Art. XXII.—Kapilavastu in the Buddhist Books

T. Watters

doi:10.1017/S0035869X00025727

Art. XXII.—Kapilavastu in the Buddhist Books

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 March 2011

T. Watters

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The recent discoveries in Nepāl associated with the name of Dr. Fuhrer, Archaeological Surveyor in the employment of the Government of India, may lead at an early date to a revival of interest in the life of the historical Buddha, distinguished generally by the names Gautama and Sakyamuni, and in the district in which he is supposed to have been born.

Type: Original Communications
Information: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 30 , Issue 3 , July 1898 , pp. 533 - 571

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00025727 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 1898

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^{page 533 note 1} The common ways of writing the names of these pilgrims are Fa-hien and Hioueu-Thsang; they are also written Fa Hien (or Hian) and Hiuen Tsiang. In Chinese the name of the former is written and that of tlie latter (also ).

^{page 535 note 1} The texts used are those of the recent Japanese revised edition of the collection of Buddhist books kept in the libraries of the monasteries in China, Japan, and Korea. References are given, however, to Mr. Bunyio Nanjio's valuable Catalogue, and the dates of the translations are taken from that work.

^{page 536 note 1} Fo-pên-hsing-chi-ching, ch. 4 (Bunyio Nanjio's Catalogue, No. 680, tr. 587), here quoted by the short title “Hsing-chi-ching.” Bunyio Nanjio's Catalogue is quoted by the abbreviation “Bun.”

^{page 536 note 2} Mi-sha-sai-ho-hai-wu-fên-lü, ch. 15 (Bun., No. 1,122, tr. 424), here quoted by its usual short title “Wu-fên Viuaya”; Ssŭ-fên-lü-tsaug, ch. 31 (Bun., No. 1, 117, tr. 405), here quoted by the short title “Ssŭ-fên Vinaya.”

^{page 536 note 3} I-ch'u-p'u-sa-pên-ch'i-ching, p. 2 (Bun., No. 509, tr. about 314); Hsiuhshig-pên-ch'i-ching, ch. 1 (Bun., No. 664, tr. 197), the “Charya-nidana-sūtra.”

^{page 536 note 4} Chang-a-liau-ching, ch. 12 (Bun., No. 545, tr. 413).

^{page 537 note 1} Kên-pên-shuo-i-ch'ie-yu-pu-p'i-na-ye, P'o-sêng-shi, ch. 9 (Bun., No. 1, 123, tr. 710). This and the other portions of the Vinaya of the Sanvāstivādin School are here quoted by the short title “Sarvata Vinaya,” with the title of each section added. Liu-li-wang-ching (Bun., No. 671, tr. about 300).

^{page 537 note 2} Fo-kuo-chi, ch. 22; Hsi-yu-chi, ch. 6.

^{page 537 note 3} Jātaka (ed. Fausboll, ), vol. i, p. 87Google Scholar; Hsing-chi-ching, chs. 23, 37; Ching-fan-wang-pan-nie-p'an-ching (Bun., No. 732, tr. 455).

^{page 537 note 4} Sutta Nipāta, p. 184 (P.T.S.); Oldenberg's “Buddha,” S. 110 (3rd edition).

^{page 538 note 1} “The Birthplace of Gautama Buddha,” by Smith, V. A., in Journal R.A.S., 07, 1897, p. 616; Bühler, in Sitz. K. A. d. Wiss. in Wien, Phil, hist., January 7, 1897Google Scholar.

^{page 539 note 1} Sarvata Vinaya, P'o-sêng-shi, ch. 2; Ta-chih-tu-lun, ch. 3 (Bun., No. 1,169, tr. 405).

^{page 539 note 2} Kao-sêng-chuan, chs. 2, 3.

^{page 540 note 1} Sung shu, ch. 57. The name of this country, Ka-p'i-li, occurs also in other Chinese treatises, and it was evidently not Kapilavastu.

^{page 540 note 2} Divyāvadnna, p. 390 ff.; A-yü-wang-chuan (Bun., No. 1,459, tr. about 300); A-yu-wang-ching (Bun., No. 1,343, tr. 512).

^{page 544 note 1} P'i-na-ye or Chie-yin-yuan-ching, ch. 4 (Bun., No. 1,130, tr. 378); Tsa-a-han-ching, ch. 43 (Bun., No. 544, tr. 420 to 479); Samyut. Nikāya, vol. iv, p. 182 (P.T.S.); I-tsu-ching, ch. 2 (Bun., No. 674, tr. 222 to 280); Tsêng-i-a-han-ching, ch. 26 (Bun., No. 543, tr. 385).

