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According to the Prakrit Grammarians of the Western school, the Śaurasēnī-Mahārāṣtrī equivalent of Skr. ṣṭh is ṭṭh (Pischel, § 303), but the Māgadhī equivalent is sṭ (or, according to Namisādhu, śṭ) (Hc. iv, 290 ; Pischel, § 303). Nevertheless, the Māgadhī equivalent of tiṣṭhati is ciṣṭhadi (Hc. iv, 298), as compared with the Śaurasēnī-Mahārāṣṭṛi ciṭṭha (d) i. I shall deal later on with the initial c. So much for the Western school.
page 225 note 1 Preservation of an intervocalic t is more common in the North-West than is indicated in my Piśāca Languages, § 125. For instance, there is Sindhi rute, a season (*ṛtuki—rute, as shown by the termination, not being a Tatsama); Ksh. kịtu, for (kṛtakaḥ), sūti, with (sahitē). In the pre-Moslem Ksh. of the Mahârtha-prakāśa it is frequently met with. To quote a few words selected at random, there are nigghātu (nirghātaḥ), ugghātu (udghātaḥ), uditu (uditaḥ), and patitu (patitam). The termination, u, of all these shows that the words are tadbhavas, not tatsamas. To such may be added the numerous cases in which intervocalic d has (as in Paiśācī Pr.) become t, such as Ksh. hāpat-, a bear (śvápada-), bādarapĕt-, N. of a month (bhādrapada-); Bashgalī √ātamsh-, bite (ā-daṁś-); or, but the reverse process, Bsh. rādar, night (rātri-). In the last two cases we have (1) an instance of conservation, and (2) of the natural, but retarded, phonetic development, to which I have alluded above. There are also several cases of the Eranian change of intervocalic t or d to l, to which I need not do more than allude. In all these cases, besides many others, an intervocalic t has been preserved in one shape or another.
page 226 note 1 As peasants' speech is rarely recorded in writing, it is not easy to give proof of this for all languages. But ample evidence for Bihārī will be found in the index to Bihār Peasant Life.
page 227 note 1 So, for Panjābī, the “irregular” forms are the older, while the “ regular ”, where they exist, are of more usual occurrence. Tisdall's P. Gr., p. 19.
page 228 note 1 I have frequently drawn attention to this. See for instance JRAS., 1913, p. 142, with Mr. Pargiter's rejoinder in the same for 1914, p. 126.
page 228 note 2 It is unnecessary to give proofs of facts that are well known. It is sufficient to mention as a few Shb. conjuncts, noted by me in a cursory survey, gr, tr, pr, br, st, str, and sp.
page 231 note 1 Bull. S.O.S., iii, 301 ff.
page 232 note 1 The pratyāhāra “ yay ” means class-consonants plus semi-vowels; but the context here shows that only the former are alluded to.
page 233 note 1 MS. sarvatraprayōgaḥ, a manifest slip of the scribe.
page 235 note 1 See Professor Sylvain Lévi, in JA. cciii (1923), 24 ff.
page 236 note 1 The Kirātas were a Himalayan tribe. The scene of the Kirātârjunīya is in the Himâlaya. In Mbh. III, 8391, a settlement of the Kirātas is referred to as near the Gaṅgādvāra, the modern Hardwār, in, or close to, British Gaṛhwāl.