Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T08:58:39.427Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Rocky shores as tractable test systems for experimental ecology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 November 2020

Stephen J. Hawkins
Affiliation:
School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO14 3ZH, UK Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, PlymouthPL1 2PB, UK School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
Kathryn E. Pack*
Affiliation:
School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO14 3ZH, UK Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, PlymouthPL1 2PB, UK
Kieran Hyder
Affiliation:
Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefiled Road, LowestoftNR33 0HT, UK School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7TJ, UK
Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1 I-56126 Pisa and CoNISMa, Italy
Stuart R. Jenkins
Affiliation:
School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, UK
*
Author for correspondence: Kathryn E. Pack, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Rocky shore ecology has been studied for a long time, starting with qualitative descriptions and becoming more quantitative and experimental over time. Some of the earliest manipulative experimental ecological studies were undertaken on rocky shores. Many, over time, have made considerable contributions to ecological theory, especially highlighting the importance of biological interactions at the community level. The suitability of rocky shores as convenient test systems for ecological experimentation is outlined. Here we consider contributions from rocky shores to the emerging concepts of supply-side ecology, the roles of competition, predation and grazing, disturbance and succession and positive interactions in structuring communities along environmental gradients. We then address alternative stable states, relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and bottom-up and top-down control of ecosystems. We briefly consider the feedback and synergies between ecological concepts and experimental work on rocky shores, whilst still emphasizing the traditional values of marine natural history upheld in JMBA since its first publication. The importance of rigorous experimental designs championed by Underwood and co-workers is emphasized. Recent progress taking advantage of new technologies and emerging approaches is considered. We illustrate how experimental studies have shown the importance of biological interactions in modulating species and assemblage-level responses to climate change and informed conservation and management of coastal ecosystems.

Type
Review
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Åberg, P (1992) Size-based demography of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum in stochastic environments. Ecology 73, 14881501.10.2307/1940692CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Åberg, P (1996) Patterns of reproductive effort in the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Marine Ecology Progress Series 138, 199207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Åberg, P and Pavia, H (1997) Temporal and multiple scale spatial variation in juvenile and adult abundance of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Marine Ecology Progress Series 158, 111119.10.3354/meps158111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilera, MA and Navarrete, SA (2007) Effects of Chiton granosus (Frembly, 1827) and other molluscan grazers on algal succession in wave exposed mid-intertidal rocky shores of central Chile. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 349, 8498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilera, MA and Navarrete, SA (2012) Functional identity and functional structure change through succession in a rocky intertidal marine herbivore assemblage. Ecology 93, 7589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilera, MA, Navarrete, SA and Broitman, BR (2013) Differential effects of grazer species on periphyton of a temperate rocky shore. Marine Ecology Progress Series 484, 6378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilera, MA, Broitman, BR, Vásquez, JA and Camus, PA (2019 a) Consumer–resource interactions on an environmental mosaic: the role of top-down and bottom-up forcing of ecological interactions along the rocky shores of the temperate south-eastern Pacific. In Hawkins, SJ, Bohn, K, Firth, LB and Williams, GA (eds), Interactions in the Marine Benthos: Global Patterns and Processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 307332.10.1017/9781108235792.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguilera, MA, Valdivia, N, Jenkins, SR, Navarrete, SA and Broitman, BR (2019 b) Asymmetric competitive effects during species range expansion: an experimental assessment of interaction strength between ‘equivalent’ grazer species at their range overlap. Journal of Animal Ecology 88, 277289.10.1111/1365-2656.12917CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Airoldi, L (2003) The effects of sedimentation on rocky coast assemblages. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 41, 169171.Google Scholar
Airoldi, L and Beck, MW (2007) Loss, status and trends for coastal marine habitats of Europe. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 45, 345405.Google Scholar
