Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T18:48:33.623Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Seasonal occurrence and vertical distribution of larval and juvenile northern smoothtongue, Leuroglossus schmidti (Pisces, Bathylagidae), in the western subarctic Pacific

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2020

Minoru Kitamura Open the ORCID record for Minoru Kitamura [Opens in a new window]  and
Naofumi Murata
Minoru Kitamura*
Affiliation:
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
Naofumi Murata
Affiliation:
Nago Museum, 1-8-11 Agarie, Nago, Okinawa 905-0021, Japan
*
Author for correspondence: Minoru Kitamura, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We investigated the seasonal occurrence and vertical distribution/migration of larval and juvenile northern smoothtongue, Leuroglossus schmidti (Pisces, Bathylagidae), in oceanic areas of the western subarctic Pacific. This species was the most abundant larval fish and one of the most abundant juvenile/adult fish at the study site. Larval recruitment of this species occurred in early March to mid-October. Larvae were found, however, throughout all seasons, suggesting that some had overwintered. The highest abundance (5.8 individuals m–2) of larvae was in summer. During summer and autumn, hatching mainly occurred at 100–150-m depth and larvae migrated toward the surface with growth. Once larvae reached about 20 mm in length, they moved below 100 m, and larger larvae (over 24 mm) exhibited diel vertical migration. The abundance of juveniles integrated through the water column was relatively constant (0.3 individuals m–2) throughout the study period. They were collected from below 300 m during the day, and part of the population (13–38%) swam into the epipelagic layer at night. The information on early stages of L. schmidti presented here provides a basis for future investigations of mesopelagic fish ecology in oceanic areas of the western subarctic North Pacific Ocean.

Keywords

Leuroglossus schmidtimesopelagic fishnorthern smoothtongueseasonal occurrencevertical distributionwestern subarctic Pacific
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 100 , Issue 6 , September 2020 , pp. 969 - 977
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, AE (1979) The Food Habits, Age, Growth of Three Fishes (Stenobrachius leucopsarus, S. nannochir, and Leuroglossus schmidti) from the Southeastern Bering Sea (MS thesis), University of Alaska, Fairbanks.Google Scholar
Beamish, RJ, Leask, KD, Ivanov, OA, Balanov, AA, Orlov, AM and Sinclair, B (1999) The ecology, distribution, and abundance of midwater fishes of the subarctic Pacific gyres. Progress in Oceanography 43, 399–442.10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00017-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, PW, Claustre, H, Levy, M, Siegel, DA and Weber, T (2019) Multi-faceted particle pumps drive carbon sequestration in the ocean. Nature 568, 327–335.10.1038/s41586-019-1098-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brodeur, R and Yamamura, O (2005) PICES Scientific Report No. 30, Micronekton of the North Pacific, PICES Working Group 14 Final Report. PICES.Google Scholar
Davison, PC, Checkley, DM, Koslow, JA and Barlow, J (2013) Carbon export mediated by mesopelagic fishes in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Progress in Oceanography 116, 14–30.10.1016/j.pocean.2013.05.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, MJ, Mier, KL, Busby, M and Brodeur, RD (2002) Regional variation in the springtime ichthyoplankton assemblages in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Progress in Oceanography 53, 247–281.10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00033-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, JR (1983) Development and distribution of young of northern smoothtongue, Leuroglossus schmidti (Bathylagidae), in the northeast Pacific, with comments on the systematics of the genus Leuroglossus Gilbert. Fisheries Bulletin 81, 23–40.Google Scholar
Gjøsaeter, J and Kawaguchi, K (1980) A review of the world resources of mesopelagic fish. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 193, 1–151.Google Scholar
Gorbatenko, KM and Il'Inskii, EN (1992) Feeding behavior of the most common mesopelagic fishes in the Bering Sea. Journal of Ichthyology 32, 52–60.Google Scholar
Gordon, JDM, Nishida, S and Nemoto, T (1985) The diet of mesopelagic fish from the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan 41, 89–97.10.1007/BF02109178CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herring, P (2002) The Biology of the Deep Ocean. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Irigoien, X, Klevjer, TA, Røstad, A, Martinez, U, Boyra, G, Acuña, JL, Bode, A, Echevarria, F, Gonzalez-Gordillo, JI, Hernandez-Leon, S, Agusti, S, Aksnes, DL, Duarte, CM and Kaartvedt, S (2014) Large mesopelagic fishes biomass and trophic efficiency in the open ocean. Nature Communications 5, 3271.Google ScholarPubMed
Kajimura, H and Loughlin, TR (1988) Marine mammals in the oceanic food web of the eastern subarctic Pacific. Bulletin of the Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo 26, 187–223.Google Scholar
Karpenko, VI, Volkov, AF and Koval, M (2007) Diets of Pacific salmon in the Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea, and northwest Pacific Ocean. North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission Bulletin 4, 105–116.Google Scholar
