Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T14:28:36.726Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

One hundred years of marine research at Plymouth*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2009

A. J. Southward  and
E. K. Roberts
A. J. Southward
Affiliation:
The Laboratory, Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB
E. K. Roberts
Affiliation:
The Laboratory, Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The second half of the nineteenth century was a period of rapid change in the natural sciences in Britain, reflecting changes in social conditions and improvements in education. A growing number of naturalists were becoming socially conscious and aware of the need for a proper study of the sea and its products, following the success of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition of 1872–6. In 1866 the Royal Commission on the Sea Fisheries, which included among its officers Professor T. H. Huxley, one of the new breed of professional scientists, had reported that fears of over-exploitation of the sea-fisheries were unfounded, and had recommended doing away with existing laws regulating fishing grounds and closed seasons. Nevertheless, the rising trade in fresh fish carried to towns by rail or by fast boats (fleeting), and the consequent increase in size and number of registered fishing vessels, was causing widespread concern, and there were reports from all round the coasts about the scarcity of particular fish, especially soles. This concern was expressed at the International Fisheries Exhibition in London in 1883, a conference called to discuss the commercial and scientific aspects of the fishing industry, attended by many active and first-rank scientists. However, in his opening address Professor Huxley discounted reports of scarcity of fish, and repeated the views of the Royal Commission of 1866: that, with existing methods of fishing, it was inconceivable that the great sea fisheries, such as those for cod, herring and mackerel, could ever be exhausted.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 67 , Issue 3 , August 1987 , pp. 465 - 506
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Allen, D. E., 1978. The Naturalist in Britain: a Social History. London, Penguin Books, 282 pp.Google Scholar
2Armytage, W. H. G., 1965. The rise of the Technocrats. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 448 pp.Google Scholar
3Thomson, C. Wyville, 1877. The Voyage of the Challenger. London, Macmillan & Co., 2 vols., 424 and 396 pp.Google Scholar
4Caird, J., Huxley, T. H. & Lefevre, G. S., 1866. Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into the Sea Fisheries of the United Kingdom. LondonHMSO, vol. I, 108 pp.Google Scholar
5Bibby, C., 1959. T. H. Huxley, Scientist, Humanist and Educator. London, Watts, 330 pp.Google Scholar
6Huxley, T. H., 1884. Inaugural address. International Fisheries Exhibition, 1883, Literature, 4, 1–19.Google Scholar
7Lankester, E. R., 1884. The scientific results of the exhibition. International Fisheries Exhibition, 1883, Literature, 4, 405–428.Google Scholar
9Graham, M., 1949. The Fish Gate. London, Faber & Faber, 2nd ed., 110.Google Scholar
10Kofoid, C. A., 1910. The biological stations of Europe. Bull. U.S. Bureau Education, 4, 1–360.Google Scholar
11Baird, S. F., 1873. Report on the condition of the sea fisheries of the south coast of New England in 1871 and 1872. Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish & Fisheries, Part 1, I-XLVII.Google Scholar
12Lacaze-Duthiers, H., 1881. Les progrès de la Station Zoologique de Roscoff et la création du Laboratoire Arago à Banyuls-sur-mer. Arch. Zool., 9, 543–598.Google Scholar
13Hoyle, W. E., 1888. The Scottish Marine Station and its work. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 1 (O.S.), 218–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Gill, C., 1971. Woven into Plymouth's history. The Western Morning News, Plymouth, Dec. 15.Google Scholar
17Bate, C. S. AND Westwood, J. O., 1863–1868. A History of The British Sessile-eyed Crustacea. London, J. van Voorst. 2 vols., 507 and 536 pp.Google Scholar
18Judd, D., 1977. Radical Joe. A Life of Joseph Chamberlain. London, Hamish Hamilton.Google Scholar
19Bidder, G. P., 1943. Edgar Johnson Allen 1866–1942. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 25, 671–684.Google Scholar
20Cushing, D. H., 1983. The outlook for fisheries research in the next ten years. p. 264 in: Rothschild, B. J. (ed.), Global Fisheries: Perspectives for the 1980s. Berlin, Springer.Google Scholar
21Worth, R. N., 1887. Rep. Trans. Devon. Ass. Advmt Set. 19, 57.Google Scholar
22Worth, R. N., 1888. Rep. Trans. Devon. Ass. Advmt Sci. 20, 44.Google Scholar
23Heape, W., 1887. Notes on the fishing industry of Plymouth. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 1 (O.S.), 45–95.Google Scholar
24Marshall, F. H. A., 1930. Walter Heape, F.R.S. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, 106, xv–xviii.Google Scholar
28Harmer, S. J., 1933. Gilbert Bourne, F.R.S. Obit. Not. Fellows R. Soc. Lond., 2, 126–130.Google Scholar
29Clark, A. M. (1952). William Leadbetter Calderwood, I.S.O. R. Soc. Edinb., Year Book 1951, 7–8.Google Scholar
30Hopkins, F. G., 1926. Dr Edward J. Bles. Nature, Lond., 118, 90–91.Google Scholar
31Bateson, W., 1890. The sense organs and perceptions of fishes: with remarks on the supply of bait. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 1 (NS), 225–256.Google Scholar
