana um-ṣa-ti 
“To pluck off the umṣātu”.
43 Labat, , TDP, 202.33Google Scholar: Šumma (alittu ap-pi tulī-Šá) umṣāti(meš) piṣāti(meš) mali iŠariš arāt (át) “If the tips of a pregnant woman's breasts are covered with white umṣātu, she has a normal pregnancy”; 34Google Scholar. šumma umṣāti(meš) sāmāti(meš) mali lā išariš arāt(àt) “If with red lesions, she has an abnormal pregnancy”; 35Google Scholar. šumma umsāti(meš) ṣalmāti(meš) mali zikara arāt(āt) “If with black ones, she is pregnant with a male child”.
44 Goetze, A., YOS, X, no. 54.19Google Scholar: Šumma umṣātum ina šaplān appíśu šaknat “Umsātu on the under part of the nose”. Kraus, , Texte, llc.V.4Google Scholar: šumma GESTU 15 GAR DUB SA5. “If the right ear has red umṣātu”. llc.V.6: šumma šumēli ditto “Red umṣātu on the left ear”. llc.V.7. šumma GEŠTU 15 GAR DUB SIG7, “If the right ear has yellowish umṣātu”. llc.Vll.17: šumma DUB piṣū GAR-at “If there is a white lesion”. llc.V11.18: šumma DUB ṣ;almu GAR-at “If there is a black one”.Google Scholar
45 AMT, 21..1.13: šumma i-na pí birki-šu um-ṣ[a-tu] “If there is an umṣātu at the opening of his penis”. AMT. 22.1.19: šumma ina ŠÀ birki-Hu um-ṣa-tum “A lesion in the body of his penis”.
46 BAM, 95.obv.14: šumma NA..KU-šú ur-še u um-ṣa-a-ti DIR “If a man's anus is full of uršu and umṣatu lesions”.Google Scholar
47 Kraus, , Texte, 13Google Scholar.obv.12: šumma IGI.MEŠ-šú um-ṣa-a-ti DIR.MEŠ “If his eyes are full of umṣātu”.
48 CT. 28.29.rev.12/13: ina 
pa-ni-šu imitti/šumēli um-ṣa-tum “Lesions above the right/left side of the face”. Kraus, , Texte. 7.obv.ll. šumma (pa-nu-šu) um-ṣa-ti ditto (= DIR.MEŠ) “His face is full of umṣātu”.Google Scholar
49 Willis, R. A., Pathology of tumours, London, 1953, 247–55.Google Scholar
50 Willis, , 288, 290 and 597–8.Google Scholar
51 Leichty, (cf. n. 22 above), 216Google Scholar; Comm.128: pi-in-du-u = um-ṣa-tù sa-an-du “a flecked lesion”. Comm.129: 
-lu-u = MIN ṣa-lim-tú “a dark-coloured(one)”. CT. 19.12 (K 13595). I–II.4. GUG = 
-lu[u] 5. I = um-ṣa[tú] 6. GUG = pi-in-d[u-u].
52 Adamson, P. B., ‘Anatomical and pathological terms in Akkadian: Part II’. JRAS, 1959, 2–3.Google Scholar
53 CT, XXVIII, 29.rev.12Google Scholar: šumma ina 
pa-ni-šú imitti un-ṣa-tum. 13Google Scholar. šumma šumēli MIN. 14Google Scholar. šumma imitti tir-ku; šumma šumēli MIN “A terku above his face on the right/left”.
54 Leichty (cf. n. 22 above), 216. Comm.126: (gi-e)GE6 = ta-ra-ku “to be black”. Comm.127: (MIN)MI = ṣa-la-mu, “black”. Comm.128: pi-in-du-u = um-ṣa-tu sa-an-du, “a flecked lesion”.