Kitamura, M, Kobari, T, Honda, MC, Matsumoto, K, Sasaoka, K, Nakamura, R and Tanabe, K (2016) Seasonal changes in the mesozooplankton biomass and community structure in subarctic and subtropical time-series stations in the western North Pacific. Journal of Oceanography 72, 387–402.10.1007/s10872-015-0347-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobari, T and Ikeda, T (1999) Vertical distribution, population structure and life cycle of Neocalanus cristatus (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Oyashio region, with notes on its regional variations. Marine Biology 134, 683–696.10.1007/s002270050584CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobari, T, Kitamura, M, Minowa, M, Isami, H, Akamatsu, H, Kawakami, H, Matsumoto, K, Wakita, M and Honda, MC (2013) Impacts of the wintertime mesozooplankton community to downward carbon flux in the subarctic and subtropical Pacific Oceans. Deep-Sea Research I 81, 78–88.10.1016/j.dsr.2013.07.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobari, T, Nakamura, R, Unno, K, Kitamura, M, Tanabe, K, Nagafuku, H, Niibo, A, Kawakami, H, Matsumoto, K and Honda M, C (2016) Seasonal variability in carbon demand and flux by mesozooplankton communities at subarctic and subtropical sites in the western North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Oceanography 72, 403–418.10.1007/s10872-015-0348-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosenok, NS, Chuchukalo, VI and Savinykh, VF (2006) The characteristics of feeding of Diaphus theta in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean in the summer-autumn period. Journal of Ichthyology 46, 606–612.10.1134/S003294520608008XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanksbury, JA, Duffy-Anderson, JT, Mier, KL and Wilson, MT (2005) Ichthyoplankton abundance, distribution, and assemblage structure in the Gulf of Alaska during September 2000 and 2001. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Sciences 64, 775–785.10.1016/j.ecss.2005.05.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longhurst, AR, Bedo, AW, Harrison, WG, Head, EJH and Sameoto, DD (1990) Vertical flux of respiratory carbon by oceanic diel migrant biota. Deep-Sea Research 37, 685–694.10.1016/0198-0149(90)90098-GCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, NB (1951) Bathypelagic fishes as sound scatterers in the ocean. Journal of Marine Research 10, 1–17.Google Scholar
Mason, JC and Phillips, AC (1985) Biology of the bathylagid fish, Leuroglossus schmidti, in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, 1144–1153.10.1139/f85-141CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, K, Honda, MC, Sasaoka, K, Wakita, M, Kawakami, H and Watanabe, S (2014) Seasonal variability of primary production and phytoplankton biomass in the western Pacific subarctic gyre: control by light availability within the mixed layer. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119, 6523–6534.Google Scholar
Miller, CB, Frost, BW, Batchelder, HP, Clemons, MJ and Conway, RE (1984) Life histories of large, grazing copepods in a subarctic ocean gyre: Neocalanus plumchrus, Neocalanus cristatus and Eucalanus bungii in the northeast Pacific. Progress in Oceanography 13, 201–243.10.1016/0079-6611(84)90009-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moku, M, Kawaguchi, K, Watanabe, H and Ohno, A (2000) Feeding habits of three dominant myctophid fishes, Diaphus theta, Stenobrachius leucopsarus and S. nannochir, in the subarctic and transitional waters of the western North Pacific. Marine Ecology Progress Series 207, 129–140.10.3354/meps207129CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naydenko, SV and Khoruzhiy, AA (2014) The food supply for nekton in the epipelagic layer of Pacific waters at the Kuril Islands in the summer seasons of the 2000s. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 40, 502–518.10.1134/S1063074014070050CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nesis, KN (1997) Gonatid squids in the subarctic North Pacific: ecology, biogeography, niche diversity and role in the ecosystem. Advances in Marine Biology 32, 243–324.10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60018-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norcross, BL, McKinnell, SM, Frandersen, M, Musgrave, DL and Sweet, SR (2003) Larval fishes in relation to water masses of the central North Pacific transition areas, including the shelf break of west-central Alaska. Journal of Oceanography 59, 445–460.10.1023/A:1025588515653CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohizumi, H, Kuramochi, T, Kubodera, T, Yoshioka, M and Miyazaki, N (2003) Feeding habits of Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) in the subarctic North Pacific and the Bering Sea basin and the impact of predation on mesopelagic micronekton. Deep-Sea Research I 50, 593–610.10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00033-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivar, MP, Contreras, T, Hulley, PA, Emelianov, M, López-Pérez, C, Tuset, V and Castellón, A (2018) Variation in the diel vertical distributions of larvae and transforming stages of oceanic fishes across the tropical and equatorial Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography 160, 83–100.Google Scholar
Orlov, AM (1997 a) On the feeding of atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius in the Pacific waters of the northern Kuril Islands. Journal of Ichthyology 37, 226–231.Google Scholar
