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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 March 2011
The imperative occupies A unique position in the conjugation system. In its real function it implies the presence of a speaker issuing a command to one or more listeners, or making an order referring to a third person or persons. This means that the conjugation tends to be defective. Because of its immediate association with the speaker the imperative is generally linked with the present tense, but through its meaning it is also associated with the future tense. The uncertainty of whether a command will be carried out links the imperative with the subjunctive, while the idea of volition brings it close to the optative. These special features and varying associations make the history of the imperative extremely complex in Middle Indo-Aryan as in other languages. An attempt is made here to study two aspects of this history: the use of the subject pronoun with the imperative, and the distribution of the forms of the second person singular of the imperative. Other features of the imperative, in particular its relation to the passive, will be discussed later.
page 92 note 1 Hirt, H., Indogermanische Grammatik, Part VI: Syntax (Heidelberg, 1934), p. 154Google Scholar.
page 92 note 2 Quoted as an example of the use of the imperative with the prohibitive particle mā by Speyer, J. S., Vedische und Sanskrit-Syntax (Strassburg, 1896), p. 58CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
page 92 note 3 Quoted by Edgerton, F., Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar (New Haven, 1953), p. 203Google Scholar. This example is based on an emendation and a more definite case is given on p. 108: sa tva manjuśiri pṝccha sūdhana, “do thou, O Sūdhana, ask Manjuśrī.”
page 93 note 1 Quotations from Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa texts are taken from the standard critical editions, notably those in the Singhī Jain Series. The Kuvalayamālā, edited by Upadhye, A. N. (Bombay, 1959), forms vol. no. 45 of this seriesGoogle Scholar.
page 93 note 2 Caüppannamahāpurisacariyaṃ, ed. Bhojak, A. M., Prakrit Text Society Series no. 3 (Benares, 1961)Google Scholar.
page 94 note 1 The vocative is often to be regarded as the “psychological subject” of the clause. See Sechehaye, A., Essai sur la structure logique de la phrase (Paris, 1950), pp. 27–28Google Scholar.
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page 95 note 1 Ch. Lassen, , Institutiones Linguae Prakriticae (Bonn, 1837), pp. 179, 338Google Scholar.
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page 95 note 4 F. Edgerton, op. cit., p. 147.
page 95 note 5 Pischel, R., Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen (Strassburg, 1900), p. 331CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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page 96 note 1 Bloch, J., Les Inscriptions d'Asoka (Paris, 1950), p. 77Google Scholar.
page 96 note 2 R. Pischel, op. tit., p. 327. Mixed forms in -ijjasu, with a short a are also found in Ardhamāgadhī, Mähārāṣḍṭrī, Jain and Saurasenī, Jain, e.g. muṇijjasu (Kattigeyāṇupekkhā, v. 89)Google Scholar.
page 97 note 1 Vajjālaggaṃ, ed. Laber, J. (Calcutta, 1944), Fasc. Ill, p. 11Google Scholar.
page 98 note 1 For examples of this in the development of the future system, see JRAS, 1953, pp. 50–52.
page 98 note 2 Saksena, B., The Evolution of Awadhi (Allahabad, 1937), pp. 269–270Google Scholar.