55 Kraus, , Texte, 7.obv.19: šumma MIN(= tir-ku) SA5.MEŠ BABBAR.MEŠ GE6.MEŠ … “If the tirku are red, white or black in colour.Google Scholar
56 BAM, 240Google Scholar.rev.59: šumma SAL MIN-ma umma li-'-ba u tir-ku ina šīrē(meš).šá “If a pregnant woman has inflammation, fever and tirku in her flesh”. Kraus, , Texte, 7.rev.10Google Scholar: šumma ina 
pa-ni-šú ter-ku-ma “If there is a terku above his face”.
57 CT, XXVIII, 27.30Google Scholar: Šumma ina ŠÁ GE6 1 SİG È-at “If one hair emerges from the middle of the terku”. CT. 28.27.31/32: …2/3 SÍG è-at “If two/three hairs emerge”.
58 CT, XXVIII, 27.34–36: šumma GE6īrī-šu …Google Scholar
59 CT, XXVIII, 27.37–40Google Scholar: šumma GE6 IGI-šu da-'-mu/SA5/GE6/BABBAR “If the terku of his eye is dark red/red/black/white”. 41Google Scholar. šumma GE6IGI-šu ṣur-ru[pu] “If the terku of his eye is bloodshot(?)”.
60 CT, XXIII, 27.42/43. šumma GE6ina imitti/Šumēli GAR-ma “If there is a terku on the right/left”.Google Scholar
61 Goetze, A., YOS, X, no. 39.26Google Scholar: ti-ir-ka-am wurqam 
“Tirku (of lung) is flecked with yellow”. Dossin, G., Archives royales de Mari, Paris, IV, 1951, 54, 13: t[e]riik šu-me-lim. “The left tirku (of the heart)”. 18–19: it-ti te-er-ki/pí-it-ru-su-tim. “In spite of the (right and left) terku which cancel out each other“.Google Scholar
62 CT, XIX, 10.rev.I–II.14Google Scholar: [GU]G = 
15…. = um-ṣa-tum … 16 = [p]i-in-du 17…= [kit-tab]ru Leichty, 216; Comm.128 (cf. n. 51 above).
63 Köcher, F. and Oppenheim, A. L., “The Old Babylonian omen text VAT 7525”, Archiv für Orientforschung, XVIII, 1957, 62–77Google Scholar, VAT 7525.III.4: šumma awēlu 
-li ṣa-al-mu-tim magal mali “If a man is thickly covered with 
”.
64 Kraus, , Texte, 7.9: DIŠ (pa-nu-Šú) MIN (
-li-e) pu-ul-lu-tu “If his face is pitted with 
“.Google Scholar
65 Leichty (cf. n. 22 above), 67.9. BE SAL Ù.TU-ma MIN-ma 
-li-e DIR “If a woman gives birth and at birth the child is already covered with 
”.
66 Kraus, , Texte, 12c.obv.III.8Google Scholar: šumma ziqnu ṣi-ba-ri Šakin “If the beard has a ṣibaru”.
67 Leichty, 115.8: [BE i]z-bu ṣi-ba-ra GAR “If the anomaly has a ṣibaru”.
68 Leichty, 115.9: [BE i]z-bu ṣi-ba-ra ina GÚ “If the anomaly has a ṣibaru on its neck”. 115.10. [BE iz-bu ṣi-ba-r]a MIN 11. BE iz-bu qá-ra-an ina 15 “If the anomaly has a horn on the right side”.
69 Leichty, 217.179: ṣi-ba-rum = UZU a[t-ru], “excessive amount of flesh”.
70 Kraus, , Texte, 2b.rev.14Google Scholar: šumma SÍG qaqqadi-šú kíma ṣi-ba-ru zaq-pat “If the hair of his head is pointed like a ṣibaru”. Leichty, 232.7. ṣi-ba-ru UZU at-ru kīma ubānu[e-ṣi] “The ṣibaru of excessive flesh protrudes like a finger”.