Airoldi, L and Hawkins, SJ (2007) Negative effects of sediments on grazing activity and survival of the limpet Patella vulgata L. Marine Ecology Progress Series 332, 235240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Airoldi, L, Abbiati, M, Beck, MW, Hawkins, SJ, Jonsson, PR, Martin, D, Moschella, PS, Sundelöf, A, Thompson, RC and Åberg, P (2005) An ecological perspective on the deployment and design of low-crested and other hard coastal defence structures. Coastal Engineering 52, 10731087.10.1016/j.coastaleng.2005.09.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alsterberg, C, Roger, F, Sundbäck, K, Juhanson, J, Hulth, S, Hallin, S and Gamfeldt, L (2017) Habitat diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality – the importance of direct and indirect effects. Science Advances 3, e1601475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, MJ, Gorley, RN and Clarke, KR (2008) PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: Guide to Software and Statistical Methods. Plymouth: Primer-E.Google Scholar
Archambault, P and Bourget, E (1996) Scales of coastal heterogeneity and benthic intertidal species richness, diversity and abundance. Marine Ecology Progress Series 136, 111121.10.3354/meps136111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arenas, F, Sánchez, I, Hawkins, SJ and Jenkins, SR (2006) The invasibility of marine algal assemblages: role of functional diversity and identity. Ecology 87, 28512861.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arrontes, J and Underwood, AJ (1991) Experimental studies on some aspects of feeding ecology of the intertidal starfish Patiriella exigua. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 148, 255269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrontes, J, Arenas, F, Fernandez, C, Rico, JM, Oliveros, J, Martinez, B, Viejo, RM and Alvarez, D (2004) Effect of grazing by limpets on mid-shore species assemblages in northern Spain. Marine Ecology Progress Series 277, 117133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atalah, J and Crowe, TP (2010) Combined effects of nutrient enrichment, sedimentation and grazer loss on rock pool assemblages. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 388, 5157.10.1016/j.jembe.2010.03.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audouin, JV and Edwards, HM (1833) Classification des Annélides, et description de celles qui habitent les côtes de la France. Annales des sciences naturelles: comprenant La physiologie animale et végétale, l'anatomie comparée des deux règnes, la zoologie, la botanique, la minéralogie et la géologie 28, 187247.Google Scholar
Baker, SM (1909) On the causes of the zoning of brown seaweeds on the seashore. New Phytologist 8, 196202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, SM (1910) On the causes of the zoning of brown seaweeds on the seashore. New Phytologist 9, 5467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkai, A and McQuaid, C (1988) Predator-prey role reversal in a marine benthic ecosystem. Science 242, 6264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, H (1956) Balanus balanoides (L.) in the Firth of Clyde: the development and annual variation of the larval population, and the causative factors. Journal of Animal Ecology 25, 7284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, H and Powell, HT (1950) The development, general morphology and subsequent elimination of barnacle populations, Balanus crenatus and B. balanoides, after a heavy initial settlement. Journal of Animal Ecology 19, 175179.10.2307/1526CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetti-Cecchi, L (2000 a) Predicting direct and indirect interactions during succession in a mid-littoral rocky shore assemblage. Ecological Monographs 70, 4572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetti-Cecchi, L (2000 b) Variance in ecological consumer–resource interactions. Nature 407, 370374.10.1038/35030089CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benedetti-Cecchi, L (2003) The importance of the variance around the mean effect size of ecological processes. Ecology 84, 23352346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetti-Cecchi, L, Acunto, S, Bulleri, F and Cinelli, F (2000) Population ecology of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus in the northwest Mediterranean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 198, 157170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetti-Cecchi, L, Pannacciulli, F, Bulleri, F, Moschella, PS, Airoldi, L, Relini, G and Cinelli, F (2001) Predicting the consequences of anthropogenic disturbance: large-scale effects of loss of canopy algae on rocky shores. Marine Ecology Progress Series 214, 137150.10.3354/meps214137CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedetti-Cecchi, L, Bertocci, I, Vaselli, S and Maggi, E (2006) Temporal variance reverses the impact of high mean intensity of stress in climate change experiments. Ecology 87, 24892499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benedetti-Cecchi, L, Tamburello, L, Maggi, E and Bulleri, F (2015) Experimental perturbations modify the performance of early warning indicators of regime shift. Current Biology 25, 18671872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benedetti-Cecchi, L, Bulleri, F, Dal Bello, M, Maggi, E, Ravaglioli, C and Rindi, L (2018) Hybrid datasets: integrating observations with experiments in the era of macroecology and big data. Ecology 99, 26542666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benedetti-Cecchi, L, Airoldi, L, Bulleri, F, Fraschetti, S and Terlizzi, A (2019) Species interactions and regime shifts in intertidal and subtidal rocky reefs of the Mediterranean Sea. In Hawkins, SJ, Bohn, K, Firth, LB and Williams, GA (eds), Interactions in the Marine Benthos: Global Patterns and Processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 190213.10.1017/9781108235792.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennell, SJ (1981) Some observations on the littoral barnacle populations of North Wales. Marine Environmental Research 5, 227240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennion, M, Fisher, J, Yesson, C and Brodie, J (2019) Remote sensing of kelp (Laminariales, Ochrophyta): monitoring tools and implications for wild harvesting. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture 27, 127141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlow, EL (1997) Intertidal ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 12, 329–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertness, MD and Callaway, R (1994) Positive interactions in communities. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9, 191193.10.1016/0169-5347(94)90088-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertness, MD and Shumway, SW (1993) Competition and facilitation in marsh plants. American Naturalist 142, 718724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertness, MD and Leonard, GH (1997) The role of interactions in communities: lessons from intertidal habitats. Ecology 78, 19761989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertness, MD, Gaines, SD, Bermudez, D and Sanford, E (1991) Extreme spatial variation in the growth and reproductive output of the acorn barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. Marine Ecology Progress Series 75, 91100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertness, MD, Gaines, SD and Wahle, RA (1996) Wind-driven settlement patterns in the acorn barnacle Sernibalanus balanoides. Marine Ecology Progress Series 137, 103110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertness, MD, Leonard, GH, Levine, JM, Schmidt, PR and Ingraham, AO (1999) Testing the relative contribution of positive and negative interactions in rocky intertidal communities. Ecology 80, 27112726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertness, MD, Gaines, SD and Hay, ME (2001) Marine Community Ecology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Bertness, MD, Trussell, GC, Ewanchuk, PJ and Silliman, BR (2002) Do alternate stable community states exist in the Gulf of Maine rocky intertidal zone? Ecology 83, 34343448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertness, MD, Crain, CM, Silliman, BR, Bazterrica, MC, Reyna, MV, Hildago, F and Farina, JK (2006) The community structure of western Atlantic Patagonian rocky shores. Ecological Monographs 76, 439460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertness, MD, Bruno, JF, Silliman, BR and Stachowicz, JJ (2014) Marine Community Ecology and Conservation. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Bertocci, I, Maggi, E, Vaselli, S and Benedetti-Cecchi, L (2005) Contrasting effects of mean intensity and temporal variation of disturbance on a rocky seashore. Ecology 86, 20612067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertocci, I, Maggi, E, Vaselli, S and Benedetti-Cecchi, L (2010) Resistance of rocky shore assemblages of algae and invertebrates to changes in intensity and temporal variability of aerial exposure. Marine Ecology Progress Series 400, 7586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, MJ, Mayer-Pinto, M, Airoldi, L, Firth, LB, Morris, RL, Loke, LH, Hawkins, SJ, Naylor, LA, Coleman, RA and Chee, SY (2017) Effects of ocean sprawl on ecological connectivity: impacts and solutions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 492, 730.10.1016/j.jembe.2017.01.021CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blamey, LK and Branch, G (2009) Habitat diversity relative to wave action on rocky shores: implications for the selection of marine protected areas. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19, 645657.10.1002/aqc.1014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boaden, PJ and Dring, M (1980) A quantitative evaluation of the effects of Ascophyllum harvesting on the littoral ecosystem. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 33, 700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boaventura, D, da Fonesca, LC and Hawkins, SJ (2003) Size matters: competition within populations of the limpet Patella depressa. Journal of Animal Ecology 72, 435446.10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00713.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boaventura, D, Alexander, M, Santina, PD, Smith, ND, , P, da Fonseca, LC and Hawkins, SJ (2002 a) The effects of grazing on the distribution and composition of low-shore algal communities on the central coast of Portugal and on the southern coast of Britain. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 267, 1855–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boaventura, D, da Fonseca, LC and Hawkins, SJ (2002 b) Analysis of competitive interactions between the limpets Patella depressa Pennant and Patella vulgata L. on the northern coast of Portugal. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 271, 171188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodin, P and Klinger, T (1986) Coastal uplift and mortality of intertidal organisms caused by the September 1985 Mexico earthquakes. Science 233, 10711073.10.1126/science.233.4768.1071CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borges, CDG, Hawkins, SJ, Doncaster, CP and Crowe, TP (2015) Effects of simulated human exploitation of a key grazer, Patella vulgata, on rocky shore assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 533, 163176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosman, AL, Du Toit, JT, Hockey, PA and Branch, GM (1986) A field experiment demonstrating the influence of seabird guano on intertidal primary production. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 23, 283294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boudouresque, CF (1971) Contribution a l'etudes phytosociologique des peuplements alguax a la cote varioses. Vegetatio 22, 83184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, RS and Lewis, J (1977) Annual fluctuations in the recruitment of Patella vulgata L. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 57, 793815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, G (1975) Intraspecific competition in Petella cochlear Born. Journal of Animal Ecology 44, 263281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, G (1976) Interspecific competition experienced by South African Patella species. Journal of Animal Ecology 45, 507529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, G (1985) The impact of predation by kelp gulls Larus dominicanus on the sub-Antarctic limpet Nacella delesserti. Polar Biology 4, 171177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, G and Branch, M (1981) The Living Shores of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.Google Scholar
Branch, G and Branch, M (2018) Living Shores – Interacting with Southern Africa's Marine Ecosystems. Cape Town: Struik Nature.Google Scholar
Branch, M and Branch, G (1986) The Living Shores of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.Google Scholar
Branch, GM, Thompson, RC, Crowe, TP, Castilla, JC, Langmead, O and Hawkins, SJ (2008) Rocky intertidal shores: prognosis for the future. In Polunin, N (ed.), Aquatic Ecosystems; Trends and Global Prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 209225.10.1017/CBO9780511751790.020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brodie, J, Ash, LV, Tittley, I and Yesson, C (2018) A comparison of multispectral aerial and satellite imagery for mapping intertidal seaweed communities. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 28, 872881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broekhuysen, GJ (1940) A preliminary investigation of the importance of desiccation, temperature, and salinity as factors controlling the vertical distribution of certain intertidal marine gastropods in False Bay, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 28, 255292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broitman, BR, Navarrete, SA, Smith, F and Gaines, SD (2001) Geographic variation of southeastern Pacific intertidal communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series 224, 2134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browne, MA and Chapman, MG (2011) Ecologically informed engineering reduces loss of intertidal biodiversity on artificial shorelines. Environmental Science & Technology 45, 82048207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Browne, MA and Chapman, MG (2014) Mitigating against the loss of species by adding artificial intertidal pools to existing seawalls. Marine Ecology Progress Series 497, 119129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruno, JF and O'Connor, MI (2005) Cascading effects of predator diversity and omnivory in a marine food web. Ecology Letters 8, 10481056.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bugnot, AB, Mayer-Pinto, M, Airoldi, L, Heery, EC, Johnston, EL, Critchley, LP, Strain, EM, Morris, RL, Loke, LH, Bishop, MJ, Sheehan, EV, Coleman, RA and Dafforn, KA (2020) Current and projected global extent of marine built structures. Nature Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00595-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullard, SG, Whitlatch, RB and Osman, RW (2004) Checking the landing zone: do invertebrate larvae avoid settling near superior spatial competitors? Marine Ecology Progress Series 280, 239247.10.3354/meps280239CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulleri, F and Chapman, MG (2010) The introduction of coastal infrastructure as a driver of change in marine environments. Journal of Applied Ecology 47, 2635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulleri, F, Eriksson, BK, Queirós, A, Airoldi, L, Arenas, F, Arvanitidis, C, Bouma, TJ, Crowe, TP, Davoult, D, Guizien, K, Iveša, L, Jenkins, SR, Michalet, R, Olabarria, C, Procaccini, G, Serrão, EA, Wahl, M and Benedetti-Cecchi, L (2018 a) Harnessing positive species interactions as a tool against climate-driven loss of coastal biodiversity. PLOS Biology 16, e2006852.10.1371/journal.pbio.2006852CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bulleri, F, Cucco, A, Dal Bello, M, Maggi, E, Ravaglioli, C and Benedetti-Cecchi, L (2018 b) The role of wave-exposure and human impacts in regulating the distribution of alternative habitats on NW Mediterranean rocky reefs. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 201, 114122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burcharth, H, Hawkins, S, Zanuttigh, B and Lamberti, A (2007) Environmental Design Guidelines for low Crested Coastal Structures. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Burrows, EM (1947) A biological study of Ascophyllum nodosum (PhD thesis), London University.Google Scholar
Burrows, EM and Lodge, S (1950) A note on the interrelationships of Patella, Balanus and Fucus on a semiexposed coast. Reports of the Port Erin Marine Biological Station 62, 3034.Google Scholar
Burrows, EM and Lodge, S (1951) Autecology and the species problem in Fucus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 30, 161176.10.1017/S0025315400012650CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrows, MT and Hawkins, SJ (1998) Modelling patch dynamics on rocky shores using deterministic cellular automata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 167, 113.10.3354/meps167001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrows, MT, Jenkins, SR, Robb, L and Harvey, R (2010) Spatial variation in size and density of adult and post-settlement Semibalanus balanoides: effects of oceanographic and local conditions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 398, 207219.10.3354/meps08340CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bustamante, R and Branch, G (1996) Large scale patterns and trophic structure of Southern African rocky shores: the roles of geographic variation and wave exposure. Journal of Biogeography 23, 339351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bustamante, R, Branch, G and Eekhout, S (1995 a) Maintenance of an exceptional intertidal grazer biomass in South Africa: subsidy by subtidal kelps. Ecology 76, 23142329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bustamante, RH, Branch, GM, Eekhout, S, Robertson, B, Zoutendyk, P, Schleyer, M, Dye, A, Hanekom, N, Keats, D and Jurd, M (1995 b) Gradients of intertidal primary productivity around the coast of South Africa and their relationships with consumer biomass. Oecologia 102, 189201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, SR, Cole, JJ, Pace, ML, Batt, R, Brock, W, Cline, T, Coloso, J, Hodgson, JR, Kitchell, JF and Seekell, DA (2011) Early warnings of regime shifts: a whole-ecosystem experiment. Science 332, 10791082.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castilla, J and Duran, L (1985) Human exclusion from the rocky intertidal zone of central Chile: the effects on Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda). Oikos 45, 391399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castilla, JC and Bustamante, RH (1989) Human exclusion from rocky intertidal of Las Cruces, Central Chile: effects on Durvillaea antarctica (Phaeophyta, Durvilleales). Marine Ecology Progress Series 50, 203214.10.3354/meps050203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castilla, JC and Paine, RT (1987) Predation and community organization on eastern Pacific, temperate zone, rocky intertidal shores. Revista Chilena de Historia Natura 60, 131151.Google Scholar
Castilla, JC and Oliva, D (1990) Ecological consequences of coseismic uplift on the intertidal kelp belts of Lessonia nigrescens in central Chile. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 31, 4556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cervin, G, Åberg, P and Jenkins, SR (2005) Small-scale disturbance in a stable canopy dominated community: implications for macroalgal recruitment and growth. Marine Ecology Progress Series 305, 3140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, BK, Tsang, LM and Chu, KH (2007) Cryptic diversity of the Tetraclita squamosa complex (Crustacea, Cirripedia) in Asia: description of a new species from Singapore. Zoological Studies 46, 4656.Google Scholar
Chan, BK, Kolbasov, GA and Cheang, CC (2012) Cryptic diversity of the acrothoracican barnacle Armatoglyptes taiwanus in the Indo-Pacific waters, with description of a new species from the Mozambique Channel collected from the MAINBAZA cruise. Zoosystema 34, 520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, MG (1986) Assessment of some controls in experimental transplants of intertidal gastropods. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 103, 181201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, ARO (1995) Functional ecology of fucoid algae: twenty-three years of progress. Phycologia 34, 132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, MG (2017) Intertidal boulder-fields: a much neglected, but ecologically important, intertidal habitat. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 55, 3554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, M and Underwood, A (1992) Experimental designs for analyses of movements by molluscs. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Littorinid Biology. London: The Malacological Society of London, pp. 169180.Google Scholar