33Cunningham, J. T., 1891–1892. Various contributions in J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 2.Google Scholar
34Garstang, W., 1892. On some new or rare marine animals recently discovered on the coast of Devonshire. Rep. Trans. Devon. Ass. Advmt Sci. 24, 377–386.Google Scholar
35Garstang, W., 1898. On the variation, races and migrations of the mackerel. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 5, 235–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36Holt, E. W. L., 1895. An examination of the present state of the Grimsby trawl fishery, with especial reference to the destruction of immature fish. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 4, 339–348.Google Scholar
38Crossing, W., 1899. A visit to the Marine Laboratory on Plymouth Hoe. Doidge's Western Counties Illustrated Annual for 1900, pp. 217–232.Google Scholar
39Clark, E. F., 1983. George Parker Bidder: The Calculating Boy. Bedford, KSL Publications, 518 pp.Google Scholar
40Matthews, D. J., 1909. Report on the physical conditions in the English Channel and adjacent waters, 1904–1905. Rep. N. Sea. Fish. Invest. Comm., Southern Area, 1904–1905, pp. 281–345.Google Scholar
43Hardy, A. C., 1951. Walter Garstang, 1868–1949. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 29, 561–566.Google Scholar
45Scott, R. F., 1905. The Voyage of the ‘Discovery’. London, John Murray, 2 vols., 556 and 508 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46Cherry-Garrard, A., 1948. The Worst Journey in the World. London, Penguin Books, 570 pp.Google Scholar
47Russell, E. S., 1951. Robert Selbie Clark, 1882–1950. J. Cons. perm. Int. Explor. Mer, 17, 99–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48Orton, J. H., 1916. An account of researches on races of herrings carried out by the Marine Biological Association at Plymouth, 1914–1915. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 11, 71–121.Google Scholar
49Ford, E., 1933. An account of the herring investigations conducted at Plymouth during the years from 1924 to 1933. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 19, 305–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50Allen, E. J., 1898. On the fauna and bottom deposits near the 30 fathom line from the Eddystone to Start Point. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 5, 365–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51Allen, E. J. and Nelson, E. W., 1910. On the artificial culture of marine plankton organisms. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 8, 412–474.Google Scholar
52Gran, H. H., 1912. Pelagic plant life. Pp. 307–386 in: Murray, J. and Hjort, J., The Depths of the Ocean, London, Macmillan & Co.Google Scholar
53Allen, E. J., 1919. A contribution to the quantitative study of plankton. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 12, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54Matthews, D. J., 1917. On the amount of phosphoric acid in the sea-water off Plymouth Sound. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 11, 251–257.Google Scholar
55Lankester, E. R., Herdman, W. A., Dickson, H. N. and Garstang, W., 1899. Report of the committee appointed to make periodic investigations of the plankton and physical conditions of the English Channel during 1899. Rep. Brit. Ass. Advmt Sci. 1899, pp. 444–446.Google Scholar
56Garstang, W., 1905. Experiments in the transplantation of small plaice to the Dogger Bank. Rep. N. Sea Fish. Invest., Southern Area, 1902–1903, pp. 45–65.Google Scholar
57Garstang, W., 1919. Sea fishery investigations and the balance of life. Nature, Lond. 104, 48–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58Browne, E. T., 1897–1907. Unpublished photographs in the Library archives of the Marine Biological Association.Google Scholar
59Russell, F. S., 1972. Obituary: Dr. Marie V. Lebour. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 52, 777–788.Google Scholar
60Russell, F. S., 1955. George Parker Bidder, 1863–1953. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 34, 1–13.Google Scholar
62Cooper, L. H. N., 1960. Atkins, W. R. G. CBE., O.B.E. (Mil), Sc.D., F.R.I.C., F.Inst. P., F.R.S., 1884–1959. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 39, 153–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63Atkins, W. R. G., 1926. A quantitative consideration of some factors concerned with plant growth in water. Part 2. J. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer, 1, 197–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64Harvey, H. W., 1929. Hydrodynamics of the waters south-east of Ireland. J. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer, 4, 80–92.Google Scholar
65Russell, F. S., 1970. Carl Frederick Abel Pantin, 1899–1967. Biogr. Mem. Fellows R. Soc. Lond. 14, 417–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66Denton, E. J., 1978. Professor Hill, A. V. C.H., Sc.D., Ll.D., F.R.S., 1886–1977. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 58, 545–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67Russell, F. S., 1927. The vertical distribution of plankton in the sea. Biol. Rev. 2, 213–262.Google Scholar
68Russell, F. S., 1954. Orton, James Herbert, 1884–1953. Orbit. Not. Fellows R. Soc. Lond. 9, 201–215.Google Scholar
69Garstang, W., 1928. The origin and evolution of larval forms. Rep. Brit. Ass. Advmt Sci. 1928, pp. 77–98.Google Scholar
70Wilson, D. P., 1960. Searle, William H. B.E.M., J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 39, 417–418.Google Scholar
71Yonge, C. M., 1930. Origin, organization and scope of the expedition. Sci. Repts Gt Barrier Reef Exped. 1, 1–11.Google Scholar