71 Kraus, , Texte, 7.obv.22Google Scholar: šumma (pa-nu-šu) uṭ-ṭe-ti MIN(= DIR) “If his face is full of uṭṭatu”. Labat, TDP. 200.6Google Scholar: šumma (mu-
pūti-šá) uṭ-te-ti mali “If the top of her forehead is full of uṭṭetu”. 7. šumma uṭ-ṭe-ti sāmāti(meš) mali “If it is full of red uṭṭetu”.
72 Goetze, A., YOS, X, no. 42, Col. 1.26Google Scholar. libbu uṭṭetim sāmātim mali “The stomach (of a sheep) is full of red uṭṭetu”.
73 Kraus, , Texte, 44.obv.2Google Scholar: šumma ŠE ina SAG.DU NA lu imitti lu šumeli GAR “If there is a ŚE tumour on the right or left of a man's head“. 3/4. šumma ŠE ina SAG GEŠTU šumeli/imitti GAR “If there is a ŠE on the top of the left/right ear“. 5. Šumma ŠE ina 
kišādi NA GAR “If it is on a man's neck”. 22Google Scholar. šumma ŠE ina PA.IGI 15 lu AN.TA lu KI.TA GAR “ŠE tumour on the right upper or lower eyelid”. 45.rev.2Google Scholar. šumma ŠE.MEŠ kala KUŠ-šú DIR “If ŠE tumours are very common on his body”. 2a.rev.37Google Scholar. šumma ŠE.MEŠ DIR “If (his head) is full of ŠE lesions”.
74 Kraus, , Texte, 47.obv.26: šumma ŠE ina NUNDUN2Ša AN.TA u KI.TA … “Lesions on upper and lower lips … ”.Google Scholar
75 Kraus, , Texte, 47.obv.18Google Scholar: šumma ŠE ina tu-ub-qú IGI2ša imitti u šumēli GAR “Lesions in the interior of both eyes”. Wilson, J. V. Kinneir suggests Śe 'u probably is a small cyst at the canthus of the eye (“Organic diseases of Ancient Mesopotamia” in Diseases in Antiquity, edited by Brothwell, D. and Sandison, A. T., Springfield, 1967, 199).Google Scholar
76 Kraus, , Texte, 44.obv.29Google Scholar: šumma ŠE ina 
li-iq pī-šú šá lu imitti lu šá šumēli GAR “The ŠE on either side of the palate”.
77 Kraus, , Texte, 45.rev.3Google Scholar: Šumma ŠE.MEŠ SA5.MEŠ kala KUŠ-šu DIR “If red ŠE are very widely distributed over his body”. 4Google Scholar. šumma ŠE.MEŠ BABBAR.MEŠ … “If white ŠE …” 5Google Scholar. šumma ŠE.MEŠ GE6.MEŠ … “If black ŠE …”.
78 Kraus, , Texte, 45.obv.8Google Scholar: šumma ŠE ina DILÌB qaqqadi-šú šakin “A ŠE in the hair of his head”.
79 Labat, , TDP, 98, n. 181Google Scholar; Adamson, , 1981, 128, n. 1.Google Scholar
80 Labat, , TDP, 98, 54Google Scholar: šumma ŠE ubānat(meš)-šú im-taq-tu u ṣalmū imāt “If the ŠE ubānāti are weakened and black, he will die”.
81 CT, XIX, 12(K 13595).I–II.4Google Scholar: GUG = 
-lu[ú]; 5Google Scholar. ì = um-ṣa[tú] 6Google Scholar. GUG = pi-in-d[u-u] 7Google Scholar. GUG = kit-tab[ru]. See duplicate text CT. 19.10.rev.I–II.14–7 in note 62Google Scholar. Kraus, , Texte, 7.obv.8Google Scholar: šumma (pa-nu-šú) 
-li-e MIN(= DIR.MEŠ) 10. šumma kit-tab-ru MIN 11. šumma um-ṣa-ti MIN.
82 CAD, K468: kittabru 1.Google Scholar
83 CAD, ṣ151: AHw 1095.Google Scholar
84 Falkenstein, A., Die Haupttypen der Sumerischen Beschwörung, Leipzig, 1931, 95.15–16Google Scholar. UD.DA TÁB.SU.BAR.RA TÁ;B.TÁB.E.DA(?): [ṣe]e-ti kib-bu 
-in[tu] “Insolation, burning, scorching fever”.
