Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T14:07:27.311Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A review of the biology of European cockles (Cerastoderma spp.)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2012

Shelagh K. Malham ,
Thomas H. Hutchinson  and
Matt Longshaw
Shelagh K. Malham
Affiliation:
Bangor University, School of Ocean Sciences, Centre for Applied Marine Sciences, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB
Thomas H. Hutchinson
Affiliation:
Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB
Matt Longshaw*
Affiliation:
Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: M. Longshaw, Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This review examines the biology of the two main cockle species Cerastoderma edule and C. glaucum found in coastal areas around the north-east Atlantic from Norway to Morocco and through the Baltic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. It considers those factors in particular that impact on the overall health and survival of individuals as well as populations. Methods for the discrimination of the species are reviewed as well as the approaches being taken to delineate different populations, which is crucial to appropriately manage individual fisheries. Cockle populations generally undergo sexual maturation during their second summer and sexes are separate. Eggs are pelagic, with larvae being both benthic and pelagic before settling on the sediment and becoming benthic adults. However, data are lacking on basic larval biology and dispersal mechanisms. Data are provided on predator–prey relationships including information on types of food of importance to cockles. Main predators of cockles include brown shrimp, shore crabs, gastropods, polychaetes, fish and a variety of birds and these can be important in structuring cockle populations. Predation of larval cockles by adult cockles through larviphagy can lead to reductions of up to 40% of the population. Cockles are sensitive to a wide range of chemical contaminants but few data are published on impacts on cockles, in particular larval stages. The review concludes with an assessment of future climate change scenarios on cockles and considers some areas of future research required to preserve this ecologically and economically important species.

Keywords

cocklereproductiongeneticspredatorpreychemicalimmunology
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 92 , Issue 7 , November 2012 , pp. 1563 - 1577
Copyright
Copyright © Crown Copyright. Published by Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abdel-Malek, S.A. and Ishak, M.M. (1980) Some ecological aspects of Lake Qarun, Fayoum, Egypt. Part II. Production of plankton and benthic organisms. Hydrobiologia 75, 201–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Afraeibandpei, M.A., Mashhor, M., Abdolmalaki, S. and El-Sayed, M.A.F. (2009) Food and feeding habits of the caspian kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum (Cyprinidae) in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea. Cybium 33, 193–198.Google Scholar
Ahmad, F.A. and Chaplin, A.E. (1984) Anaerobic metabolism of bivalve molluscs during exposure to air. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 12, 85–88.Google Scholar
Amaral, M.J. and Costa, M.H. (1999) Macrobenthic communities of saltpans from the Sado estuary (Portugal). Acta Oecologica 20, 327–332.Google Scholar
Amiard, J.C. and Amiard-Triquet, C. (1986) Influence de differents facteurs écologiques et de contaminations métalliques experimentalles sur le comportement d'enfouissement de Cardium edule L. (Mollusques lamellibranches). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 27, 117–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anajjar, E.M., Chiffoleau, J.F., Bergayou, H., Moukrim, A., Burgeot, T. and Cheggour, M. (2008) Monitoring of trace metal contamination in the Souss estuary (South Morocco) using the clams Cerastoderma edule and Scrobicularia plana . Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 80, 283–288.Google Scholar
Andersen, T.J., Lanuru, M., van Bernem, C., Pejrup, M. and Riethmueller, R. (2010) Erodibility of a mixed mudflat dominated by microphytobenthos and Cerastoderma edule, East Frisian Wadden Sea, Germany. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 87, 197–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
André, C. and Lindegarth, M. (1995) Fertilization efficiency and gamete viability of a sessile, free-spawning bivalve, Cerastoderma edule . Ophelia 43, 215–227.Google Scholar
André, C. and Rosenberg, R. (1991) Adult–larval interactions in the suspension-feeding bivalves Cerastoderma edule and Mya arenaria . Marine Ecology Progress Series 71, 227–234.Google Scholar
André, C., Jonsson, P.R. and Lindegarth, M. (1993) Predation on settling bivalve larvae by benthic suspension feeders: the role of hydrodynamics and larval behaviour. Marine Ecology Progress Series 97, 183–192.Google Scholar
André, C., Lindegarth, M., Jonsson, P.R. and Sundberg, P. (1999) Species identification of bivalve larvae using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD): differentiation between Cerastoderma edule and C. lamarcki . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, 563–565.Google Scholar
Ansell, A.D., Barnett, P.R.O., Bodoy, A. and Massé, H. (1981) Upper temperature tolerances of some European molluscs—III. Cardium glaucum, C. tuberculatum and C. edule . Marine Biology 65, 177–183.Google Scholar
Arambalza, U., Ibarrola, I. and Urrutia, M.B. (2009) Acclimation to detrital diets in the cockle Cerastoderma edule . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology—Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology 154, S35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arambalza, U., Urrutia, M.B., Navarro, E. and Ibarrola, I. (2010) Ingestion, enzymatic digestion and absorption of particles derived from different vegetal sources by the cockle Cerastoderma edule . Journal of Sea Research 64, 408–416.Google Scholar
Armonies, W. (1992) Migratory rhythms of drifting juvenile molluscs in tidal waters of the Wadden Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 83, 197–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arroyo, N.L., Aarnio, K. and Bonsdorff, E. (2006) Drifting algae as a means of re-colonizing defaunated sediments in the Baltic Sea. A short-term microcosm study. Hydrobiologia 554, 83–95.Google Scholar
Atkinson, P.W., Clark, N.A., Bell, M.C. Dare, P.J., Clark, J.A. and Ireland, P.L. (2003) Changes in commercially fished shellfish stocks and shorebird populations in the Wash, England. Biological Conservation 114, 127–141.Google Scholar
Azevedo, C. (1993) Occurrence of an unusual branchial mycoplasma-like infection in cockle Cerastoderma edule (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 16, 55–59.Google Scholar
Azevedo, C. (1997) Some observations on an amoeba, destructive agent of the gills of Cerastoderma edule (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 30, 223–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azevedo, C. and Cachola, R. (1992) Fine structure of the apicomplexa oocyst of Nematopsis sp. of two marine bivalve mollusks. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 14, 69–73.Google Scholar