72Bourne, G. C., 1930. Edwin Ray Lankester, 1847–1929. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 16, 365–371.Google Scholar
73Lowenstein, O. E., 1975. Biographical notes on the early electro-physiological exploration of vestibular function. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 51A, 1–5.Google Scholar
74Hodgkin, A. L., 1983. Beginning: some reminiscences of my early life. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 45, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Hodgkin, A. L. and Huxley, A. F., 1939. Action potentionals recorded from inside a nerve fibre. Nature, Lond. 144, 710–711.Google Scholar
76Young, J. Z., 1936. The structure of nerve fibres in cephalopods and Crustacea. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 121, 319–337.Google Scholar
77Hickling, C. F. and Rutenberg, E., 1936. The ovary as an indicator of the spawning period in fishes. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 21, 311–317.Google Scholar
78Allen, E. J., 1938. Browne, Edward Thomas, 1866–1937. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 22, 405–08.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
79Russell, F. S. and Rees, W. J., 1936. On rearing the hydroid Zanclea implexa (Alder) and its medusa Zanclea gemmosa McCrady, with a review of the genus Zanclea. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 21, 107–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
80Russell, F. S., 1953–1970. The Medusae of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, 2 vols.Google Scholar
81Russell, F. S., 1946. Kemp, Stanley Wells, 1882–1945. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 26, 219–234.Google Scholar
82Russell, F. S., 1935. The value of certain plankton animals as indicators of water movements in the English Channel and North Sea. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 20, 309–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
83Kemp, S., 1938. Oceanography and the fluctuations in the abundance of marine animals. Rep. Brit. Ass. Advmt Sci. 1938, pp. 85–101.Google Scholar
84Harvey, H. W., Cooper, L. H. N., Lebour, M. V. and Russell, F. S., 1935. Plankton production and its control. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 20, 407–442.Google Scholar
85Harvey, H. W., 1945. Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biology of Sea Water. Cambridge University Press, 164 pp.Google Scholar
86Steven, G. A., 1948. Contributions to the biology of mackerel, Scomber scombrus L. Mackerel migrations in the English Channel and Celtic Sea. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 27, 517–539.Google Scholar
87Corbin, P. G., 1947. The spawning of mackerel, Scomber scombrus L., and pilchard, Clupea pilchardus Walbaum, in the Celtic Sea in 1937–39, with observations on the plankton indicator species, Sagitta and Muggiaea. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 27, 65–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
88Watson, J. P. and Abercrombie, P., 1943. A Plan for Plymouth. Plymouth, Underhill, 147 pp.Google Scholar
90Harris, J. E., 1947. Report on anti-fouling research, 1942–1944. J. Iron Steel Inst. 154, 297p–333p.Google Scholar
91Parke, M. W., 1948. Studies on British Laminariaceae. I. Growth in Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 27, 651–709.Google Scholar
92Bruce, J. R., Knight, M. and Parke, M. W., 1940. The rearing of oyster larvae on an algal diet. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 24, 337–374.Google Scholar
93Hardy, A. C., 1976. Gray, Sir James, 1891–1975. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 56, 523–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
94Cooper, L. H. N., 1955. Deep water movements in the N. Atlantic as a link between climatic changes around Iceland and biological productivity of the English Channel and Celtic Sea. J. mar. Res. 14, 347–362.Google Scholar
95Steven, G. A., Hoodless, C. A., Harrison, R. S. and Warren, F. J., 1955. R.V., ‘Sarsia’: a brief description of the Marine Biological Association's new research vessel. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 34, 387–100.Google Scholar
96Varley, A., 1980. Focus on ASFIS: The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Int. mar. Sci. News. 26, 3.Google Scholar
98Smith, J. E. (ed.), 1968. ‘Torrey Canyon’ Pollution and Marine Life. Cambridge University Press, 196 pp.Google Scholar
99Southward, A. J. and Southward, E. C., 1978. Recolonization of rocky shores in Cornwall after use of toxic dispersants to clean up the ‘Torrey Canyon’ spill. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35, 682–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
100Russell, F. S., Southward, A. J., Boalch, G. T. and Butler, E. I., 1971. Changes in biological conditions in the English Channel off Plymouth during the last half century. Nature, Lond. 234, 468–470.Google Scholar
101Moulder, D. S. and Varley, A., 1971. A Bibliography on Marine and Estuarine Oil Pollution. Plymouth, Marine Biological Association. Supplementary volumes issued in 1975, 1978 and 1979.Google Scholar
102Bartlett, C. A. and Moulder, D. S., 1976. A Bibliography on Marine and Estuarine Pesticide Pollution. Plymouth, Marine Biological Association.Google Scholar
103Varley, A., 1978. Library and information services of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Aslib. Proc, 30, 251–255.Google Scholar
105Currie, R. I., 1984. The Marine Biological Associations. The Biologist, 31, pt 5.Google Scholar