Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 September 2009
Not everyone will agree with the view that the Pilgrimage is Burton's “outstanding contribution to travel literature”. What is beyond dispute is the unique place it occupies among his writings. Conscious of the significant part it played in her husband's life and career, Lady Burton placed it at the head of the Memorial edition of his works. “Although he has been the author of some eighty books and pamphlets”, she wrote, “I think that this original edition of three volumes is the one that his name should live by…” Just over thirty years later, it provided the starting-point for the Royal Asiatic Society's first Burton Memorial Lecture.
* NLS, Grant Collection, MS 17910, J. H. Speke to C. P. Rigby, 25 Nov. 1859.
1 Assad, T., Three Victorian Travellers (London, 1964), p. 12.Google Scholar
2 Burton, I., The Life of Sir Richard F. Burton (London, 1893), i, p. 170.Google Scholar
3 Philby, H. St John, “Recent history of the Hedjaz: causes of King Hussein's failure”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1925), pp. 597–603.Google Scholar
4 Burton, R. F., The Pilgrimage, i, El Misr; ii, El-Medinah (London, 1855); iii, Meccah (1856). NB All references to Burton's Pilgrimage are to the first edition, 3 vols,. 1855–1856.Google Scholar
5 Said, E. W., Orientalism (London, 1878), pp. 51ff.Google Scholar; Tidrick, K., Heart-Beguiling Araby (London, 1981), pp. 10ff.Google Scholar
6 Athenaeum no. 1448, 25 07 (1855), p. 865.Google Scholar
7 Hogarth, D. G., The Penetration of Arabia (London, 1904), p. 186.Google Scholar
8 Athenaeum no. 3176, 8 09 (1888), p. 321.Google Scholar
9 The Pilgrimage, see Index, iii, p. 445:Google Scholar refs. omitted are in i, 212n; i, 228n; i, 5.
10 Trautz, M., “A forgotten explorer of Arabia”, in G. A. Wallin, Travels in Arabia, 1845 & 1848 (Cambridge, 1979), p. xxiii.Google Scholar
11 Wallin, G. A., “Notes taken during a journey through part of Northern Arabia in 1848”, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society XX (1850), pp. 293–344;CrossRefGoogle Scholar “Narrative of a journey from Cairo to Medina and Mecca etc.”, JRGS, XXIV (1854), pp. 115–207.Google Scholar
12 Correspondence Files, RGS Archives, noted in Wallin to Norton Shaw, Helsingfors, 13 Jan. 1851.
13 RGS Archives, Ledger No. 2, p. 2. Letters to Lord Colchester, PRGS, from HM Treasury (ref. no. 2963), 14 Feb. 1846; and from EIC Directors, 7 March 1846.
14 Colchester, Lord, Anniversary Address, JRGS, XVII (1847), pp. xxx–xxxi.Google Scholar
15 G. A. Willin to Shaw, op. cit.
16 Letter Book, RGS Archives, Murchison to Grand Duke Constantine, 18 March (1851).
17 Geikie, A., Life of Sir Roderick Murchison (London, 1875), pp. 42 & 47.Google Scholar
18 Mill, H. R., The Record of the RGS (London, 1930), p. 55.Google Scholar Also see Alekseyev, A. I., Fedor Petrovich Litke (Moscow, 1970), p. 204.Google Scholar
19 Wallin, G. A., Travels in Arabia;Google Scholar Mead, W. R., The English Connection, p. xii.Google Scholar
20 Letter Book, RGS Archives, Murchison to M. de Khanikoff, Secretary of the IGS, 11 Nov. (1851).
21 Wallin, G. A., Travels in Arabia;Google Scholar Mead, W. R., The English Connection, p. xii.Google Scholar
22 JRGS, XX (1852), p. cxiv.Google Scholar
23 Burton, R. F., “Notes relative to the population of Sind, etc”, Bombay Government Records, no. XVII, New Series, Part II (1855), pp. 637–57;Google Scholar “Brief notes relative to the division of time, and articles of cultivation in Sind, etc.”, with Asst. Surgeon Stocks, J. E. (03 1848), Bombay Govt. Records,Google Scholar ibid., pp. 613–36.