Babarro, J.M.F. and de Zwaan, A. (2008) Anaerobic survival potential of four bivalves from different habitats. A comparative survey. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology–Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology 151, 108–113.Google Scholar
Bachelet, G. and Dauvin, J.C. (1993) The quantitative distribution of benthic macrofauna in intertidal sands of Arcachon Bay. Oceanologica Acta 16, 83–97.Google Scholar
Baker, P. and Mann, R. (1997) The postlarval phase of bivalve mollusks: a review of functional ecology and new records of postlarval drifting of Chesapeake Bay bivalves. Bulletin of Marine Science 61, 409–430.Google Scholar
Bamford, D.R. and McCrea, R. (1975) Active absorption of neutral and basic amino acids by the gill of the common cockle, Cerastoderma edule . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 50, 811–817.Google Scholar
Barlow, M.J. and Kingston, P.F. (2001) Observations on the effects of barite on the gill tissues of the suspension feeder Cerastoderma edule (Linné) and the deposit feeder Macoma balthica (Linné). Marine Pollution Bulletin 42, 71–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, R.S.K. (1973) The intertidal lamellibranchs of Southampton Water, with particular reference to Cerastoderma edule and C. glaucum . Journal of Molluscan Studies 40, 413–433.Google Scholar
Baudin, J.P. (1980) A contribution to the ecological study of Mediterranean brackish- water systems. II. Population complexes of the Citis lagoon, Bouches-du-Rhône. Vie et Milieu 30, 303–308.Google Scholar
Baudrimont, M. and de Montaudouin, X. (2007) Evidence of an altered protective effect of metallothioneins after cadmium exposure in the digenean parasite-infected cockle (Cerastoderma edule). Parasitology 134, 237–245.Google Scholar
Baudrimont, M., de Montaudouin, X. and Palvadeau, A. (2003) Bivalve vulnerability is enhanced by parasites through the deficit of metallothionein synthesis: a field monitoring on cockles (Cerastoderma edule). Journal de Physique IV 107, 131–134.Google Scholar
Baudrimont, M., de Montaudouin, X. and Palvadeau, A. (2006) Impact of digenean parasite infection on metallothionein synthesis by the cockle (Cerastoderma edule): a multivariate field monitoring. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52, 494–502.Google Scholar
Baudrimont, M., Schäfer, J., Marie, V., Maury-Brachet, R., Bossy, C., Boudou, A. and Blanc, G. (2005) Geochemical survey and metal bioaccumulation of three bivalve species (Crassostrea gigas, Cerastoderma edule and Ruditapes philippinarum) in the Nord Medoc salt marshes (Gironde estuary, France). Science of the Total Environment 337, 265–280.Google Scholar
Bazairi, H., Bayed, A. and Hily, C. (2005) Structure and bioassessment of benthic communities of a lagoonal ecosystem of the Atlantic Moroccan coast. Comptes Rendus Biologies 328, 977–990.Google Scholar
Beaumont, A.R. and Pether, S.M.J. (1996) Allozyme variation and gene flow between cockle Cerastoderma edule populations in southern United Kingdom. Fisheries Research 28, 263–275.Google Scholar
Beiras, R. and Bellas, J. (2008) Inhibition of embryo development in Mytilus galloprovincialis marine mussel by organic pollutants: assessment of risk for its extensive culture in the Galician Rias. Aquaculture 277, 208–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belofastova, I.P. (1996) Gregarines of the genus Nematopsis (Eugregarinida: Porosporidae), parasites of the Black Sea molluscs. Parazitologiya 30, 159–173.Google Scholar
Beukema, J.J. (1992) Expected changes in the Wadden Sea benthos in a warmer world: lessons from periods with mild winters. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 30, 73–79.Google Scholar
Beukema, J.J. (1993) Increased mortality in alternative bivalve prey during a period when the tidal flats of the Dutch Wadden Sea were devoid of mussels. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 31, 395–406.Google Scholar
Beukema, J.J. and Dekker, R. (2005) Decline of recruitment success in cockles and other bivalves in the Wadden Sea: possible role of climate change, predation on postlarvae and fisheries. Marine Ecology Progress Series 287, 149–167.Google Scholar
Beukema, J.J. and Dekker, R. (2006) Annual cockle Cerastoderma edule production in the Wadden Sea usually fails to sustain both wintering birds and a commercial fishery. Marine Ecology Progress Series 309, 189–204.Google Scholar
Beukema, J.J., Dekker, R. and Philippart, C.J.M. (2010) Long-term variability in bivalve recruitment, mortality, and growth and their contribution to fluctuations in food stocks of shellfish-eating birds. Marine Ecology Progress Series 414, 117–130.Google Scholar
Beukema, J.J., Essink, K., Michaelis, H. and Zwarts, L. (1993) Year-to-year variability in the biomass of macrobenthic animals on tidal flats of the Wadden Sea: how predictable is this food source for birds? Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 31, 319–330.Google Scholar
Borgsteede, F.H.M., Van Den Broek, E. and Swennen, C. (1988) Helminth parasites of the digestive tract of the oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus, in the Wadden Sea, The Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 22, 171–174.Google Scholar
Bos, O.G., Hendriks, I.E., Strasser, M., Dolmer, P. and Kamermans, P. (2006) Estimation of food limitation of bivalve larvae in coastal waters of north-western Europe. Journal of Sea Research 56, 191–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouma, H., Duiker, J.M.C., De Vries, P.P., Herman, P.M.J. and Wolff, W.J. (2001) Spatial pattern of early recruitment of Macoma balthica (L.) and Cerastoderma edule (L.) in relation to sediment dynamics on a highly dynamic intertidal sandflat. Journal of Sea Research 45, 79–93.Google Scholar
Bowers, E.A. (1969) Cercaria bucephalopsis haimeana (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1854) (Digenea: Bucephalidae) in the cockle, Cardium edule L. in South Wales. Journal of Natural History 3, 409–422.Google Scholar
Bowmer, T., Jenner, H.A., Foekema, E. and Van der Meer, M. (1994) The detection of chronic biological effects in the marine intertidal bivalve Cerastoderma edule, in model ecosystem studies with pulverised fuel ash: reproduction and histopathology. Environmental Pollution 85, 191–204.Google Scholar
Boyden, C.R. (1970) Comparative studies of Cerastoderma edule (L.) and Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret). PhD thesis. Univesity of London, Queen Mary, London, UK.Google Scholar
Boyden, C.R. (1971) A comparative study of the reproductive cycles of the cockles Cerastoderma edule and C. glaucum . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 51, 605–622.Google Scholar
Boyden, C.R. and Russell, P.J.C. (1972) The distribution and habitat range of the brackish water cockle (Cardium (Cerastoderma) glaucum) in the British Isles. Journal of Animal Ecology 41, 719–734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breber, P., Scirocco, T. and Cilenti, L. (2000) An assessment of the fishery polential of Lesina lagoon (S. Italy) based on the composition and zonation of the macrobenthic fauna. Periodicum Biologorum 102, 553–556.Google Scholar