^{page 544 note 2} Abhidharmamahāvibhāsha-lun, ch. 105 (Bun., No. 1,263, tr. 659); Vibhāshalun, ch. 13 (Bun., No. 1,279, tr. 383); Rockhill, Life of the Buddha, p. 120.

^{page 544 note 3} Hsing-chi-ching, ch. 17; Mo-ho-Mo-ye-ching, ch. 2 (Bun., No. 382, tr. about 560); Pan-ni-huan-ching, ch. 2 (Bun., No. 119, tr. about 350). In S.B.E., vol. xi, p. 134, . MrDavids, Rhys, by a slip, omits this tope, which is duly mentioned in the “Mahāparinibbana suttam” (Journal R.A.S., vol. viii, p. 260)Google Scholar.

^{page 545 note 1} Maj. Nikāya, vol. i, 108 (P.T.S.); Tsêng-i-a-han-ching, ch. 35

^{page 545 note 2} Chung-a-han-ching, chs. 28 and 49 (Bun., No. 542, tr. 398).

^{page 546 note 1} Jātaka, vol. i, p. 52.

^{page 547 note 1} V. Smith, in Journal R.A.S., loc. cit.

^{page 545 note 2} Shih-êrh-yu-ching (Bun., No. 1,374, tr. 392); Samyut. Nik., iii, p. 5; iv, p. 124.

^{page 548 note 1} Chung-hsü-ching, ch. 4. The full title is Fo-shuo-chung-hsü-mo-ha-ti-ching (Bun., No. 859, tr. about 1000); Rockhill, op. cit., pp. 20, 52; Sarvata Vin. P'o-sêug-shih, ch. 9; Fausböll's Dh., p. 351; Thera-gāthā, v. 529 (P.T.S.); Journal P.T.S., 1886, p. 53.

^{page 548 note 2} Chung-pên-ch'i-ching, ch. 1 (Bun., No. 556, tr. 207).

^{page 548 note 3} Vibhāsha-lun, ch. 13; Abhidharma-mahā vibhāsha-lun, ch. 105.

^{page 548 note 4} Chung-a-han-ching, ch. 59; Tsa-a-han-ching, ch. 20; Fo-shuo-han-t'i-ching (Bun., No. 660, tr. about 290).

^{page 548 note 5} Fausböll's Dh., p. 222.

^{page 548 note 6} Maj. Nik., vol. i, p. 456.

^{page 548 note 7} Samyut. Nik., i, p. 184.

^{page 549 note 1} Tsa-a-han-ching, ch. 27. The words are Huang-ch'ên ().

^{page 549 note 2} Tsa-a-han-ching, ch. 39; Samyut. Nik., i, p. 116 ff.

^{page 549 note 3} Ta-ai-tao-pi-chiu-ni-ching (Bun., No. 1,147, tr. about 400); Chung-pên-ch'i-ching, ch. 2.

^{page 549 note 4} Samyut. Nik., i, p. 184.

^{page 549 note 5} Chung-hsu-ching, ch. 4.

^{page 549 note 6} Pie-i-Tsa-a-han-ching, ch. 9 (Bun., No. 546, tr. about 400).

^{page 549 note 7} Divyāvadana, p. 67. The story is given from the same source in the “Sarvata Vinaya Yao-shih” (), ch. 8. This treatise, not being in the Ming Collection of Buddhist books, is not in Bunyio Nanjio's Catalogue.

^{page 550 note 1} Chung-hsü-ching, ch. 3;Rockhill, op. cit., p. 18, and note.

^{page 550 note 2} Sarvata Vin. P'o-sêng-shih, ch. 3;Rockhill, op. cit., p. 21.

^{page 550 note 3} Wu-fên Vin., ch. 15; Ssŭ-fên Vin., ch. 4; Hsiu-hsing-pên-ch'i-ching, ch. 2; Hsing-chi-ching, ch. 58; Hardy, , Manual of Buddhism, p. 164 (2nd ed.)Google Scholar; Bigandet's Legend of the Buddha, i, p. 64; Rockhill, op. cit., p. 26.

^{page 551 note 1} Hsing-chi-ching, ch. 51.

^{page 551 note 2} Tsa-a-han-ching, ch. 22.

^{page 551 note 3} Fo-kuo-chi, ch. 21; Hsi-yü-chi, loc. cit.

^{page 552 note 1} Nabhīka seems to have been known as the name of a place. In the “Hsing-chi-ching” (ch. 51) we have mention of a senior bhikshu who is called Senayana of Na-p'i-ka.

^{page 552 note 2} Sarvata Yin. Yao-shi, ch. 7.

^{page 552 note 3} Fo-shuo-Fo-ming-ching, ch. 8 (Bun., No. 404, tr. about 400). Cf. Mahāwaṁsa, p. 57.

^{page 552 note 4} Ch'i-Fo-fu-mu-hsing-tzŭ-ching (Bun., No. 626, tr. about 530).

^{page 552 note 5} Chang-a-han-ching, ch. 1.

^{page 552 note 6} Ch'i-Fo-ching (Bun., No. 860, tr. about 975). So the Sapta Buddha Stotra calls the birthplace of Krakuchanda Kshemavatī and that of Kanakamuni Sobhanavatī.

^{page 553 note 1} Academy, April 27, 1895.

^{page 553 note 2} Fo-shuo-chiu-ch'êng-yu-ching (Bun., No. 902, tr. about 990).

^{page 554 note 1} Chêng-fa-nien-ch'u-ching, chs. 47–52 (Bun., No. 678, tr. 539); cf. also ch. 43.

^{page 554 note 2} Divyāvadana, p. 418.

^{page 554 note 3} Sarvata Vin. Tsa-shih, chs. 7, 8 (Bun., No. 1,121, tr. 710).

^{page 556 note 1} Journal Buddhist Society, vol. iv, pt. 1, p. 5.

^{page 556 note 2} Rockhill, op. cit., p. 74 ff.

^{page 556 note 3} Fausb⊙ll's Dh., p. 211 ff.; Hardy's Manual of Buddhism, p. 293; Jātaka, vol. iv, p. 144; Fick's Soc. Gliederung im N. Indien zu Buddha's Zeit, p. 30.

^{page 556 note 4} Tsêng-a-han-ching, ch. 26.

^{page 556 note 5} Wu-lêu Vin., ch. 21.

^{page 557 note 1} Liu-li-wang-ching; Wu-fên Vin., loc. cit.

^{page 557 note 2} Abhidharma-mahā vibhāsha-lun, ch. 14; see also chs. 83, 105; Vibhāsha-lun, ch. 13.

^{page 558 note 1} Ssŭ-fên Vin., ch. 41; Liu-li-wang-ching.

^{page 558 note 2} Vibhāsha-lun, ch. 11, and references under note 2, p. 557.

^{page 559 note 1} Ta-pan-nie-p'an-ching, chs. 14, 36 (Bun., No. 114, tr. about 430); I-tsu-ching, ch. 2; Mahāsañghika Vin., ch. 30 (Bun., No. 1,119, tr. 416); Sarvāstivāda Vinaya-vibhāsha, ch. 7 (Bun., Nos. 1,135, 1,136, tr. 400).

^{page 559 note 2} Shi-sung Vinaya, ch. 21 (Bun., No. 1,115, tr. 404); Wu-fên Vin., ch. 21.

^{page 560 note 1} Sarvata Vin. P'i-ko-shih, ch. 2 (translated by I-ching about 715, not in Bunyio). I-ching mentions an old rule that “fu-lo does not enter the Hall of Fragrance,” that is, Buddha's temple (Nan-hai-ch'i-kuei, etc., ch. 2).

^{page 560 note 2} Ch'u-yao-ching, ch. 11 (Bun., No. 1,321, tr. 399), and cf. Fausböll's Dh., v, 127. There are further references to Virüdhika's invasion in ch. 25 and other parts of the “Ch'u-yao-ching,” which is an interesting Dhammapada treatise.

^{page 560 note 3} Sarvāstivāda Vin. Vibhāsha, loc. cit. In the Sarvata Vin. Tsa-shih, ch. 7, there is a pretty story of Mallikā, the slave-girl, giving her own breakfast to Buddha. The compiler of the Pali “Questions of Milinda” spoils this story by making Mallikā give, as alms to Buddha, some “last night's sour gruel.” See Davids, Rhys “Questions of Milinda,” iv, 8, 25Google Scholar.

^{page 561 note 1} Hsing-ch'i-hsing-ching, ch. i (Bun., No. 733, tr. about 195); Journal Bud. Soc, op. cit., p. 11.

^{page 561 note 2} Mahāsañghika Vin., ch. 30.

^{page 561 note 3} Bigandet, op. cit., p. 267; Davids, R. Buddhism, p. 77Google Scholar.

^{page 562 note 1} Hsiu-hsing-pên-ch'i-ching, ch. 2.

^{page 562 note 2} Fang-kuang-ta-chuang-yen-ching, ch. 2 (Bun., No. 159, tr. 683); Abhidharma-mahā vibhāsha-lun, ch. 83.

^{page 562 note 3} Dīgha Nik., i, p. 92; Sumang. Vil., p. 258 (T.T.S.). The same story is to be found in the Sarvata Vin. Yao-shi, ch. 8.

^{page 563 note 1} Kao-sêng-chuaii, ch. 1.

^{page 564 note 1} Bühler, op. cit., p. 5; Oldenberg, op. cit., p. 110 ff.; Waddell, , in Journal As. Bengal, vol. lxv, pt. 1, No. 3, p. 275Google Scholar.

^{page 564 note 2} Chang-a-han-ching, ch. 3; Fan-i-ming-i, ch. 3.

^{page 565 note 1} See also Ta-an-p'an-shuo-i-ching, ch. 1 (Bun., No. 681, tr. about 150).

^{page 565 note 2} Chung-pên-ch'i-ching, ch. 2.

^{page 565 note 3} Ssŭ-fên Vin., chs. 41, 54.

^{page 565 note 4} P'u-yao-ching, ch. 3.

^{page 565 note 5} Wu-fên Vin., ch. 15; Ssŭ-fên Vin., ch. 31.

^{page 566 note 1} P'an-ni-huan-ching, ch. 1 (Bun., No. 119, tr. between 317 and 420); Journal R.A.S., Vol. VII, p. 65, and Vol. VIII, p. 259.

^{page 566 note 2} Hsing-chi-ching, ch. 17.

^{page 566 note 3} Sarvata Vinaya, Yao-shih, ch. 7.

^{page 566 note 4} Rockhill, op. cit., p. 23.

^{page 567 note 1} P'u-sa-shêng-man-lun, ch. 4 (Bun., No. 1,312, tr. between 960 and 1127). This “Jātaka-māla” is a late work and of doubtful value.

^{page 567 note 2} Ta-chih-tu-lun, ch. 3.

^{page 567 note 3} Ssŭ-fên Vin., ch. 14.

^{page 567 note 4} Sarvata Vin. Yao-shih, ch. 8; Divyādana, p. 548.

^{page 567 note 5} Chung-hsü-ching, ch. 5.

^{page 567 note 6} P'i-ni-mu-ching, ch. 4 (Bun., No. 1,138, tr. about 400).

^{page 568 note 1} Hsing-chi-ching, ch. 7; Mahāvastu (ed. Senart, ), ii, p. 30Google Scholar.

^{page 568 note 2} Rockhill, op. cit., p. 15; Hsing-chi-ching, ch. 22.

^{page 568 note 3} Ta-chih-tu-lun, ch. 25.

^{page 569 note 1} Thera-gāthā, p. 56 (P.T.S.); Samyut. Nik., iii, pp. 5, 91; Mahāsañghika Vin., ch. 39, where we read of Sakya, Koli, Malla, and Licchavi bhikshunis all under Mahā Prajāpatī.

^{page 569 note 2} Jātaka, iv, p. 152; Fausböll's Dh., p. 223.

^{page 569 note 3} Fausboll's Dh., p. 224; Childers' Pali Dictionary, s.v.

^{page 569 note 4} Shê-li-fu Mo-ha-Mu-lien-yu-ssŭ-chu-ching (Bun, No. 625, tr. about 195). In the later translation in ch. 41 of the “Tsêng-i-a-han-ching” the word Shê-i does not occur.

^{page 569 note 5} Fên-pie-kung-tê-lun, ch. 2 (Bun., No. 1,290, trs. about 150, or according to others about 380); Ssŭ-fê Vin., chs. 3, 31.

^{page 569 note 6} Chung-pên-ch'i-ching, ch. 1.

^{page 569 note 7} Ching-tan-wang-pan-nie-p'an-ching, ch. 1 (Bun., No. 732, tr. 455).

^{page 570 note 1} Vinaya (ed. Oldenberg) Mah., i, 38, 11; Tsa-a-han-ching, ch. 41; Samyut. Nik., iv, p. 183.

^{page 570 note 2} Mahāsañghika Vin., chs. 19, 37.

^{page 571 note 1} Ta-lu-t'an-ching, ch. 6 (Bun., No. 551, tr. about 300). Mr. Bunyio gives the title as “Fo-shuo-lu-t'an-ching,” and suggests as its meaning “Sūtra on the Lokadhātu spoken by Buddha.” But “Ta-lu-t'an” is evidently for “Mahārūdham,” meaning the great production, that is the origin of the world. In Nos. 549 and 550 the Sanskrit title is translated by “Ch'i-shih-yin-pên” and “Ch'i-shih” respectively.

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Art. XXII.—Kapilavastu in the Buddhist Books

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