24 Burton, R. F., “Notes and remarks on Dr. Dorn's Chrestomathy of the Pushtu or Affghan dialect”, III, no. XII (Jan. 1849), pp. 58–69;Google Scholar “A grammar of the Jataki or Belochki dialect” ibid., pp. 84– 125.
25 Goa and the Blue Mountains, Scinde; or the Unhappy Valley, Sindh, and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus (London, 1851).Google Scholar
26 Athenaeum no. 1225, 19 April (1851), p. 425.Google Scholar
27 Dictionary of National Biography, lv, (London, 1898), p. 258.Google Scholar
28 Trautz, M., op. cit., p. xxxix.Google Scholar
29 Trautz, M.Google Scholar, ibid., p. xxxix.
30 Burton, R. F., Sindh & the Races, p. vi.Google Scholar
31 Proceedings of the Royal Society, LVIII (1895), pp. liv–lvii.Google Scholar
32 Burton, R. F., Falconry in the Valley of the Indus (London, 1852), p. 99.Google Scholar Reviewed in the Athenaeum no. 1290, 17 July (1852), pp. 765–6.Google Scholar
33 Captain (later Rear-Admiral), the HonMurray, Henry A. (1810–65), third and youngest son of Baron Dunmore. Burke's Peerage, 105th ed., 1975.Google Scholar
34 Harrison, W. H., ed., Psychic Facts. A Selection from the Writings of Various Authors on Psychical Phenomena (London, 1880), pp. 74–5.Google Scholar
35 The Pilgrimage, i, p. 18Google Scholar and note. See also ii, p. 29.
36 Burton, I., The Life, i, p. 162.Google Scholar
37 ibid., p. 149.
38 Oriental and India Office Collections, L/MIL/2/436, Military Home Correspondence, 3 April 1852.
39 OIOC, L/MIL/2/450, Military Home Correspondence, 18 Oct. 1852.
40 The Pilgrimage i, p. 1.Google Scholar
41 Dictionary of National Biography, xxxviii (1894), pp. 280–1.Google Scholar
42 Correspondence Files, RGS Archives.
43 Op. cit., pp. 30–1.
44 Gibb, H. A. R. (trans.), The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa AD 1325–1354, ii (Cambridge, 1962), pp. 382ff.Google Scholar
45 Niebuhr, C., Travels in Arabia (London, 1811), p. 115.Google Scholar
46 LtWellsted, J. R., “Account of the inscriptions in the Abyssinian character, found at Hassan Ghorab, on the Arabian coast”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, III, (11. 1834), pp. 554–6, with plate XXXII.Google Scholar
47 LtWellsted, J. R., “Narrative of a journey from the tower of Bal-l-haff on the southern coast of Arabia to the ruins of Nakab-al-Hajar in April 1835”, JRGS, VII, (1837), pp. 20–34.Google Scholar Wellsted, J. R., Travels in Arabia, (London, 1838), i, pp. 424–42.Google Scholar See also Doe, D. B., Southern Arabia (London, 1971), pp. 182ff.Google Scholar
48 Hutton, T. G. & LtSmith, J., “Report on some inscriptions found at Hamman on the southern coast of Arabia, 1835”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, IV, (10. 1835), pp. 533–537 with plates XLII and XLIII.Google Scholar
49 Cruttenden, C. J., “Journal of an excursion from Morebat to Dyreez, the principal town of Darfur”, Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society, I, (1836–1838), pp. 184–8.Google Scholar
50 von Wrede, A., “Account of an excursion in Hadramaut”, JRGS, XIV (1844), pp. 107–12.Google Scholar
51 Badger, G. P., “Remarks on paper by Capt. Miles”, Proceedings of the RGS, XV (06 1871), p. 330.Google Scholar
52 Carter, H. J., “Notes on the Gharah tribe made during the survey of the south-east coast of Arabia, 1844–45”, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, II (1844–1847), 1845, pp. 195–200;Google Scholar “Notes on the Mahrah tribe of southern Arabia with a vocabulary of their language to which are appended observations on the Gara tribe”, ibid., (July 1847), pp. 339–70. “Geological observations on the igneous rocks of Maskat and its neighbourhood, and on the limestone formation at their circumference”, ibid., III (1850–1), part 2, no. XIII, pp. 118–29.
53 Wellsted, J. R., Travels in Arabia.Google Scholar
54 Goldsmid, F. J., James Outram (London, 1880), ii, pp. 55ff.Google Scholar
55 Burton, R. F., The Lake Regions of Central Africa (London, 1860), i, p. 67;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Also Zanzibar, City, Island and Coast (London, 1872), i, p. 9.Google Scholar
56 OIOC, L/MIL/2/450, Officer on Furlough: Entered the service, 28 Oct. 1842. Nature of Furlough & when it commenced: S.C., 30 March 1849.
57 Burton, repeated this claim in Arabian Nights, Supplemental Six (Benares, 1888), p. 416.Google Scholar
58 OIOC, L/P&J/1/62, Revenue, Judicial and Legislative Committee, no. 318, 1852.
59 The Pilgrimage, i, p. 2.Google Scholar
60 Wallin to Shaw, op. cit.
61 Murchison to M. de KhanikofF, op. cit.
62 Letter Book, RGS Archives, Shaw to Wallin, 17 Nov. 1851.
63 See “Hints for collecting geographical information”, JRGS, XXIV (1854), pp. 353–7.Google Scholar
64 Finnish Features, no. 13, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Helsinki, Finland. See also, Trautz, M., op. cit, p. xxiii.Google Scholar