Brock, V. (1982) Does displacement of spawning time occur in the sibling species Cerastoderma edule and C. lamarcki? Marine Biology 67, 33–38.Google Scholar
Brock, V. (1987) Genetic relations between the bivalves Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule, Cardium lamarcki and Cardium glaucum, studied by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Marine Biology 93, 493–498.Google Scholar
Bryant, D.M. (1979) Effects of prey density and site character on estuary usage by overwintering waders (Charadrii). Estuarine, Coastal and Marine Science 9, 369–384.Google Scholar
Cadee, G.C. (1994) Eider, shelduck, and other predators, the main producers of shell fragments in the Wadden Sea: palaeoecological implications. Palaeontology 37, 181–202.Google Scholar
Carballal, M.J., Villalba, A., Iglesias, D. and Hine, P.M. (2003) Virus-like particles associated with large foci of heavy hemocytic infiltration in cockles Cerastoderma edule from Galicia (NW Spain). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 84, 234–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardoso, J.F.M.F., Witte, J.I. and van der Veer, H.W. (2009) Differential reproductive strategies of two bivalves in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 84, 37–44.Google Scholar
Cardoso, P.G., Raffaelli, D., Lillebø, A.I., Verdelhos, T. and Pardal, M.A. (2008) The impact of extreme flooding events and anthropogenic stressors on the macrobenthic communities' dynamics. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 76, 553–565.Google Scholar
Carlsson, R. (2002) Shell gravel deposits on the Åland Islands, southwestern Finland, with special reference to the molluscan assemblages. Boreas 31, 203–211.Google Scholar
Carro, N., Cobas, J. and Maneiro, J. (2006) Distribution of aliphatic compounds in bivalve mollusks from Galicia after the Prestige oil spill: Spatial and temporal trends. Environmental Research 100, 339–348.Google Scholar
Cacabelos, E., Quintas, P. and Troncoso, J.S. (2008) Spatial distribution of soft-bottom molluscs in the Ensenada de San Simón (NW Spain). American Malacological Bulletin 25, 9–19.Google Scholar
Chao, P.-P. (2000) Taxonomic studies on the shells, allozymes and parasites of European cockles in the Cerastoderma edule (L.) and Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguière) species complex. PhD thesis. University of Swansea, Wales.Google Scholar
Cheggour, M., Chafik, A., Langston, W.J., Burt, G.R., Benbrahim, S. and Texier, H. (2001) Metals in sediments and the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule from two Moroccan Atlantic lagoons: Moulay Bou Selham and Sidi Moussa. Environmental Pollution 115, 149–160.Google Scholar
Chicharo, L.M.Z. and Chicharo, M.A. (2000) Short-term fluctuations in bivalve larvae compared with some environmental factors in a coastal lagoon (south Portugal). Scientia Marina 64, 413–420.Google Scholar
Compton, T.J., Rijkenberg, M.J.A., Drent, J. and Piersma, T. (2007) Thermal tolerance ranges and climate variability: a comparison between bivalves from differing climates. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 352, 200–211.Google Scholar
Connors, P.M. (1972) Acute toxicity of heavy metals to some marine larvae. Marine Pollution Bulletin 3, 190–192.Google Scholar
Creek, G.A. (1960) The development of the lamellibranch Cardium edule L. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 135, 243–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culurgioni, J., D'Amico, V., De Murtas, R., Trotti, G.C. and Figus, V. (2006) Parasitological monitoring of commercial native bivalves from St Gilla lagoon (Sardinia, South Western Mediterranean). Ittiopatologia 3, 243–252.Google Scholar
David, D.C. and Tigan, S.I. (2011) Determining the similarities between stations using the haplotypes of the species Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret, 1789) from the Romanian Black Sea infralittoral. Applied Medical Informatics 28, 45–52.Google Scholar
de Montaudouin, X. (1997) Potential of bivalves' secondary settlement differs with species: a comparison between cockle (Cerastoderma edule) and clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) juvenile resuspension. Marine Biology 128, 639–648.Google Scholar
de Montaudouin, X. and Bachelet, G. (1996) Experimental evidence of complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors in the dynamics of an intertidal population of the bivalve Cerastoderma edule . Oceanologica Acta 19, 449–463.Google Scholar
de Montaudouin, X., Bachelet, G. and Sauriau, P.G. (2003) Secondary settlement of cockles Cerastoderma edule as a function of current velocity and substratum: aflume study with benthic juveniles. Hydrobiologia 503, 103–116.Google Scholar
de Montaudouin, X., Paul-Pont, I., Lambert, C., Gonzalez, P., Raymond, N., Jude, F., Legeay, A., Baudrimont, M., Dang, C., Le Grand, F., Le Goic, N., Bourasseau, L. and Paillard, C. (2010) Bivalve population health: multistress to identify hot spots. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60, 1307–1318.Google Scholar
de Montaudouin, X., Thieltges, D.W., Gam, M., Krakau, M., Pina, S., Bazairi, H., Dabouineau, L., Russell-Pinto, F. and Jensen, K.T. (2009) Digenean trematode species in the cockle Cerastoderma edule: identification key and distribution along the north-eastern Atlantic shoreline. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, 543–556.Google Scholar
De Vlas, J. (1979) Annual food intake by plaice and flounder in a tidal flat area in the Dutch Wadden Sea, with special reference to consumption of regenerating parts of macrobenthic prey. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 13, 117–153.Google Scholar
Dekinga, A. and Piersma, T. (1993) Reconstructing diet composition on the basis of faeces in a mollusc-eating wader, the knot Calidris canutus . Bird Study 40, 144–156.Google Scholar
Derbali, A., Jarboui, O. and Ghorbel, M. (2009a) Reproductive biology of the cockle Cerastoderma glaucum (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the north coast of Sfax (Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia). Ciencias Marinas 35, 141–152.Google Scholar
Derbali, A., Jarboui, O., Ghorbel, M. and Zamouri-Langar, N. (2009b) Population structure, distribution and relative abundance of Cerastoderma glaucum (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Bou Ghrara Lagoon (Gulf of Gabes, southern Tunisia). Marine Biodiversity Records 2, e68.Google Scholar
Desclaux-Marchand, C., Paul-Pont, I., Gonzalez, P., Baudrimont, M. and de Montaudouin, X. (2007) Metallothionein gene identification and expression in the cockle (Cerastoderma edule) under parasitism (trematodes) and cadmium contaminations. Aquatic Living Resources 20, 43–49.Google Scholar
Desprez, M., Rybarczyk, H., Wilson, J.G., Ducrotoy, J.P., Sueur, F., Olivesi, R. and Elkaim, B. (1992) Biological impact of eutrophication in the Bay of Somme and the induction and impact of anoxia. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 30, 149–159.Google Scholar
Drinan, R.E. (1957) The winter feeding of the oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) on the edible cockle (Cardium edule). Journal of Animal Ecology 26, 441–469.Google Scholar
Ducrotoy, J.P., Rybarczyk, H., Souprayen, J., Bachelet, G., Beukema, J.J., Desprez, M., Dörjes, J., Essink, K., Guillou, J., Michaelis, H., Sylvand, B., Wilson, J.G., Elkaïm, B. and Ibanez, F. (1989) A comparison of the population dynamics of the cockle (Cerastoderma edule, L.) in north-western Europe. Proceedings of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association Symposium 19, 173–184.Google Scholar
Erkan, M., Sousa, M. and Baldala, L. (2002) Comparative ultracytochemical study of the acrosome in four different Veneroida species from the Turkish coast. Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology 34, 125–130.Google Scholar
Espineira, M., González-Lavín, N., Juan, V.M. and Santaclara, F.J. (2009) Development of a method for the genetic identification of commercial bivalve species based on mitochondrial 18S rRNA sequences. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57, 495–502.Google Scholar
Fernandes, A., Mortimer, D., Gem, M., Dicks, P., Smith, F., White, S. and Rose, M. (2009) Brominated dioxins (PBDD/Fs) and PBDEs in marine shellfish in the UK. Food Additives and Contaminants—Part A: Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment 26, 918–927.Google Scholar
Fernández-Tajes, J., Flõrez, F., Pereira, S., Rábade, T., Laffon, B. and Méndez, J. (2011) Use of three bivalve species for biomonitoring a polluted estuarine environment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 177, 289–300.Google Scholar
Flach, E.C. (2003) The separate and combined effects of epibenthic predation and presence of macro-infauna on the recruitment success of bivalves in shallow soft-bottom areas on the Swedish west coast. Journal of Sea Research 49, 59–67.Google Scholar
Foster-Smith, R.L. (1975) The role of mucus in the mechanism of feeding in three filter-feeding bivalves. Journal of Molluscan Studies 41, 571–588.Google Scholar
Freire, R., Arias, A., Mendez, J. and Insua, A. (2009) Sequence variation of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA in Cerastoderma species (Bivalvia: Cardiidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies 76, 77–86.Google Scholar
Freire, R., Arias, A., Méndez, J. and Insua, A. (2011) Identification of European commercial cockles (Cerastoderma edule and C. glaucum) by species-specific PCR amplification of the ribosomal DNA ITS region. European Food Research and Technology 232, 83–86.Google Scholar
Freire, R., Insua, A. and Méndez, J. (2005) Cerastoderma glaucum 5S ribosomal DNA: characterization of the repeat unit, divergence with respect to Cerastoderma edule, and PCR-RFLPs for the identification of both cockles. Genome 48, 427–442.Google Scholar
Furey, A., Moroney, C., Braña Magdalena, A., Fidalgo Saez, M.J., Lehane, M. and James, K.J. (2003) Geographical, temporal, and species variation of the polyether toxins, azaspiracids, in shellfish. Environmental Science and Technology 37, 3078–3084.Google Scholar
Gagnaire, B., Frouin, H., Moreau, K., Thomas-Guyon, H. and Renault, T. (2006) Effects of temperature and salinity on haemocyte activities of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 20, 536–547.Google Scholar
Genelt-Yanovskiy, E., Poloskin, A., Granovitch, A., Nazarova, S. and Strelkov, P. (2010) Population structure and growth rates at biogeographic extremes: a case study of the common cockle, Cerastoderma edule (L.) in the Barents Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 61, 247–253.Google Scholar
Germain, P., Gandon, R., Masson, M. and Guegueniat, P. (1987) Experimental studies of the transfer of neptunium from sea water to sediments and organisms (annelids and molluscs). Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 5, 37–55.Google Scholar
Goater, C.P. (1993) Population biology of Meiogymnophallus minutus (Trematoda: Gymnophallidae) in cockles Cerastoderma edule from the Exe estuary, England. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 73, 163–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffiths, C.L. and Richardson, C.A. (2006) Chemically induced predator avoidance behaviour in the burrowing bivalve Macoma balthica . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 331, 91–98.Google Scholar
Guillou, J., Bachelet, G., Desprez, M., Ducrotoy, J.P., Madani, I., Rybarczyk, H., Sauriau, P.-G., Sylvand, B., Elkaim, B. and Glermarec, M. (1990) Les modalités de la reproduction de la coque (Cerastoderma edule) sur le littoral français de la Manche et de l'Atlantique. Aquatic Living Resources 3, 29–41.Google Scholar
Guillou, J. and Tartu, C. (1994) Post-larval and juvenile mortality in a population of the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule (L.) from northern Brittany. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 33, 103–111.Google Scholar
Gunsen, U., Aydin, A. and Ozcan, A. (2008) Determination of the toxin profile in Turkish mussels Venus gallina, Venus verrucosa and Cardium edule . Archiv für Lebensmittelhygiene 59, 233–238.Google Scholar
Hancock, D.A. and Franklin, A. (1972) Seasonal changes in the condition of the edible cockle (Cardium edule L.). Journal of Applied Ecology 9, 567–579.Google Scholar
Hancock, D.A. and Urquhart, A.E. (1964) Mortalities of edible cockles (Cardium edule L.) during the severe winter of 1962–63. Journal of Animal Ecology 3, 176–178.Google Scholar
Hancock, D.A. and Urquhart, A.E. (1965) The determination of natural mortality and its causes in an exploited population of cockles (Cardium edule L.). Fishery Investigations 24, 1–40.Google Scholar
Hare, M.P., Palumbi, S.R. and Butman, C.A. (2000) Single-step species identification of bivalve larvae using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Marine Biology 137, 953–961.Google Scholar
His, E., Beiras, R. and Seaman, M.N.L. (1999) The assessment of marine pollution-bioassays with bivalve embryos and larvae. Advances in Marine Biology 37, 1–178.Google Scholar
Honkoop, P.J.C. and van der Meer, J. (1998) Experimentally induced effects of water temperature and immersion time on reproductive output of bivalves in the Wadden Sea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 220, 227–246.Google Scholar
Honkoop, P.J.C. and Beukema, J.J. (1997) Loss of body mass in winter in three intertidal bivalve species: an experimental and observational study of the interacting effects between water temperature, feeding time and feeding behaviour. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 212, 277–297.Google Scholar
Honkoop, P.J.C., Beukema, J.J. and Kwast, D. (1995) Winter temperature and reproductive success in shell-fish in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Studies in Environmental Science 65, 831–834.Google Scholar
Hummel, H., Wolowicz, M. and Bogaards, R.H. (1994) Genetic variability and relationships for populations of Cerastoderma edule and of the C. glaucum complex. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 33, 81–89.Google Scholar
Ibarrola, I., Iglesias, J.I.P. and Navarro, E. (1996) Differential absorption of biochemical components in the diet of the cockle Cerastoderma edule: enzymatic responses to variations in seston composition. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, 1887–1897.Google Scholar
Ibarrola, I., Navarro, E. and Iglesias, J.I.P. (1998a) Short-term adaptation of digestive processes in the cockle Cerastoderma edule exposed to different food quantity and quality. Journal of Comparative Physiology—B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 168, 32–40.Google Scholar
Ibarrola, I., Larretxea, X., Iglesias, J.I.P., Urrutia, M.B. and Navarro, E. (1998b) Seasonal variation of digestive enzyme activities in the digestive gland and the crystalline style of the common cockle Cerastoderma edule . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology—Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology 121, 25–34.Google Scholar
Iglesias, J.I.P. (1992) Feeding, particle selection and absorption in cockles Cerastoderma edule (L.) exposed to variable conditions of food concentration and quality. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 162, 177–198.Google Scholar
Insua, A., Freire, R. and Méndez, J. (1999) The 5S rDNA of the bivalve Cerastoderma edule: nucleotide sequence of the repeat unit and chromosomal location relative to 18S-28S rDNA. Genetics Selection Evolution 31, 509–518.Google Scholar
Insua, A. and Thiriot, C. (1992) Karyotypes of Cerastoderma edule, Venerupis pullastra and Venerupis rhomboides (Bivalvia, Veneroida). Aquatic Living Resources 5, 1–8.Google Scholar
Ivell, R. (1979) The biology and ecology of a brackish lagoon bivalve, Cerastoderma glaucum Bruguière, in an English lagoon, the Widewater, Sussex. Journal of Molluscan Studies 45, 383–400.Google Scholar
Ivell, R. (1981) A quantitative study of a Cerastoderma–Nephthys community in the Limfjord, Denmark, with special reference to production of Cerastoderma edule . Journal of Molluscan Studies 47, 147–170.Google Scholar
Jaime, E., Gerdts, G. and Luckas, B. (2007) In vitro transformation of PSP toxins by different shellfish tissues. Harmful Algae 6, 308–316.Google Scholar
James, B.L., Sannia, A. and Bowers, E.A. (1977) Parasites of birds and shellfish. In Nelson-Smith, A. and Bridges, E.M. (eds) Problems of a small estuary. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Burry Inlet (South Wales) held at the University College of Swansea. Swansea, Quadrat Press Ltd, pp. 1–16.Google Scholar
Javanshir, A. (2001) Influence of infestation by Labratrema minimus (Bucephalidae: Digenea) on oxygen consumption of edible cockle Cerastoderma edule (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in laboratory conditions. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 3, 39–54.Google Scholar
Jelesias, J.I.P. and Navarro, E. (1990) Shell growth of the cockle Cerastoderma edule in the Mundaca estuary (North Spain). Journal of Molluscan Studies 56, 229–238.Google Scholar
Jelnes, J.E., Petersen, G.H. and Russell, P.J.C. (1971) Isoenzyme taxonomy applied on four species of Cardium from Danish and British waters with short description of the distribution of the species (Bivalvia). Ophelia 9, 15–19.Google Scholar
Jenner, H.A. and Bowmer, T. (1990) The accumulation of metals and their toxicity in the marine intertidal invertebrates Cerastoderma edule, Macoma balthica, Arenicola marina exposed to pulverised fuel ash in mesocosms. Environmental Pollution 66, 139–156.Google Scholar
Jensen, K.T. (1992) Dynamics and growth of the cockle, Cerastoderma edule, on an intertidal mud-flat in the Danish Wadden sea: effects of submersion time and density. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 28, 335–345.Google Scholar
Jensen, K.T. (1993) Density-dependent growth in cockles (Cerastoderma edule): evidence from interannual comparisons. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 73, 333–342.Google Scholar
Jensen, K.T. and Jensen, J.N. (1985) The importance of some epibenthic predators on the density of juvenile benthic macrofauna in the Danish Wadden Sea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 89, 157–174.Google Scholar
Jia, G., Belli, M., Sansone, U., Rosamilia, S. and Blasi, M. (2003) 210-Pb and 210-Po concentrations in the Venice lagoon ecosystem (Italy) and the potential radiological impact to the local public and environment. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 256, 513–528.Google Scholar
Johnson, A.C., Acreman, M.C., Dunbar, M.J., Feist, S.W., Giacomello, A.M., Gozlan, R.E., Hinsley, S.A., Ibbotson, A.T., Jarvie, H.P., Jones, I., Longshaw, M., Maberly, S.C., Marsh, T.J., Neal, C., Newman, J.R., Nunn, M.A., Pickup, R.W., Reynard, N.S., Sullivan, C.A., Sumpter, J.P. and Williams, R.J. (2009) The British river of the future: how climate change and human activity might affect two contrasting river ecosystems in England. Science of the Total Environment 407, 4787–4798.Google Scholar
Johnstone, I. and Norris, K. (2000) Not all oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus select the most profitable common cockles Cerastoderma edule: a difference between feeding methods. Ardea 88, 137–153.Google Scholar
Jonsson, P.R. and André, C. (1992) Mass-mortality of the bivalve Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus) on the Swedish west coast caused by infestation with the digenean trematode Cercaria cerastodermae I. Ophelia 36, 151–157.Google Scholar
Jung, K., Stelzenmüller, V. and Zauke, G.-P. (2006) Spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations and biomass indices in Cerastoderma edule Linnaeus (1758) from the German Wadden Sea: an integrated biomonitoring approach. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 338, 81–95.Google Scholar
Kaiser, M.J., Blyth-Skryme, R.E., Hart, P.J.B., Edwards-Jones, G. and Palmer, D. (2007) Evidence for greater reproductive output per unit area in areas protected from fishing. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, 1284–1289.Google Scholar
Kamermans, P. (1994) Similarity in food source and timing of feeding in deposit- and suspension-feeding bivalves. Marine Ecology Progress Series 104, 63–75.Google Scholar
Kang, C.K., Sauriau, G., Richard, P. and Blanchard, G.F. (1999) Food sources of the infaunal suspension-feeding bivalve Cerastoderma edule in a muddy sandflat of Marennes-Oléron Bay, as determined by analyses of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 187, 147–158.Google Scholar
Karlsson, Ö., Jonsson, P.R. and Larsson, A.I. (2003) Do large seston particles contribute to the diet of the bivalve Cerastoderma edule? Marine Ecology Progress Series 261, 161–173.Google Scholar
Kater, B.J., Geurts van Kessel, J.M. and Baars, J.J.M.D. (2006) Distribution of cockles Cerastoderma edule in the Eastern Scheldt: habitat mapping with abiotic variables. Marine Ecology Progress Series 318, 221–227.Google Scholar
Kevrekidis, T., Gouvis, N. and Koukouras, A. (1996) Bionomy of macrobenthic molluscs in Evros Delta (North Aegean Sea). International Review of Hydrobiology 81, 455–468.Google Scholar
Kingsley-Smith, P.R., Richardson, C.A. and Seed, R. (2003) Stereotypic and size-selective predation in Polinices pulchellus (Gastropoda: Naticidae) Risso 1826. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 295, 173–190.Google Scholar
Kingston, P. (1973) Interspecific hybridization in Cardium . Nature 243, 360.Google Scholar
Kingston, P.F. (1974a) Studies on the reproductive cycles of Cardium edule and C. glaucum . Marine Biology 28, 317–323.Google Scholar
Kingston, P. (1974b) Some observations on the effects of temperature and salinity upon the growth of Cardium edule and Cardium glaucum larvae in the laboratory. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 54, 309–317.Google Scholar
Krakau, M., Jacobsen, S., Jensen, K.T. and Reise, K. (2012) The cockle Cerastoderma edule at Northeast Atlantic shores: genetic signatures of glacial refugia. Marine Biology 159, 221–230.Google Scholar
Labourg, P.J. and Lasserre, G. (1980) Dynamique des populations de Cerastoderma glaucum dans une lagune aménagée de la région d'Arcachon. Marine Biology 60, 147–157.Google Scholar
Lacoste, A., Malham, S.K., Cueff, A. and Poulet, S.A. (2001) Stress-induced catecholamine changes in the hemolymph of the oyster Crassostrea gigas . General and Comparative Endocrinology 122, 181–188.Google Scholar
Larsen, J.B., Frischer, M.E., Rasmussen, L.J. and Hansen, B.W. (2005) Single-step nested multiplex PCR to differentiate between various bivalve larvae. Marine Biology 146, 1119–1129.Google Scholar
Larsen, J.B., Frischer, M.E., Ockelmann, K.W., Rasmussen, L.J. and Hansen, B.W. (2007) Temporal occurrence of planktotrophic bivalve larvae identified morphologically and by single step nested multiplex PCR. Journal of Plankton Research 29, 423–436.Google Scholar
Latypov, Y., Gulbin, V.V. and Yakovlev, Y. (1995) The change of the Caspian Sea level and its influence on nearshore ecosystem. Biologiya Morya 21, 281–285.Google Scholar
Lebour, M.V. (1938) Notes on the breeding of some lamellibranchs from Plymouth and their larvae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 23, 119–144.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, S., Marín Leal, J.C., Dubois, S., Orvain, F., Blin, J.L., Bataillé, M.P., Ourry, A. and Galois, R. (2009) Seasonal dynamics of trophic relationships among co-occurring suspension-feeders in two shellfish culture dominated ecosystems. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 55, 191–206.Google Scholar
Leitão, A., Chaves, R., Joaquim, S., Matias, D., Ruano, F. and Guedes-Pinto, H. (2008) Supernumerary chromosomes on Southern European populations of the cockle Cerastoderma edule: consequence of environmental pollution? Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 79, 152–156.Google Scholar
Leontarakis, P.K., Xatzianastasiou, L.I. and Theodorou, J.A. (2009) Biological aspects of the lagoon cockle, Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret 1879), in a coastal lagoon in Keramoti, Greece in the northeastern Mediterranean. Journal of Shellfish Research 27, 1171–1175.Google Scholar
Lindegarth, M., André, C. and Jonsson, P.R. (1995) Analysis of the spatial variability in abundance and age structure of two infaunal bivalves, Cerastoderma edule and C. lamarcki, using hierarchical sampling programs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 116, 85–97.Google Scholar
Longshaw, M. and Malham, S. (in press) A review of the infectious agents, parasites, pathogens and commensals of European cockles (Cerastoderma edule and C. glaucum). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Machado, M.M. and Costa, A.M. (1994) Enzymatic and morphological criteria for distinguishing between Cardium edule and C. glaucum of the Portuguese coast. Marine Biology 120, 535–544.Google Scholar
Malham, S.K., Lacoste, A., Gélébart, F., Cueff, A. and Poulet, S.A. (2003) Evidence for a direct link between stress and immunity in the mollusc Haliotis tuberculata. Journal of Experimental Zoology 295A, 136–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mariani, S., Ketmaier, V. and De Matthaeis, E. (2002) Genetic structuring and gene flow in Cerastoderma glaucum (Bivalvia: Cardiidae): evidence from allozyme variation at different geographic scales. Marine Biology 140, 687–697.Google Scholar
Marin, M.G., Rigato, S., Ricciardi, F. and Matozzo, V. (2008) Lethal and estrogenic effects of 4-nonylphenol in the cockle Cerastoderma glaucum . Marine Pollution Bulletin 57, 552–558.Google Scholar
Mascaró, M. and Seed, R. (2000a) Foraging behavior of Carcinus maenas (L.): comparisons of size-selective predation on four species of bivalve prey. Journal of Shellfish Research 19, 283–291.Google Scholar
Mascaró, M. and Seed, R. (2000b) Foraging behavior of Carcinus maenas (L.): species-selective predation among four bivalve prey. Journal of Shellfish Research 19, 293–300.Google Scholar
Masski, H. and Guillou, J. (1999) The role of biotic interactions in juvenile mortality of the cockle (Cerastoderma edule L.): field observations and experiment. Journal of Shellfish Research 18, 575–578.Google Scholar
Matozzo, V. and Marin, M.G. (2007) First evidence of altered vitellogenin-like protein levels in clam Tapes philippinarum and in cockle Cerastoderma glaucum from the Lagoon of Venice. Marine Pollution Bulletin 55, 494–504.Google Scholar
Matozzo, V., Rova, G. and Marin, M.G. (2007) Haemocytes of the cockle Cerastoderma glaucum: morphological characterisation and involvement in immune responses. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 23, 732–746.Google Scholar
Matozzo, V., Rova, G., Ricciardi, F. and Marin, M.G. (2008) Immunotoxicity of the xenoestrogen 4-nonylphenol to the cockle Cerastoderma glaucum . Marine Pollution Bulletin 57, 453–459.Google Scholar
McArthur, V.E. (1998) Post-settlement mortality of juvenile lagoonal cockles (Cerastoderma glaucum: Mollusca: Bivalvia). Marine Biology 132, 117–122.Google Scholar
Miles, C.O., Wilkins, A.L., Samdal, I.A., Sandvik, M., Petersen, D., Quilliam, M.A., Naustvoll, L.J., Rundberget, T., Torgersen, T., Hovgaard, P., Jensen, D.J. and Cooney, J.M. (2004) A novel pectenotoxin, PTX-12, in Dinophysis spp. and shellfish from Norway. Chemical Research in Toxicology 17, 1423–1433.Google Scholar
Millar, D.A. and Ratcliffe, N.A. (1994) Invertebrates. In Turner, R.J. (ed.) Immunology: a comparative approach. London: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 29–68.Google Scholar
Miramand, P. and Germain, P. (1985) Sea water uptake, sediment transfer and histo-autoradiographic study of plutonium (239Pu) and americium (24lAm) in the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule . Marine Ecology Progress Series 22, 59–68.Google Scholar
Miramand, P., Germain, P. and Arzur, J.C. (1987) Uptake of curium (244Cm) by five benthic marine species (Arenicola marina, Cerastoderma edule, Corophium volutator, Nereis diversicolor and Scrobicularia plana): comparison with americium and plutonium. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 5, 209–218.Google Scholar
Möller, P. and Rosenberg, R. (1983) Recruitment, abundance and production of Mya arenaria and Cardium edule in marine shallow water, western Sweden. Ophelia 22, 33–35.Google Scholar
Morgan, P.R. (1972) Nucella lapillus (L.) as a predator of edible cockles. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 8, 45–52.Google Scholar
Morley, N.J. (2010) Interactive effects of infectious diseases and pollution in aquatic molluscs. Aquatic Toxicology 96, 27–36.Google Scholar
Morton, B., Peharda, M. and Harper, E.M. (2007) Drilling and chipping patterns of bivalve prey shell penetration by Hexaplex trunculus (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, 933–940.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, K.N. and Poulin, R. (2003) The risk of being at the top: foot-cropping in the New Zealand cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, 497–498.Google Scholar