85 Labat, , TDP, 150.40Google Scholar: šumma UD-5-KÁM mariṣ-ma ina UD-6-KÁM damū ina pī-šú illakū(ku) murus-su ippaṭar(ár) 
sēti “If he has been ill for 5 days, and on the 6th day blood comes from his mouth, his sickness will resolve itself: (it is) 
sēti. 154.15–16: šumma u4-mi-šam IZKIM-šú LAL-šú BAR-šú enūma LAL-šú ila 'ib-ma šer' anē(pl)šúkkalasū šú/zu' tu imtaqut-su-ma ina- LÁ-ti sēti “If daily his power (?) diminish (?) and leave (?) him, and when they leave (?) him, he is feverish and his muscles pain him/sweat overwhelms him and he is panting (for breath): it is a terror of ṣētum”.Google Scholar
86 AMT, 17.4.6Google Scholar: šumma amēlu inā2-š la īna-ṭa-la amēlu šū 
ṣēti “If a man's eyes do not see, that man (has) 
. BAM, 3.1.20: šumma amēlu 
-šū UD.DA TAB ma inā2-šú i-bar-ru-ra… “If a man's scalp is feverish and his eyes are filmy (?) …”.
87 AMT, 48.1.10 + 78.3.7Google Scholar: šumma NA akala ikkal šikara išatti-ma ŠÀ-šú in-nem-me-ru KÁŠ-šú DIB.DIB-at UD.DA DI.DI “When he eats bread and drinks beer and his intestines have colic, and he cannot urinate: he is afflicted with sētum”. Labat, , TDP, 136.40Google Scholar: šumma šīnāti-šú arqā(pl)murus-su irrik KIMIN ṣēta 
imāt “If his urine is coloured green, his illness will be prolonged: ditto, he has 
ṣēti: he will die”.
88 Labat, , TDP, 154.17–18Google Scholar: šumma u4mi ma-'-du-ti mariṣ-ma mē(pl)malūti(pl)ina šubt-šu illakū(ku) murus-su ippaṭar/ 
ṣēti iballuṭ …“If, being ill for many days, a great quantity of water runs from his anus, his illness will resolve itself: (it is) 
ṣēti; he will be cured. Labat, , TDP, 174.1Google Scholar: [šumma marṣu]ip-ru 
ṣēti… “If the sick man vomits: 
ēti”.Google Scholar
89 AMT, 39, 1, 40–1: šumma NA ṣi-ri-
-ti libbi iršī-ma libba-šú išata u-[kal..] iras-su i-ka-sa-su amēlu šū UD.DA 
… “If a man has a burning sensation inside and his stomach is feverish (and) his chest gives him a gnawing pain, this man isfeverish with ṣētum”.Google Scholar
90 Labat, , TDP, 156.4–7Google Scholar:.. ištēn-is-su ummu istēn-is-su kuṣṣu/a-
ma-la a-
irtanaši (mes)(ši) arki ummu u zu 'tu ip-ṭú-ru bināti-šú um-ma/ub-la-nim-ma um-ma ma-la um-mi 
-ri-i ir-ši-ma ip-ta-ṭ/arārkanu(nu) kuṣṣa u zu'ta ir-ta-ši ṭi-
e-ri-bu wa-ṣu-ú 
ēti UD-7-KAM issala'-ma iballuṭ “(He suffers) first from fever and then from coldness, each as severe as the other; after fever and sweating have disappeared, his limbs appear to be hot, and the fever is as high as the preceding one, and it also disappears; aferwards he feels cold and is sweating: intermittent 
-disease or 
ēti. After suffering for 7 days, he will recover”.