65 Committee Minutes, RGS Archives.
66 There is no mention of leave in Burton's written application.
67 The Pilgrimage, i, p. 2.Google Scholar
68 OIOC, Bombay Army List, L/MIL/12/73.
69 Sindh and the Races, p. vi.Google Scholar
70 OIOC, MSS EUR E342.
71 Letter Book, RGS Archives, Murchison to J. C. Melvill, and OIOC, L/P&J/1/63.
72 OIOC, L/P&J/1/62, no. 318.
73 OIOC, E/1/298, Miscellaneous (Jan–June, 1853), nos. 213–14.
74 Wellsted, , Travels in Arabia, i, pp. 2–3.Google Scholar
75 Cooley, W. D., “On the regio cinnamomifera of the ancients”, JRGS, XIX (04 1849), pp. 166–91.Google Scholar
76 Letter Book, RGS Archives, Smyth, W. H. & Malcolm, C. to Galloway, A., II 03 1850.Google Scholar
77 The Pilgrimage, i, p. 2.Google Scholar
78 OIOC, L/MIL/2/458, Military Home Correspondence (1–9 Feb. 1853).
79 OIOC, Ibid.
80 OIOC, Ibid. Dr John Scott to Military Sec., 29 Jan. 1853.
81 OIOC, E/1/298, Miscellaneous (Jan.–June, 1853), no. 431, 4 Feb. 1853.
82 Correspondence Files, RGS Archives, Friday, undated.
83 The Pilgrimage, i, p. 3.Google Scholar
84 Committee Minutes, RGS archives.
85 Wallin to Shaw, 13 Jan. 1851, op. cit.
86 Committee Minutes, RGS archives
87 The Pilgrimage, i, p. 20n.Google Scholar
88 Burton, R. F., The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (Benares, 1885), iv, p. 44n.Google Scholar
89 Wallin, G. A. JRGS, XXIV (1854), p. 206.Google Scholar
90 The Pilgrimage, ii, p. 299.Google Scholar
91 Ibid., p. 39.
92 Ibid., p. 297.
93 Ibid., ii, p. 29.
94 Burton, R. F., JRGS, XXIV (1854), p. 209.Google Scholar
95 The Pilgrimage, i, p. 4.Google Scholar
96 Ibid., ii, p. 299.
97 Ibid., i, pp. 245–7.
98 Murchison to Grand Duke Constantine, 18 March 1851, op. cit.
99 Speke, J. H., What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (Edinburgh, 1864), p. 157.Google Scholar
100 JRGS, XXIV (1854), P. 210.Google Scholar
101 JRGS, XXIV, p. 208.Google Scholar
102 The Pilgrimage, iii, pp. 317–18.Google Scholar
103 Burckhardt, J. L., Travels in Arabia (London, 1829), ii, p. 14.Google Scholar
104 Ibid., Appendix 1, p. 373.
105 The Pilgrimage, ii, p. 297n.Google Scholar
106 Niebuhr, C., op. cit., pp. 26–7.Google Scholar
107 Casson, L. (trans.), The Periplus Maris Erythraei (Princeton, 1989), p. 284.Google Scholar
108 Stark, F., The Southern Gates of Arabia (London, 1936), Appendix, pp. 269–70 & p. 157.Google Scholar
109 Burton, R. F., First Footsteps in East Africa (London, 1856), p. 32;Google Scholar also The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, iv, p. 118.Google Scholar
110 The Pilgrimage, i, p. 353n.Google Scholar
111 Ibid., iii, p. 366 and note.
112 Burton, R. F., First Footsteps, p. xix.Google Scholar
113 The Pilgrimage, iii, p. 376.Google Scholar
114 The Pilgrimage, iii, p. 390.Google Scholar
115 This is not true of course. What Burton means is clear from the Postscript in Falconry in the Valley of the Indus, p. 100: “Besides I knew the countries along the Gulf by heart from books”.
116 von Wrede, A., Reise in Hadramut, etc., ed. von Maltzan, H. F. (Brunswick, 1870).Google Scholar
117 Ralli, A., Christians at Mecca (London, 1909), p. 191.Google Scholar
118 JRGS, XXIV, p. 208.Google Scholar The second paper, “A journey from El-Medinah down the ‘Darb el Sharki’ on the Eastern Road (hitherto unvisited by Europeans) in September 1853”, arrived too late for inclusion in that year’s journal. It was printed in JRGS, XXV (1855), pp. 121–36.Google Scholar
119 The Pilgrimage, i, p. 252.Google Scholar
120 Didier, C., Sojourn with the Grand Sharif of Makkah (Cambridge, 1985), p. ix & pp. 6ff.Google Scholar
121 OIOC, L/MIL/12/85. Appointed 19 March 1853. Assumed charge, 10 July.
122 OIOC, L/MIL/12/73, op. cit.
123 Burton, R. F., “The translator's foreword”, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, i, p. ix.Google Scholar
124 OIOC, P/351/45, Bombay Public Proceedings (March 1855), nos. 1702–4. Also Spiro Collection.
125 PRO, FO 7/1105, Burton to Iddesleigh, 8 Sept. (1886).
126 Burton, I., The Life, ii, pp. 324–5.Google Scholar
127 Burton, R. F., The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, The Biography of the Book and its Reviewers Reviewed, Supplemental Six (Benares, 1888), p. 416.Google Scholar
128 OIOC, L/MIL/12/73, op. cit.
129 OIOC, V/II/2151–2.
130 Her Majesty's Consular Service: III, Amateur Consuls, 26 Aug. (1882), p. 123.
131 Burton Collection, formerly Royal Anthropological Institute, (now Huntington Library) G. P. Badger to R. F. Burton, 21 Feb. 1872.
132 Burton, R. F., Zanzibar, City, Island and Coast (London, 1872), i, p. 9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
133 Russell, C. E. B., General Rigby, Zanzibar & the Slave Trade (London, 1935), p. 60.Google Scholar
134 Tidrick, K., Heart-Beguiling Araby, p. 68.Google Scholar
135 JRGS, XXIV (1854), p. lxxxv.Google Scholar
136 The Pilgrimage, i, p. 66.Google Scholar
137 Freytag, W. F., Lexicon Arabico-latinum (Halle, 1830–1837).Google Scholar
138 Jones, H., Contributions towards a Dictionary of English Book-Collectors (London, 1898), p. 2;Google Scholar also Ibid. Appendix, p. 9.
139 Burton, I., The Life, i, p. 21 & footnote.Google Scholar
140 Bishop, J., “The identities of Richard Burton: the explorer as actor”, Victorian Studies, I, no. 1 (09 1957), p. 135.Google Scholar