Navarro, E., Iglesias, J.I.P. and Larrañaga, A. (1989) Interannual variation in the reproductive cycle and biochemical composition of the cockle Cerastoderma edule from Mundaca Estuary (Biscay, North Spain). Marine Biology 101, 503–511.Google Scholar
Navarro, E., Méndez, S., Ibarrola, I. and Urrutia, M.B. (2009) Comparative utilization of phytoplankton and vascular plant detritus by the cockle Cerastoderma edule: digestive responses during diet acclimation. Aquatic Biology 6, 247–262.Google Scholar
Newell, R.I.E. and Bayne, B.L. (1980) Seasonal changes in the physiology, reproductive condition and carbohydrate content of the cockle Cardium (=Cerastoderma) edule (Bivalvia: Cardiidae). Marine Biology 56, 11–19.Google Scholar
Nikula, R. and Väinölä, R. (2003) Phylogeography of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) across Europe: a major break in the Eastern Mediterranean. Marine Biology 143, 339–350.Google Scholar
Norris, K. (1999) A trade-off between energy intake and exposure to parasites in oystercatchers feeding on a bivalve mollusc. Proceedings of the Royal Society—Biological Sciences (Series B) 266, 1703–1709.Google Scholar
Nossier, M.A. (1986) Ecophysiological responses of Cerastoderma edule (L.) and C. glaucum (Bruguière) to different salinity regimes and exposure to air. Journal of Molluscan Studies 52, 110–119.Google Scholar
O'Connor, R.J. and Brown, R.A. (1977) Prey depletion and foraging strategy in the oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus . Oecologia 27, 75–92.Google Scholar
Oliver, L.M. and Fisher, W.S. (1999) Appraisal of prospective bivalve immunomarkers. Biomarkers 4, 510–530.Google Scholar
Ordás, M.C. and Figueras, A. (2005) Histopathological study of abnormal mortalities of cockle (Cerastoderma edule) in Carril (Galicia, NW Spain). Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 25, 124–130.Google Scholar
Orton, J.H. (1933) Summer mortality of cockles on some Lancashire and Cheshire Dee beds in 1933. Nature 132, 314–315.Google Scholar
Osman, I.H., Gabr, H.R. and El-Etreby, S.G. (2010) Rearing trials of Halla parthenopeia under laboratory conditions (Polychaeta: Oenonidae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 383, 1–7.Google Scholar
Paul-Pont, I., Gonzalez, P., Baudrimont, M., Jude, F., Raymond, N., Bourrasseau, L., Le Goïc, N., Haynes, F., Legeay, A., Paillard, C. and de Montaudouin, X. (2010) Interactive effects of metal contamination and pathogenic organisms on the marine bivalve Cerastoderma edule . Marine Pollution Bulletin 60, 515–525.Google Scholar
Pereira, S.M., Fernandez-Tajes, J., Rabade, T., Florez-Barros, F., Laffon, B. and Mendez, J. (2011) Comparison between two bivalve species as tools for the assessment of pollution levels in an estuarian environment. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health—Part A—Current Issues 74, 1020–1029.Google Scholar
Perez-Hurtado, A., Goss-Custard, J.D. and Garcia, F. (1997) The diet of wintering waders in Cadiz Bay, southwest Spain. Bird Study 44, 45–52.Google Scholar
Pihl, L. (1982) Food intake of young cod and flounder in a shallow bay on the Swedish west coast. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 15, 419–432.Google Scholar
Ponsero, A., Dabouineau, L. and Allain, J. (2009) Modelling of common European cockle Cerastoderma edule fishing grounds aimed at sustainable management of traditional harvesting. Fisheries Science 75, 839–850.Google Scholar
Porte, C., Biosca, X., Pastor, D., Solé, M. and Albaigés, J. (2000) The Aegean Sea oil spill. 2. Temporal study of the hydrocarbons accumulation in bivalves. Environmental Science and Technology 34, 5067–5075.Google Scholar
Ramón, M. (1996) Relationships between the bivalves Mytilus edulis L. and Cerastoderma edule (L.) in a soft bottom environment: an example of interaction at small spatial scale. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 204, 179–194.Google Scholar
Rask, M. (1989) A note on the diet of roach, Rutilus rutilus L., and other cyprinids at Tvarminne, northern Baltic Sea. Aqua Fennica 19, 19–27.Google Scholar
Reise, K. (2003) Metapopulation structure in the lagoon cockle Cerastoderma lamarcki in the northern Wadden Sea. Helgoland Marine Research 56, 252–258.Google Scholar
Richards, M.G., Huxham, M. and Bryant, A. (1999) Predation: a causal mechanism for variability in intertidal bivalve populations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 241, 159–177.Google Scholar
Riisgård, H.U., Lassen, J., Kortegaard, M., Möller, L.F., Friedrichs, M., Jensen, M.H. and Larsen, P.S. (2007) Interplay between filter-feeding zoobenthos and hydrodynamics in the shallow Odense Fjord (Denmark)—earlier and recent studies, perspectives and modelling. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 75, 281–295.Google Scholar
Rossi, F., Herman, P.M.J. and Middelburg, J.J. (2004) Interspecific and intraspecific variation of d13C and d15N in deposit- and suspension feeding bivalves (Macoma balthica and Cerastoderma edule): evidence of ontogenetic changes in feeding mode of Macoma balthica . Limnology and Oceanography 49, 408–414.Google Scholar
Rueda, J.L. and Smaal, A.C. (2002) Selective ingestion of pelagic versus benthic algae by the cockle Cerastoderma edule (Linne, 1758). Journal of Shellfish Research 21, 619–625.Google Scholar
Russell, P.J.C. and Petersen, G.H. (1973) The use of ecological data in the elucidation of some shallow water European Cardium species. Malacologia 14, 223–232.Google Scholar
Russell-Pinto, F., Reimão, R. and de Sousa, M. (1994) Haemocytes in Cerastoderma edule (Mollusca, Bivalvia): distinct cell types engage in different responses to sheep erythrocytes. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 4, 383–397.Google Scholar
Rybarczyk, H., Elkaim, B., Wilson, J.G. and Loquet, N. (1996) Eutrophication in the Baie de Somme: consequences and impacts on the benthic population. Oceanologica Acta 19, 131–140.Google Scholar
Rygg, B. (1970) Studies on Cerastoderma edule (L.) and Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret). Sarsia 43, 65–80.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Salazar, M.E., Griffiths, C.L. and Seed, R. (1987) The effect of size and temperature on the predation of cockles Cerastoderma edule (L.) by the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 111, 181–193.Google Scholar
Sarà, G. (2007) Sedimentary and particulate organic matter: mixed sources for cockle Cerastoderma glaucum in a shallow pond, Western Mediterranean. Aquatic Living Resources 20, 271–277.Google Scholar
Scolding, J.W.S., Richardson, C.A. and Luckenbach, M.J. (2007) Predation of cockles (Cerastoderma edule) by the whelk (Buccinum undatum) under laboratory conditions. Journal of Molluscan Studies 73, 333–337.Google Scholar
Scotter, M.J. and Roberts, D.P.T. (2007) Development and validation of a rapid headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the determination of diethyl ether and acetone residues in Tween extracts of shellfish intended for mouse bioassay for diarrhoetic toxins. Journal of Chromatography A 1157, 386–390.Google Scholar
Seed, R. and Brown, R.A. (1977) A comparison of the reproductive cycles of Modiolus modiolus (L.), Cerastoderma (=Cardium) edule (L.), and Mytilus edulis L. in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. Oecologia 30, 173–188.Google Scholar
Stempniewicz, L. (1995) Feeding ecology of the long-tailed duck Clangula hyemalis wintering in the Gulf of Gdansk (southern Baltic Sea). Ornis Svecica 5, 133–142.Google Scholar
Stobo, L.A., Lacaze, J.P.C.L., Scott, A.C., Gallacher, S., Smith, E.A. and Quilliam, M.A. (2005) Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry-detection of lipophilic shellfish toxins. Journal of AOAC International 88, 1371–1382.Google Scholar
Strasser, M., Hertlein, A. and Reise, K. (2001a) Differential recruitment of bivalve species in the Northern Wadden Sea after severe winter of 1995/96 and of subsequent milder winters. Helgoland Marine Research 55, 182–189.Google Scholar
Strasser, M., Reinwald, T. and Reise, K. (2001b) Differential effects of the severe winter of 1995/96 on the intertidal bivalves Mytilus edulis, Cerastoderma edule and Mya arenaria in the Northern Wadden Sea. Helgoland Marine Research 55, 190–197.Google Scholar
Sutherland, W.J. (1982) Spatial variation in the predation of cockles by oystercatchers at Traeth Melynog, Anglesey. II. The patterns of mortality. Journal of Animal Ecology 51, 491–500.Google Scholar
Svensson, S., André, C., Rehnstam-Holm, A.S. and Hansson, J. (2000) A case of consistent spatial differences in content of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DST) among three bivalve species: Mytilus edulis, Ostrea edulis and Cerastoderma edule . Journal of Shellfish Research 19, 1017–1020.Google Scholar
Tarnowska, K., Chenuil, A., Nikula, R., Féral, J.P. and Wolowicz, M. (2010) Complex genetic population structure of the bivalve Cerastoderma glaucum in a highly fragmented lagoon habitat. Marine Ecology Progress Series 406, 173–184.Google Scholar
Thain, J.E. (1991) Biological effects of contaminants: oyster (Crassostrea gigas) embryo bioassay. ICES Techniques in Marine Environmental Sciences 11, 1–12.Google Scholar
Thieltges, D.W. (2006) Parasite induced summer mortality in the cockle Cerastoderma edule by the trematode Gymnophallus choledochus . Hydrobiologia 559, 455–461.Google Scholar
Thieltges, D.W., Hussell, B., Hermann, J., Jensen, K.T., Krakau, M., Taraschewski, H. and Reise, K. (2008) Parasites in the northern Wadden Sea: a conservative ecosystem component over 4 decades. Helgoland Marine Research 62, 37–47.Google Scholar
Thiriot-Quievreux, C. and Wolowicz, M. (1996) Karyotypes of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bivalvia) from Baltic and Mediterranean populations. Hydrobiologia 324, 149–155.Google Scholar
Timmermans, B.M.H., Hummel, H. and Bogaards, R.H. (1996) The effect of polluted sediment on the gonadal development and embryogenesis of bivalves. Science of the Total Environment 187, 231–236.Google Scholar
Triplet, P. (1994) Kleptoparasitism by a common gull Larus canus on oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus, feeding on common cockles Cerastoderma edule: behavioural adaptations. Alauda 62, 113–122.Google Scholar
Troost, K., Kamermans, P. and Wolff, W.J. (2008) Larviphagy in native bivalves and an introduced oyster. Journal of Sea Research 60, 157–163.Google Scholar
Urk, R.M. (1973) Systematical notes on Cardium edule L. and Cardium glaucum Brug. in the Netherlands. Basteria 37, 95–112.Google Scholar
Urrutia, M.B., Navarro, E., Ibarrola, I. and Iglesias, J.I.P. (2001) Preingestive selection processes in the cockle Cerastoderma edule: Mucus production related to rejection of pseudofaeces. Marine Ecology Progress Series 209, 177–187.Google Scholar
Vale, P. (2004) Differential dynamics of dinophysistoxins and pectenotoxins between blue mussel and common cockle: a phenomenon originating from the complex toxin profile of Dinophysis acuta . Toxicon 44, 123–134.Google Scholar
Vale, P. (2010) Metabolites of saxitoxin analogues in bivalves contaminated by Gymnodinium catenatum . Toxicon 55, 162–165.Google Scholar
Vale, P. and De, M.S. (2002) Esterification of DSP toxins by Portuguese bivalves from the Northwest coast determined by LC-MS—a widespread phenomenon. Toxicon 40, 33–42.Google Scholar
Vale, P., Bire, R. and Hess, P. (2008) Confirmation by LC-MS/MS of azaspiracids in shellfish from the Portuguese north-western coast. Toxicon 51, 1449–1456.Google Scholar
Villalba, A., Carballal, M.J. and López, C. (2001) Disseminated neoplasia and large foci indicating heavy haemocytic infiltration in cockles Cerastoderma edule from Galicia (NW Spain). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 46, 213–216.Google Scholar
Wegeberg, A.M. and Jensen, K.T. (1999) Reduced survivorship of Himasthla (Trematoda, Digenea)-infected cockles (Cerastoderma edule) exposed to oxygen depletion. Journal of Sea Research 42, 325–331.Google Scholar
Widdows, J., Bayne, B.L., Livingstone, D.R., Newell, R.I.E. and Donkin, P. (1979) Physiological and biochemical responses of bivalve molluscs to exposure to air. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology—Part A: Physiology 62, 301–308.Google Scholar
Wilson, J.G. (1980) Heavy metals in the estuarine macrofauna of the east coast of Ireland. Journal of Life Sciences 1, 183–189.Google Scholar
Wilson, J.G. and Elkaim, B. (1997) Seasonal and geographical differences in oxygen consumption with temperature of Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret) and a comparison with C. edule (L.). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 45, 571–577.Google Scholar
Wolowicz, M. and Thiriot-Quievreux, C. (1997) The karyotypes of the most common bivalves species from the South Baltic. Oceanological Studies 26, 209–220.Google Scholar
Wootton, E.C., Dyrynda, E.A., Pipe, R.K. and Ratcliffe, N.A. (2003a) Comparisons of PAH-induced immunomodulation in three bivalve molluscs. Aquatic Toxicology 65, 13–25.Google Scholar
Wootton, E.C., Dyrynda, E.A. and Ratcliffe, N.A. (2003b) Bivalve immunity: comparisons between the marine mussel (Mytilus edulis), the edible cockle (Cerastoderma edule) and the razor-shell (Ensis siliqua). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 15, 195–210.Google Scholar
Wright, S.H. (1982) A nutritional role for amino acid transport in filter-feeding marine invertebrates. American Zoologist 22, 621–634.Google Scholar
Yankson, K. (1986a) Precocious sexual maturity in Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguière) reared in the laboratory. Journal of Molluscan Studies 52, 79–80.Google Scholar
Yankson, K. (1986b) Reproductive cycles of Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguière) and C. edule (L.) with special reference to the effects of the 1981–82 severe winter. Journal of Molluscan Studies 52, 6–14.Google Scholar
Young, E.F., Bigg, G.R., Grant, A., Walker, P. and Brown, J. (1998) A modelling study of environmental influences on bivalve settlement in The Wash, England. Marine Ecology Progress Series 172, 197–214.Google Scholar
Zaouali, J. (1980) Sexual cycle of Cerastoderma glaucum Poiret, 1798 (Bivalvia, Eulamellibranchia, Cardiidae) in Lake Tunis and in the Bou Grara sea (Tunisia). Archives de l'Instut Pasteur de Tunis 57, 281–295.Google Scholar
Zwarts, L. (1991) Seasonal variation in body weight of the bivalves Macoma balthica, Scrobicularia plana, Mya arenaria and Cerastoderma edule in the Dutch Wadden sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 28, 231–245.Google Scholar