Orlov, AM (1997 b) Ecological characteristics of the feeding of some Pacific predatory fish of south-east Kamchatka and northern Kuril Islands. Russian Journal of Aquatic Ecology 6, 59–74.Google Scholar
Orlov, AM and Tokranov, AM (2019) Checklist of deep-sea fishes of the Russian northwestern Pacific Ocean found at depths below 1000 m. Progress in Oceanography 176, 102–143.10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102143CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennak, RW (1943) An effective method of diagramming diurnal movements of zooplankton organisms. Ecology 24, 405–407.10.2307/1930542CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qiu, B (2008) Kuroshio and Oyashio Currents. In Steele, JH, Thorpe, SA and Turekian, KK (eds), Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 2nd Edn. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, pp. 358–369.Google Scholar
Radchenko, VI, Loboda, SV, Figurkin, AL, Gorbatenko, KM and Ovsyannikov, EE (2010) Environmental conditions and compositions of plankton and nekton in the epipelagic zone of the northwestern Pacific Ocean in summer 2009, the year of the largest spawning migration of pink and chum salmon. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 36, 473–488.10.1134/S1063074010070011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogachev, KA, Salomatin, AS and Carmack, EC (1996) Concentration of pelagic organisms at mesoscale front in the western subarctic Pacific: small fish on long waves. Fisheries Oceanography 5, 153–162.10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00114.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanger, GA and Ainley, DG (1988) Review of the distribution and feeding ecology of seabirds in the oceanic subarctic north Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo 26, 161–186.Google Scholar
Sassa, C, Moser, HG and Kawaguchi, K (2002) Horizontal and vertical distribution patterns of larval myctophid fishes in the Kuroshio current region. Fisheries Oceanography 11, 1–10.10.1046/j.1365-2419.2002.00182.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sassa, C, Kawaguchi, K, Oozeki, Y, Kubota, H and Sugisaki, H (2004) Distribution patterns of larval myctophid fishes in the transition region of the western North Pacific. Marine Biology 144, 417–428.10.1007/s00227-003-1214-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sassa, C, Kawaguchi, K, Horiba, Y and Ishida, M (2007) Distribution depth of the transforming stage larvae of myctophid fishes in the subtropical-tropical waters of the western North Pacific. Deep-Sea Research I 54, 2181–2193.10.1016/j.dsr.2007.09.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sobolevskii, EI and Sokolovskaya, TG (1994) New data on the biology of the smoothtongue, Leuroglossus schmidti (Bathylagidae), in the northwestern Pacific. Journal of Ichthyology 34, 20–27.Google Scholar
Sobolevsky, YI and Sokolovskaya, TG (1996) Development and distribution of the young of northern smoothtongue (Leuroglossus schmidti) in the northwest Pacific Ocean and western Bering Sea. In Mathisen, OA and Coyle, KO (eds), Ecology of the Bering Sea: A Review of Russian Literature. Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report 96–01. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska, Fairbanks, pp. 257–263.Google Scholar
Sobolevsky, YI, Sokolovskaya, TG, Balanov, AA and Senchenko, IA (1996) Distribution and trophic relationships of abundant mesopelagic fishes of the Bering Sea. In Mathisen, OA and Coyle, KO (eds), Ecology of the Bering Sea: A Review of Russian Literature. Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report 96-01. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska, Fairbanks, pp. 159–167.Google Scholar
Springer, AM, Piatt, JF, Shuntov, VP, Van Vilet, GB, Vladimirov, VL, Kuzin, AE and Perlov, AS (1999) Marine birds and mammals of the Pacific subarctic gyres. Progress in Oceanography 43, 443–487.10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00014-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takahashi, T, Sutherland, SC, Sweeney, C, Poisson, A, Metzl, N, Tilbrook, B, Bates, N, Wanninkhof, R, Feely, RA, Sabine, C, Olafsson, J and Nojiri, Y (2002) Global sea-air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects. Deep-Sea Research II 49, 1601–1622.10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00003-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsuda, A, Saito, H and Kasai, H (2004) Life histories of Eucalanus bungii and Neocalanus cristatus (Copepoda: Calanoida) in the western subarctic Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Oceanography 13, 10–20.10.1111/j.1365-2419.2004.00315.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uda, M (1963) Oceanography of the subarctic Pacific Ocean. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 20, 119–179.10.1139/f63-011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willis, JM, Pearcy, WG and Parin, NV (1988) Zoo-geography of midwater fishes in the subarctic Pacific. Bulletin of the Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo 26, 79–142.Google Scholar
Zeppelin, TK and Orr, AJ (2010) Stable isotope and scat analysis indicate diet and habitat partitioning in northern fur seals Callorhinus ursinus across the eastern Pacific. Marine Ecology Progress Series 409, 241–253.10.3354/meps08624CrossRefGoogle Scholar