Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T13:50:00.114Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An Early Fragment of Ibn Jazlah's Tabulated Manual “Taqwīm al-Abdān” from the Cairo Genizah (T-S Ar.41.137)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2013

EFRAIM LEV
EFRAIM LEV*
Affiliation:
University of Haifa
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Ibn Jazlah was born and raised as a Christian in Karkh (Baghdad) and died in the year 1100. He acquired his medical education in Baghdad, worked at the ʿAḍuḍi hospital, and was appointed as a registrar and physician for the court at the ʿAbbāsid capital and later became a court physician of Caliph al-Muqtadī. Ibn Jazlah wrote several books on various subjects, mainly on medicine. During the process of reconstructing the medical library of the medieval Jewish practitioners in Cairo, a Genizah fragment of a unique tabular medical book in Arabic was identified as Ibn Jazlah's tabulated manual “Taqwīm al-abdān”, which is most probably part of the earliest known copy of the text. A study of the T-S Ar.41.137 clearly shows that it was an uncompleted draft, and can therefore teach us how the medieval copier worked. The image of the fragment is presented here, as well as its transliteration, translation and analysis.

Keywords

GenizahIbn JazlahIslamic medicinepharmacologytabular book
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 24 , Issue 2 , April 2014 , pp. 189 - 223
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Reif, S. C., A Jewish Archive from Old Cairo: The History of Cambridge University's Genizah Collection (Richmond, Surrey, 2000)Google Scholar.

2 Goitein, S. D., ‘The Medical Profession in the Light of the Cairo Genizah Documents,’ Hebrew Union College Annual 34 (1963), pp. 177–194 Google Scholar; Fenton, P., ‘The Importance of the Cairo Genizah for the History of Medicine,’ Medical History 24 (1980), pp. 347–348 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Baker, C., ‘Islamic and Jewish Medicine in the Medieval Mediterranean World: the Genizah Evidence,’ Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 89 (1996), pp. 577–580 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

3 Lev, E. and Amar, Z., ‘Reconstruction of the Inventory of Materia Medica used by Members of the Jewish Community of Medieval Cairo According to Prescriptions Found in the Taylor-Schechter Genizah Collection, Cambridge,’ Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 108 (2006), pp. 428–444 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Lev, E., ‘Drugs Held and Sold by Pharmacists of the Jewish Community of Medieval (11th-14th centuries) Cairo According to Lists of Materia Medica Found at the Taylor-Schechter Genizah Collection, Cambridge,’ Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 110 (2007), pp. 275–293 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 Lev, E. and Amar, Z., ‘Medieval Materia Medica – Practice vs. Theory – the Case of the Cairo Genizah,’ Medical History, 51 (2007), pp. 507–526 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lev, E., ‘Medieval Egyptian Judaeo-Arabic Prescriptions (and Edition of Three Medical Prescriptions),’ Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 18 (2008), pp. 449–464 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lev, E. and Amar, Z., Practical Materia Medica of the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean According to the Cairo Genizah (Leiden, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Amar, Z. and Lev, E., ‘The Significance of the Genizah's Medical Documents for the Study of Medieval Mediterranean Trade,’ Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 50 (2007), pp. 524–541 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lev, E., and Amar, Z., ‘‘Fossils’ of Practical Medical Knowledge from Medieval Cairo,’ Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 119 (2008), pp. 24–40 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

5 Isaacs, H. D. (with the assistance of C. F. Baker), Medical and Para-medical Manuscripts in the Cambridge Genizah Collections (Cambridge, 1994)Google Scholar.

6 Chipman, L. and Lev, E., ‘Syrup from the Apothecary's shop: A Genizah Fragment Containing one of the Earliest Manuscripts of Minhaj al-dukkan,’ Journal of Semitic Studies, 50 (2006), pp. 137–167 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lev, E., Chipman, L., ‘A Fragments of Judeo-Arabic Manuscripts of Sābūr Ibn Sahl al-Aqrābādhīn al-Şaghīr Found in the Taylor-Schechter Cairo Genizah Collection,’ Medieval Encounter, 13 (2007), pp. 347–362 Google Scholar; Lev, E., Chipman, L., Niessen, F., ‘A Hospital Handbook for the Community: Evidence for the Extensive Use of Ibn Abī ‘l-Bayān's al-Dustūr al-Bīmāristānī by the Jewish Practitioners of Medieval Cairo,’ Journal of Semitic Studies, 53 (2008), pp. 103–118 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Chipman, L. and Lev, E., ‘Take a Lame and Decrepit Hyena. . . . . A Genizah Study of Two Additional Fragments of Manuscripts of Sābūr Ibn Sahl al-Aqrābādhīn al-Şaghīr,’ Early Science and Medicine, 13 (2008), pp. 361–383 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Y. Serri and E. Lev, ‘A Judaeo-Arabic Fragment of Ibn-Biklārish's Kitāb al-Mustaʿīnī, Part of a Unique 12th Century Tabular Medical Book Found in the Cairo Genizah (T-S Ar.44.218),’ in this journal (2010), pp. 407–440.

7 The most important and biggest Genizah collection; located at Cambridge University Library.

8 Uṣaybiʿa, Ibn Abī, ʿUyūn al-ʾAnbāʾ fī Ṭabaqāt al-ʾAṭibbāʾ (Beirut, 1965), I, pp. 254–255 Google Scholar; al-Qifṭī, Jamāl al-Dīn, Tārīkh al-Ḥukamāʾ (Leipzig, 1903), pp. 365–366 Google Scholar; Graziani, J. S., Arabic Medicine in the Eleventh Century as Represented in the Work of Ibn Jazlah. (Karachi, 1980), pp. ii, 12–13 Google Scholar; Vernet, J., “Ibn Dgazla”, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition (Leiden, 1971), II, p. 754 Google Scholar.

9 Vernet, Ibn Dgazla.

10 On Ibn Jazlah work in relation to other Arab authors works, see de Marco, O., Nebbia, G. and Mazzacane, E.M. P., ‘Ibn Jazla et les Connaissances de l'Islam Médiéval en Sciences Naturelles,’ Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie, 26 (1979), pp. 249–258 Google Scholar.

11 Garbutt, N., ‘The Forgotten ’Aabbāsid Gastronome,’ Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 39 (1996), pp. 42–44 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 J. Graziani, Arabic Medicine, pp. ii-iii; Sarton, G., Introduction to the History of Science, (Baltimore, 1931) I, p. 772 Google Scholar; Brockelmann, C., Geschichte der Arabischen Literatur (Leiden, 1937), I, p. 639 Google Scholar, and Supplement, I, pp. 887–888; Leclerc, L., Histoire de la Medicine Arabe (Paris, 1876), I, pp. 493–496 Google Scholar.

13 Graziani, Arabic Medicine, pp. ii-iii.

14 b. Gazla, Taqwīm al-Abdan fi Tadbīr al-Insān (Maṭbāa Rauḍat as-Sām, [1333 A.H] 1915 A.D).

15 Graziani, Arabic Medicine, pp. 53–54.

16 Savage-Smith, E., Ibn Biklarish in the Arabic Tradition of Synonymatic Texts and Tabular Presentations, in Burnett, C. (ed.), Ibn Baklārish's Book of Simples – Medical Remedies between Three Faiths in Twelfth-Century Spain (New York, 2008), pp. 113–131 Google Scholar.

17 Vernet, Ibn Dgazla.

18 Graziani, Arabic Medicine, p. 51.

19 Ibid, p. v.

20 Ibid, p. iii.

21 Isaacs, Medical, p.32, no. 405.

22 WMS Arabic 418 was helpful with the transcription and the comparing process of the fragment. Sigla: ? = uncertain reading, [ ] editorial emendation, [. . .] continued.

23 Ibid.

24 Stern, S. M., Ten Autographs by Maimonides, Fragments of Medical Works, Response, Letters and Prescriptions, in: Edelmann, R. (ed.) Corpus Codicum Hebraicorum Medii Aevi (Copenhagen, 1956). Part I, Vol. III, pp. 12–21 Google Scholar.

25 Lev, E., Work in Progress – the Research of Medical Knowledge in the Cairo Genizah – Past, Present and Future. in: Reif, S. (ed.), The Written Word Remains – The Archive and the Achievement, Taylor-Schechter Genizah Research Unit at Cambridge University Library, (Cambridge, 2004), pp. 37–51 Google Scholar.

26 Chipman and Lev, Syrup; Lev and Chipman, Fragments; Lev, Chipman, and Niessen, Hospital; Chipman and Lev, Take.

27 Graziani, Arabic Medicine, p. 51.

28 Savage-Smith, Ibn Biklarish.

29 Ibid, pp. 116–117. See a reference to the source in note 3.

30 Y. Serri, Arabic Medical Dictionaries from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Centuries: Their Development, Components and Sources and their Reflection in Ibn Biklārish's and Ibn Al-Suwaydī's Treatises. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the Senate of Bar-Ilan University (Ramat Gan, Israel, 2007).p. 233.

31 Haddad, F. S., ‘Tabular Form in Four Arabic Medical Texts from the 11th Century,’ Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 2 (2002), pp. 53–57 Google Scholar.

32 Graziani, Arabic Medicine, p. 51.

33 al-Qifti, Tārīkh, 298; Schacht, J., “Ibn Ibn Buṭlān”, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition (Leiden, 1971), III, p. 741–743 Google Scholar; Ullmann, M., Die Medizin im Islam (Leiden, 1970). pp. 157–158 Google Scholar.

34 Savage-Smith, Ibn Biklarish.

35 Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa, ʿUyūn, 340; Ullmann, Die Medizin, pp. 160–161.

36 Schacht, J., “ , Ismāʿīl.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition (Leiden, 1971), II, p. 603 Google Scholar; Ullmann, Die Medizin, p. 161.

37 bin Ḥusain al-Jurjānī, Ismāʻil. (ed.) Bār-i cahārum Tarjumah Zakhīrah-i Khvarzamshāhī: Manāfiʻ Tibbīyah va Ikhlāt kā Bayān (Lakhnau, 1903)Google Scholar.

38 Savage-Smith, Ibn Biklarish.

39 Ullmann, Die Medizin, p. 161.

40 Savage-Smith, Ibn Biklarish.

41 Ullmann, Die Medizin, pp. 201, 275; Burnett, C., (ed.), Medical Remedies Between Three Faiths in Twelfth-Century Spain: Ibn Baklarish's Book of Simples (New York, 2008)Google Scholar; Serri and Lev, A Judaeo-Arabic.

42 Ullmann, Die Medizin, p. 169.

43 Ullmann, Die Medizin, p. 275.

44 Savage-Smith, Ibn Biklarish.

45 Vernet, Ibn Dgazla; Graziani, Arabic Medicine, pp.12–13.

46 Serri and Lev, A Judaeo-Arabic.

47 b. Gazla, Taqwīm.

48 Dols, M. W., “Malāryā.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition (Leiden, 1971), VI, p. 229 Google Scholar.

49 W. H. S. Jones, Malaria and Greek History (Manchester, 1909).

50 Browne, E. G., Arabian Medicine (Cambridge, 1921), p. 51 Google Scholar; Ullmann, Die Medizin, pp. 42, 137, 214; Pormann, P. E. and Savage-Smith, E., Medieval Islamic Medicine, (Cairo, 2007), pp. 56–57 Google Scholar; Latham, J.D. and Isaacs, H. D. (trans. & eds.), Kitāb al-Hummayāt li-Ishāq ibn Sulaymān al-Isrā’īlī : On fevers. (Cambridge, 1981)Google Scholar; Meyerhof, M., ‘ʿAlī at-Ṭabarī's “Paradise of Wisdom”, one of the oldest Arabic compendiums of medicine,’ Isis, 16 (1931), pp. 6–54 Google Scholar; Meyerhof, M., ‘The “Book of Treasure”, an Early Arabic treatise on medicine’. Isis, 14 (1930), pp. 55–76 Google Scholar.

51 Bos, G. (trans & ed.), Ibn Al-Jazzar on Fevers: a Critical Edition of Zād al-Musāfir wa-Qūt al-Ḥāḍir (London, New York, 2000)Google Scholar.

52 Oumeish, O. Y., ‘The Philosophical, Cultural, and Historical Aspects of Complementary, Alternative, Unconventional, and Integrative Medicine in the Old World,’ Archives of Dermatology 134 (1998), pp. 1373–1386 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

53 b. Gazla, Taqwīm.

54 N. Serikoff, Beobachtungen Ǚber die Marginalien- und Schnittitel in Christlich-Arabischen und Islamischen Büchersammlungen’, (in Press).

55 ʿAbd al-Laṭīf b. Muḥammad Riyaḍī zādah (died 1667–8), in his al-Kutub, Asmāʾ, (ed.) Muhammad Tūnji (Cairo, 1978), p. 155 Google Scholar, gives a list of similar book titles written by different authors – according to Serikof, due to their “bookshelf” titles (Ibid).

56 It is important to note that the information that comes from prescriptions and lists of materia medica found in the Genizah is original, unique and testified directly to its practical uses in medieval Egypt. Lev and Amar, Fossils. Lev, E. and Chipman, L., Medical Prescriptions in the Cambridge Genizah Collection: Practical Medicine and Pharmacology in Medieval Egypt, (Leiden, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

57 Oumeish, The philosophical; Calvert, R. N.. The History of Massage: An Illustrated Survey from around the World (Rochester, Vt., 2002)Google Scholar.

58 Levey, M., ‘Ibn Māsawayh and his Treatise on Simple Aromatic Substances,’ Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Science, 6 (1961), pp. 394–410 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

59 Bey, A. Issa, Dictionnaire des Noms des Plantes (Cairo, 1930), p, 189 Google Scholar, no. 18.

60 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 299–301.

61 Gunther, R. T. (trans.), The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides (New York, 1959), IV.122 Google Scholar. Beck, L. Y. (trans.), Pedanius Dioscorides of Anarzarbus, De Materia Medica (Hildesheim-Zürich-New York, 2005), IV, 121 Google Scholar.

62 Levey, M., The Medical Formulary or the ʾAqrābādhīn of al–Kindī (Madison, 1966), nos. 9, 60 Google Scholar, 78, 125, 169, 247, no. 47.

63 Maimon, Moshe Ben (Maimonides), Medical Responses, Muntner, S. (ed.) (Jerusalem, 1969), p, 5 Google Scholar; Maimon, Moshe Ben (Maimonides), Sexual Life (On the Increase of Physical Vigour), (Muntner, S., (ed.) (Hebrew, Jerusalem, 1965), 18:1 Google Scholar

64 Maimon, Moshe Ben (Maimonides), Regimen Sanitatis (ed.) Muntner, S. (Hebrew; Jerusalem, 1957), 2:7 Google Scholar, 9, 20; 3:4; Maimon, Moshe Ben (Maimonides), Poisons and their Antidotes, (ed.) Muntner, S. (Hebrew, Jerusalem, 1942), p. 97 Google Scholar; Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 21:74.

65 al-Bayṭār, Ibn, Kitāb al-Jāmiʿ li-Mufradāt al-ʾAdwiya wa-l-ʾAghdhiya (Arabic; Cairo, 1874), I, pp. 114–115 Google Scholar.

66 Ibn al-Bayṭār, Kitāb, II, p. 107.

67 al-Qazwīnī, ʿAjāʾib al-Makhlūqāt (Arabic, Beirut, 1981), p, 242.

68 Y. Reiani, Medicinal Substances of the Yemenite Jews. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, The Hebrew University (Hebrew, Jerusalem, 1963), p, 51, no. 123.

69 Hooper, D., Useful Plants and Drugs of Iran and Iraq. Field Museum of Natural History, Publ. 387. (Chicago, 1937), p, 185 Google Scholar; al-Rawi, A. and Chaakravarty, H. L., Medicinal Plants of Iraq, Ministry of Agriculture Technology, Bulletin No. 146. (Baghdad, 1964), p, 97 Google Scholar.

70 Levey, Medical, p. 247, no. 47.

71 Lev, E. and Amar, Z., Ethnic Medicinal Substances of the Land of Israel (Hebrew, Jerusalem, 2002), p. 162 Google Scholar.

72 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 210–211.

73 Gunther, Dioscorides, III, p. 148; Beck, Dioscorides, III, p. 132.

74 Ben Maimon, Regimen, 2:20; Maimon, Moshe Ben (Maimonides), The Medical Aphorisms of Moses Maimonides, eds. Rosner, F. and Muntner, S. (New York, 1970), 9:106 Google Scholar; 13:51; 21:74; Ben Maimon, Sexual, 5:5; 7:1.

75 Al-Qazwīnī, ʿAjāʾib, p. 261.

76 Uphof, J. C., Dictionary of Economic Plants (New York, 1968), p. 363 Google Scholar.

77 Hooper, Useful, pp. 144–145.

78 Astrup, P., Bie, P. and Engell, H. C., Salt and Water in Culture and Medicine (Copenhagen, 1995)Google Scholar; Dvorzetsky, E., ‘Healing Spas in the Land of Israel in Ancient Times: Holy Sites or Popular Healing Sites?,’ Jerusalem Studies in Jewish Folklore, 16 (1994), pp. 7–27 Google Scholar (Hebrew).

79 Oumeish, The philosophical.

80 Pormann and Savage-Smith, Medieval, p. 136.

81 Maimon, Moshe Ben (Maimonides), Un Glossaire de Matiere Medicale Compose par Maimonide, (ed.) Meyerhof, M., Memoires Presentes a l`Institut d`Egypte, 41 (Cairo, 1940)Google Scholar, no. 20; Issa, Dictionnaire, p. 17, no. 18; 18, no. 108.

82 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 378–379.

83 Gunther, Dioscorides, III.154; Beck, Dioscorides, III, 137.

84 Muntner, S., ‘Assaph (Harofe) the Physician, ‘Sefer Refuoth’,’ Korot, IV (1967–1969), p. 401 Google Scholar.

85 Levey, Medical, nos. 6, 8, 32, 36, 37, 47, 51, 55, 60.

86 Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 23:99.

87 Ibn al-Bayṭār, Kitāb, I, pp. 48–49.

88 Ibn al-Bayṭār, Kitāb, I, p. 121.

89 Hamarneh, S., ‘Medical Plants, Therapy and Ecology in Al–Ghazzi's Book on Agriculture,’ Studies in the History of Medicine, 2 (1978), pp. 223–263 Google Scholar.

90 Grieve, M., A Modern Herbal (London, 1994), pp. 185–187 Google Scholar; Uphof, Dictionary, p. 40; al-Rawi and Chaakravarty Medicinal, p. 14; Lev and Amar Practical, pp. 378–379.

91 Ben Maimon, Glossaire, p. 74, no. 253; Issa, Dictionnaire, p. 157, no. 1.

92 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 261–266.

93 Goitein, Mediterranean, IV, p. 261

94 Gunther, Dioscorides, I.123; Beck, Dioscorides, I, 94, 99.

95 Levey, Medical, nos. 23,47,60,70,145.

96 Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 21:67, 69; Ben Maimon, Poisons, pp. 111, 125; Ben Maimon, Glossaire, No. 107; Said, Book, I, p. 132.

97 Kamal, H., Dictionary of Pharaonic Medicine, Second Edition, (Cairo, 1967)Google Scholar.

98 Singer, C. and Underwood, A., A Short History of Medicine, Second Edition, (Oxford, 1962)Google Scholar.

99 R. Reynolds, “Baths and Bathing” The Encyclopedia Americana (U.S.A, 1982), Vol. 3, p. 346.

100 Issa, Dictionnaire, p. 130, no. 2, Ben Maimon, Glossaire, no. 236.

101 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 494–495.

102 Gunther, Dioscorides, III.30; Beck, Dioscorides, III, 39.

103 Gunther, Dioscorides, I.58.

104 Muntner, Assaph, IV, p. 408.

105 Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 20:84.

106 Al-Qazwīnī, ʿAjāʾib, p. 262.

107 Palevitch, D., Yaniv, Z., Dafni, A. and Friedman, J., Ethnobotanical Survey of the Flora of Israel as a Source for Drugs (Hebrew, Jerusalem, 1985), p. 21 Google Scholar; Crowfoot, G. M. and Baldensperger, L., From Cedar to Hyssop (London, 1932), p. 78 Google Scholar.

108 Reiani, Medicinal, p. 30, no. 64; Ben-Yaʿakov, A., The Traditional Medicine of the Babylonian Jews (Hebrew; Jerusalem, 1992), pp. 77 Google Scholar, 103, 116, 129.

109 Pormann and Savage-Smith, Medieval, pp. 120–121.

110 Spink, M. S. and Lewis, G. L., Albucasis, On Surgery and Instruments: A Definitive Edition of the Arabic Text; with English Translation and Commentary (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1973)Google Scholar.

111 Ben Maimon, Glossaire, no.349.

112 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 494–495.

113 Ibn al-Bayṭār,, Kitāb, III, p. 24.

114 Hamarneh, Medical, p. 253.

115 al-Antaki, Daud, Tadhkirat Ula li-’Lbab wa ’l-Jami‛ al-‛Ujab al-‛Ujab (Arabic; Cairo, 1935), p. 260 Google Scholar.

116 al-Rawi and Chaakravarty, Medicinal, pp. 48–49; compare Uphof, Dictionary, p. 248; Grieve, Modern, p. 228.

117 Ullmann, Die Medizin, p, 97; Pormann and Savage-Smith, Medieval, pp. 49, 181.

118 Marin, M. and Waines, D., ‘The Balanced Way: Food for Pleasure and Health in Medieval Islam,’ Manuscripts of the Middle East, 4 (1989), pp. 123–132 Google Scholar.

119 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 141–143.

120 Lev, Medieval.

121 Lev, E., Chipman, L. and Neissen, F., ‘Chicken and Chicory are Good for You: A Unique Family Prescription from the Cairo Genizah (T-S NS 223.82–83),’ Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 35 (2008), pp. 335–352 Google Scholar.

122 Goitein, S. D., A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab world as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Genizah (Berkeley, 1967–1988), I, pp. 124 Google Scholar, 261, II, p. 100, No. 228; III, p. 194, IV, pp. 230–238, 247–250, 422, 433–434, 443, 250.

123 Rosner, F., Medical Encyclopeadia of Moses Maimonides (New Jersey, 1994), pp. 55–56 Google ScholarPubMed.

124 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 261–266.

125 Waines, D., ‘Cereals, Bread and Society’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 30 (1987), pp. 255–285 Google Scholar.

126 Ashtor, E., ‘An Essay on the Diet of the Various Classes in the Medieval Levant’, in Forster, R. and Ranum, O. (eds), Biology of Man in History: Selections from the Annales (Baltimore, 1975), pp. 125–162 Google Scholar, especially pp. 125–126

127 Ben Maimon, Glossaire, no. 114, 285; Issa Dictionnaire, p. 48, No. 12

128 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 164–165.

129 Gunther, Dioscorides, II.132; Beck, Dioscorides, II, 132.

130 Levey, Medical, Nos. 42, 52, 54, 173–174.

131 Said, H. M. (ed.), Al–Bīrūnī's Book on Pharmacy and Materia Medica (Karachi, 1973), II, p. 60 Google Scholar.

132 Ben Maimon, Sexual, 7:1.

133 Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 9:71, 106; 21:74.

134 Al-Qazwīnī, ʿAjāʾib, p. 264.

135 Al-Antaki, Tadhkirat, p. 336.

136 Issa, Dictionnaire, p. 103. no. 26.

137 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 437–438.

138 Goitein, S. D., Palestinian Jewry in Early Islamic and Crusader Times (Hebrew, Jerusalem 1980), p. 270 Google Scholar.

139 Lev and Amar, Ethnic, p. 112.

140 Issa, Dictionnaire, 138, no. 1; 188, no. 18; Said, Book, I, p. 300.

141 al-Baghdādī, ʿAbd al-Laṭīf, Kitāb al-ʾIfāda wa-l-ʾIʿtibār (Arabic, London, 1965), p. 68 Google Scholar.

142 Levey, Medical, nos. 31, 58, 207.

143 Levey, Medical, no. 58.

144 Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 21:73; Ben Maimon, Glossaire, no. 210; Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 21:72; Said, Book, I, p. 291

145 al-Antaki, Tadhkirat, p. 288.

146 Issa, Dictionnaire, p. 148, no. 15.

147 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 91–94.

148 Gunther, Dioscorides, I.176; Beck, Dioscorides, I, 33, 123.

149 Muntner, Assaph, IV, p. 399.

150 Ben Maimon, Responses, 4:20; Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 13:44, 51; 20:77; 21:72; Ben Maimon, Regimen, 3:4, 9, 11; Ben Maimon, Poisons, 130.

151 Ibn al-Bayṭār, Kitāb, II, pp. 111–112.

152 Reiani, Medicinal, p. 43, No. 98.

153 Ben-Yaʿakov, Traditional, p. 761

154 Hooper, Useful, p. 157.

155 Uphof, Dictionary, p. 33; Grieve, Modern, pp. 21–26.

156 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 353–354.

157 Gunther, Dioscorides, II, no. 108; Beck, Dioscorides, II, 86.

158 Levey, Medical, p. 293, no. 168.

159 Ibn al-Bayṭār, Kitāb, III, p. 62.

160 Reiani, Medicinal, p. 26, no. 53.

161 Ben Maimon, Glossaire, no. 59; Issa Dictionnaire, 147, no. 10.

162 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 253–255.

163 Gunther, Dioscorides, II.151; Beck, Dioscorides, II, 124.

164 Alon, A. (ed.), Plants and Animals of the Land of Israel: Practical and Illustrated Encyclopedia, 12 vols. (Hebrew, Tel-Aviv, 1982–1990), X, p. 48 Google Scholar.

165 Levey, Medical, nos. 88–90, 116, 179, 214.

166 Ben Maimon, Regimen, 2:10; Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 20:47; Ben Maimon, Responses no. 6; 19(3).

167 Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 9:106; 20:84; 21:84.

168 Ben Maimon, Poisons, pp. 124, 150.

169 Ibn al-Bayṭār, Kitāb, I, pp. 102–103.

170 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 176–180.

171 Levey, Medical, p. 306, No. 207.

172 Gunther, Dioscorides, V.3; Beck, Dioscorides, V, 13.

173 Gunther, Dioscorides, V, 22; Beck, Dioscorides, V, 14.

174 Levey, Medical, p. 284, no. 149.

175 Ben Maimon, Poisons, pp. 102, 105; Ben Maimon, Regimen, 3:5, 6; Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 9:77; 21:19–27.

176 Lev, Medieval.

177 Ben Maimon Regimen, 4:14; Ibn al-Bayṭār, Kitāb, II, pp. 22–23.

178 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 200–202.

179 Goitein, Palestinian, p. 270.

180 Goitein, Mediterranean, I, p. 151; IV, pp. 230–231; M. Gil, In the Kingdom of Ishmael, 4 Vols. (Jerusalem, 1997), II, pp. 662–663, no. 226; III, p. 293, no. 380; IV, p. 758, no. 526.

181 Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 3:2; 4:14; Ben Maimon Regimen, 2:9.

182 Ben Maimon, Poisons, p. 135; Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 22:45.

183 Ben Maimon, Regimen, 1:6,7; Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 2:2; 9:116; 15:14, 28; 20:19, 20, 22, 58; 22:61. On the importance of chicken soup in medieval medicine according to Maimonides, see: Rosner Encyclopaedia, pp. 55–56.

184 Al-Qazwīnī, ʿAjāʾib, p. 233.

185 Al-Antaki, Tadhkirat, pp. 285–286.

186 Alon, Plants, XII, p. 126. In detail: Grieve, Modern, pp. 474–476.

187 P. Tal, Medicinal Plants (Hebrew, Tel-Aviv, 1981), p. 151.

188 Reiani, Medicinal, no. 29.

189 Ben-Yaʿakov, Traditional, p. 726.

190 Al-Rawi and Chaakravarty, Medicinal, p. 28; Hooper, Useful, pp. 101–102.

191 Ben Maimon, Glossaire, nos. 75, 243, 324; Issa, Dictionnaire, p. 151, no. 3.

192 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 248–250.

193 M. Levey, Chemistry and Chemical Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia (Amsterdam, 1959), pp. 51, 73, 108, 112.

194 Gunther, Dioscorides, I.151; Beck, Dioscorides, I, 110, 111.

195 Levey, Medical, nos. 36, 38, 42, 55, 59, 77, 86, 91, 102, 211.

196 Dāwud Ibn Abī al-Bayān, al-Dustūr al-Bīmāristānī (Arabic). In: P. Sbath (ed.), ‘Le Formulaire des Hôpitaux d'Ibn Abil Bayan, Médicin du Bimaristan Annacery au Caire au XIIIe siècle,’ Bullétin de l'Institut d'Egypte 15 (1932–33): pp. 9–78. p. 42.

197 Crowfoot and Baldensperger, Cedar, p. 111.

198 S. Levey, Medicine, Hygiene and Health among the Sinai Beduins (Hebrew, Tel-Aviv, 1978), p. 83.

199 Reiani, Medicinal, no. 101.

200 Hooper, Useful, p. 160; al-Rawi and Chaakravarty, Medicinal, p. 79.

201 Issa, Dictionnaire, p. 173, no. 14.

202 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 486, 546.

203 Ben Maimon, Glossaire, no. 289; Issa, Dictionnaire, p. 159, no. 6.

204 Lev and Amar, Practical, pp. 294–296.

205 Gunther, Dioscorides, II.104.

206 Levey, Medical, nos. 149, 215.

207 Levey, Medical, nos. 9, 15–16, 64, 77, 91, 99, 104, 109, 115–117, 157, 175.

208 Ben Maimon, Regimen, 2:9; Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 22:55.

209 Ben Maimon, Regimen, 3:2, 4, 11; Ben Maimon, Aphorisms, 13:6; 20:78; 21:69; 22:40.

210 Ben Maimon, Responses, 4:20.

211 Al-Qazwīnī, ʿAjāʾib, p. 230.

212 Lev and Amar Practical, p. 555.

213 Amar, Z., ‘Like Snow in Summer; A luxury Product in the land of Israel and Syria’, Cathedra, 102 (2001), pp. 51–62 Google Scholar [Hebrew].