91 Angel, J. L., “Early neolithic skeletons from Çatal Hüyük: demography and pathology”. Anatolian Studies, XXI, 1971, 77–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Note also Destaing, P., “La mort d'Alexandre”, Presse Médicale 1970,LXXVIII, 2391–2393.Google Scholar
92 Labat, , TDP, 156.8–9Google Scholar: Šumma ina taš-rit murṣi-šú nakkaptā2-šú um-ma ub-la-nim-ma arkānu ummu(u) zu'tu it-tab-la-ni/sili'ti(ti) ēti UD-2-KÁM UD-3-KÁM issala'-ma iballuṭ “If at the start of his illness, his temples appear hot and afterwards the fever and sweating disappear, (it is) an illness of sētum. After having suffered for 2 or 3 days, he will be cured. See also Labat, , TDP, n. 90.7.Google Scholar
93 Köcher (cf. n. 17 above), 11.1.5. [(ú)šá-]mi himit ēti: (ú)la- -gu “Medicine for 
ēti”. BAM. 1.I–III.52: U.PA.GIŠ.GEŠTIN.GIR: Ú TAB.UD.DA: zāku ina šamni pašāšu “Bramble leaf: medication for 
ēti: to crush and anoint (the patient with it mixed) in oil”. Finet, A., “Les médecins au royaume de Mari”, L'Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slavs, XIV, 1954–1957, Bruxelles, 1957, 123–44Google Scholar, Tablet A 2216:
94 Finet, , A 140.5Google Scholar: 
ša ma-
-ri-ia 6. ma-ru-uṣ ša-ap-la-nu-um 7. [u]z-ni-šu 8. ṣé-tum ú-ṣi-im “The ‘Valet’ who is with me is ill. From above his ear setum comes out”
95 Deimel, P. Anton, Sumerisches Lexikon, II, 1, 1928, p. 51Google Scholar, no. 73c: AN.IZI = karurū, sunstroke(?), AHw 447Google Scholar: kararū “heat at midday”. Labat, , TDP, 236.52Google Scholar: … ina AN.IZI mahis(is) imāt “He has been struck by the heat at midday: he will die”.
96 Meissner, B., Babylonien und Assyrien, II, Heidelberg, 1925, 287.Google Scholar
97 CT, XVIII, 6.obv.40Google Scholar: l[i].'-bu = 
-un-ṭu 41. u[m]mu = MIN.
98 CAD, L, 6, 34–5 and 181–2Google Scholar. But compare AHw 526Google Scholar: la'bua/lā'ību meaning “ansteckends Fieber”.
99 Adamson, , 1979 (cf. n. 52 above), 3–4Google Scholar: 
.
100 Best, C. H. and Taylor, N. B., The physiological basis of medical practice, London, 1950, 728–9Google Scholar; Savill's system of clinical medicine, edited by Warner, E. C., London, 1964, 664, 666 and 765.Google Scholar
101 Smith, S., “Babylonian time reckoning“. Iraq, XXXI, 1969, 77Google Scholar. Sloley, R. W., “Primitive methods of measuring time”, Journal of Egyptian Archeology, XVII, 1931, 166–178, especially 177–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
102 Oppenheim, A. L., “On the observation of the pulse in Mesopotamian medicine”, Orientalia, XXXI, 1962, 31.Google Scholar
103 Breasted, J. H., The Edwin Smith surgical papyrus, Chicago, I, 1930, 64–5Google Scholar; Ebbell, B., The Papyrus Ebers, London, 1937, Section XCIX.Google Scholar
104 Breasted, , 105Google Scholar. Sloley, , (cf. no. 101 above), 174 and 176Google Scholar. Compare Smith, , 77, no. 101.Google Scholar
105 Jones, W. H.S., “Hellenistic science and mathematics” in CAH, VII, 1969, 284–9 especially 285Google Scholar. Pigeaud, J. -M., “Du rythme dans le corps. Quelques notes sur l'interpretation du pouls par le medecin Hérophile“, Bull. Ass. Guill. Budé, III, 1978, 258–67, especially 258, 259 and 261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar