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Anatomical and Pathological terms in Akkadian: Part I

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2011

P. B. Adamson
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Extract

Although numerous Akkadian words and phrases referring to the anatomy of the human body have been discussed previously, many gaps still remain in our knowledge of this subject. A few of these still unidentified Akkadian words are discussed in this article, and tentative interpretations are supplied for them.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 106 , Issue 2 , July 1974 , pp. 102 - 106
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 1974

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References

1 Note especially: H. Holma, AASF, Ser. B., VII, 1, 1911; R. C. Thompson, AMT (1923), CT, XVI, XVII, XXIII, and subsequent editions of these texts in AJSL, 1907, 1908, 1930, 1936, PRSM, 1923, 1925, JRAS, 1924–37, RA, 1929–34; Labat, R., TDP (1951)Google Scholar; Leichty, E., TCS, IV, 1970Google Scholar; CAD; AHwb. Abbreviations throughout this article follow the usage of The Assyrian dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (1956–).

2 See lexical entry in CAD, B, 219a.

3 Kraus, Texte, 36, ii.obv.16/17: šumma ina bi-bé-en imitti/šumēli GAR … “If on the right/left bibēnu …”; ibid., obv.18: šumma ina ḪA.LA bi-bé-en GAR … “If on part of the bibēnu … ”; op. cit., 21, obv. 10′: šumma SAG KA-šu maš-du bi-bé-en KA-šu NUNDUM.ME-šú BAR-ma … “If the tip of his nose is flat(?), the bibēnu of his nose (and) his lips are cleft …”

4 AHwb, 124b; CAD, B, 219a.

5 See n. 3 above.

6 AMT, 2.7.8: GI.GÍD UR5.MEŠ-šú ú-na-kar-šú … “his embūb ḫašê is obstructed …”; AMT, 26.3.6: GI.GÍD UR5.MEŠ mariṣ-ma ana balṭi-šú kanaktu … “(This man) suffers from (his) embūb ḫašê. For his cure, Opoponax … ” ; AMT, 55.5.II.4 and 5: šumma NA GI.GÍD UR5.MEŠ GIG-ma … “If a man is sick from (his) embūb ḫašê …”; BAM, 145. obv. 13. GI.GÍD ḫa-še-šú “His embūb ḫašê”; R. Labat and J. Tournay, RA, XL, 1945/6, 116.8: šumma amēlu su-alam ša ši-ḫi mariṣ-ma malīl ḫašê(pl.)-šu šāra malī … “If the man suffers from a sibilant cough and his malīl ḫašê is full of breath sounds … ” Note W. G. Lambert, BWL, 54.31. Comm: ma-li-lum im-bu-bu “flute: flute player”.

7 AHwb, 180b. In CAD, E, 138a it is considered to be the windpipe (trachea).

8 See n. 6 above.

9 Cf. Šurpu, VII.29–30: úh.luḫ BAR ZI UD gaba.bi ḫu.ne.e/[g]u-uḫ-ḫu su-a-lu i-rat-su ú-tan-niš “Cough and phlegm(?) have weakened his chest.”

10 Note Izbu Comm. 176, a-ru-pu : su-ḫa-tú; TDP, 114.38′: šumma ina rēš libbi-šú u su-ḫa-ti-šú maḫiṣ (iṣ) … “if he is ‘struck’ in his epigastrium and his suḫātu …”; Kraus, Texte, 38c.obv.12′/13′: su-ḫa-ti-šu imitti/šumēli GAR … “his right/left suḫatu …”; E. Ebeling, TuL, I.32.7: (šam) karašu šārat su-ḫa-ti-šú “A leek (is) the hair of his suḫātu”; LKA, 92.17: KIMIN šá su-ḫa-ti ni-pi-is-su “Ditto (i.e. do not approach) the smell of his suḫātu.”

11 CT, 27.13.obv.10: šumma iz-bu a-ru-up sīsî [šakin] … “If the malformed creature has the arūpu of a horse …” (closely associated with texts concerning GÚ); CT, 27.45(K4129).3 (= E. Leichty, šumma izbu, XIV.21): [BE iz-bu 15-šú šá] 15 ina a-ru-pí-šú na-si … “If the malformed creature carries its right shoulder on its arūpu …”; CT, 27.45(K4129).4 (šumma izbu, XIV.22): [BE iz-bu 15-šú šá] 150 ina a-ru-pi-[šú na-ši‥]‥ “If the malformed creature carries its left shoulder in its arūpu ‥”; CT, 27.45 (K4129).5 (šumma izbu XIV.23): [BE iz-bu 15]. MEŠ-šú ina a-ru-pí-šú na-ši … “If the malformed creature carries its shoulders in its arūpu …”

12 H. Holma, Körperteile, 141; CAD, A/2, 323a; AHwb, 72b.

13 The Klippel-Feil syndrome in humans is a clinical condition involving the soft tissues of the neck, with fusion and disorganization of all the cervical vertebrae. This congenital abnormality is an anomaly affecting both sexes, and may be present in various degrees of severity among children and adults.

14 Lambert, W. G., JSS, IV, 1959, 15Google Scholar. He discusses Izbu Comm. 176 and possible anatomical sites of the arūpu and suḫātu.

15 It is a congenital maldevelopment of the bronchial arches, more commonly found in males, and may be associated with other abnormalities of bronchial arch development. It may be a severe or a relatively minor deformity, the latter being of minor clinical importance. Gross abnormalities, however, may be lethal due to interference with breathing and sucking. Slight degrees of hare-lip (often associated with a minor degree of cleft palate) are quite compatible with life and do not seriously interfere with development to puberty. Text TDP, 140.57′ suggests that the ribītu may be associated with the palate. It is probable that Celsus (De Med., VII, 9) may be considering the surgical treatment of hare-lip (cf. Paulus Aegineta, VI, 26).

16 CAD, K, 59–60.

17 CT, 28.33.obv.11: [šumma … k]ak-kul-ti IGI2-šú nam-ru… “If the kakkulti of his eyes are bright …”; CT, 28.33.obv.12: [šumma … k]a-ak-kul-ti IGI2-šú da-'-mu… “If the kakkulti of his eyes are dark …” ; CT, 28.33.obv.13/14: [šumma … ka]-ak-kul-ti IGI2-šú sāmu/arqu “If the kakkulti of his eyes are red/yellow”; TDP, 52.G.14/15: šumma SA kak-kul-ti IGI imitti/šumēli-šú šalmū (pl.)… “If the SA of his right/left kakkulti of the eye is black … ”; TDP, 52.G.17/18: šumma SA kak-kul-ti IGI imitti/šuméli-šú tar-ku … “If the SA of his right/left kakkulti of the eye is swollen(?) … ”

18 Iris of the eye: C. Bezold, Glossar, 140a; Labat, R., TDP, I, 53Google Scholar; AHwb, 423a. The eyeball itself: H. Holma, Körperteile, 15; CAD, K, 59b.

19 Labat, R., TDP, I, 50, n. 92.Google Scholar

20 CAD, K, 60a, kakkultu (b) and (c).

21 CT, 14.14(K4396).4: UZU.KUN.A.ŠÀ.GA: šar-qa-tum:ku-ku-dúr: mes-sa8-àm; ibid. 5:UZU.KUN. A.ŠÀ.GA:ku-ku-ba-tum:pi-i kar-ši:ku-ku-ba-nu šá šaḫi.

22 See Holma, Körperteile, 75. That pí karšim may refer to the umbilicus is no longer tenable (H. Torczyner, ZDMG, LXVI, 1912, 771). It may apparently mean the epigastrium (AHwb, 451a), although rēš libbi is the more usual term used. W. L. Moran (JCS, XXI, 1967, 178–82) tends to agree with W. von Soden in this respect. Both pī karši and abul karši are terms used in hepatoscopy (Nougayrol, J., RA, XLIV, 1950, 1–40)Google Scholar.

23 AHwb, 500b.

24 STT, I, 96.rev.20: šumma NA KA kar-ši GIG rēš libbi-šu … “If a man is ill in his pī karši, his epigastrium …”; STT, I, 96.obv.10–11: šumma NA pī kar-še GIG ana TÌL-šu Ú.TAR.ḪU Ú.ŠI.ŠI Ú ŠI.MAN Ú SIKIL Ú.KUR.KUR Ú.ḪAR.ḪAR … “If a man is sick in his pī karši, to cure him, (use) Tarḫu-drug, heliotrope, heliotrope species, Neapolitan medlar, vetch, mustard … ” See also STT, I, 96.1, 5, and 7.

25 JCS, XXI, 1967, 180.Google Scholar

26 See n. 22 above.

27 CT, 19.45 (K264).I.rev.5: (ŠE).BAR:tu-ga-nu (cf. B. Landsberger, MSL, IX, list of diseases, IV.137); KAR, 44.obv.18: … du-ga-nu GIG.

28 F. Kuchler, Beitr. (1904), Pl. 16.II.24 (Coll.): šumma amēlu balu patān rēš libbišu ikassassu IZI.ŠÀ irtanašši ina gešīšu marta i'arru amēlu šuātu pašittu tugāna (!) mariṣ “If a man's epigastrium hurts him before eating, (if) he has constant heartburn, and when he belches he brings up bile, this man is suffering from the pašittu-disease (or) from the dugānu-disease”; STT, I, 96.obv.9: šumma NA du-ga-nu iṣbassu (su) rēš [libbi]-šu ú-ṣa-rap-šu NU pa-tan ú-ga-áš … “If the dugānu-disease has taken hold of the man, his epigastrium burns and he vomits without having eaten … ”; STT, I, 96.rev.16: šumma NA tu-ga-nu GIG ana TÌL-šu GIŠ.[P]A.AG.PAR Ú.ŠI.ŠI Ú.ŠI.MAN Ú.TAR.MUŠ … “If a man is sick from the dugānu-disease, to cure him, (use) foliage of castor oil plant, heliotrope, heliotrope species, lupin … ”

29 C. Bezold, Glossar, 105b.