Choat, JH (1977) The influence of sessile organisms on the population biology of three species of acmaeid limpets. Jounral of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 26, 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christofoletti, RA, Almeida, TV and Ciotti, ÁM (2011) Environmental and grazing influence on spatial variability of intertidal biofilm on subtropical rocky shores. Marine Ecology Progress Series 424, 1523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cigliano, JA and Ballard, HL (2017) Citizen Science for Coastal and Marine Conservation. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, R and Hockey, P (2008) Effects of an alien invertebrate species and wave action on prey selection by African black oystercatchers (Haematopus moquini). Austral Ecology 33, 232240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, RA, Goss-Custard, JD, Durell, S and Hawkins, SJ (1999) Limpet Patella spp. consumption by oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus: a preference for solitary prey items. Marine Ecology Progress Series 183, 253261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, RA, Underwood, AJ, Benedetti-Cecchi, L, Åberg, P, Arenas, F, Arrontes, J, Castro, J, Hartnoll, RG, Jenkins, SR, Paula, J, Santina, PD and Hawkins, SJ (2006) A continental scale evaluation of the role of limpet grazing on rocky shores. Oecologia 147, 556564.10.1007/s00442-005-0296-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colman, J (1933) The nature of the intertidal zonation of plants and animals. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 18, 435476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, JH (1961 a) The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology 42, 710723.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, JH (1961 b) Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus, and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Ecological Monographs 31, 61104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, JH (1970) A predator-prey system in the marine intertidal region. I. Balanus glandula and several predatory species of Thais. Ecological Monographs 40, 4978.10.2307/1942441CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, JH (1972) Community interactions on marine rocky intertidal shores. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3, 169192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, JH (1974) Ecology: field experiments in marine ecology. In Mariscal, R (ed.), Experimental Marine Biology. New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 2154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, JH (1978) Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199, 13021310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connell, JH (1985) The consequences of variation in initial settlement vs post-settlement mortality in rocky intertidal communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 93, 1145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, JH and Slatyer, RO (1977) Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. American Naturalist 111, 11191144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connolly, SR and Roughgarden, J (1998) A latitudinal gradient in northeast Pacific intertidal community structure: evidence for an oceanographically based synthesis of marine community theory. American Naturalist 151, 311326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connolly, SR, Menge, BA and Roughgarden, J (2001) A latitudinal gradient in recruitment of intertidal invertebrates in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Ecology 82, 17991813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway, E (1946) Browsing of Patella. Nature 158, 752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coombes, MA, La Marca, EC, Naylor, LA and Thompson, RC (2015) Getting into the groove: opportunities to enhance the ecological value of hard coastal infrastructure using fine-scale surface textures. Ecological Engineering 77, 314323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppejans, E (1980) Phytosociological studies on Mediterranean algal vegetation: rocky surfaces of the photophilic infralittoral zone. The Shore Environment 2, 371393.Google Scholar
Creese, R and Underwood, A (1982) Analysis of inter-and intra-specific competition amongst intertidal limpets with different methods of feeding. Oecologia 53, 337346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crisp, DJ and Barnes, H (1954) The orientation and distribution of barnacles at settlement with particular reference to surface contour. Journal of Animal Ecology 23, 142162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crisp, DJ and Knight-Jones, EW (1953) The mechanism of aggregation in barnacle populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 22, 360362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowe, T, Frost, N and Hawkins, S (2011) Interactive effects of losing key grazers and ecosystem engineers vary with environmental context. Marine Ecology Progress Series 430, 223234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dafforn, KA, Glasby, TM, Airoldi, L, Rivero, NK, Mayer-Pinto, M and Johnston, EL (2015) Marine urbanization: an ecological framework for designing multifunctional artificial structures. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 13, 8290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dakin, WJ (1953) Australian Seashores. Melbourne: Angus & Robertson.Google Scholar
Dal Bello, M, Rindi, L and Benedetti-Cecchi, L (2017) Legacy effects and memory loss: how contingencies moderate the response of rocky intertidal biofilms to present and past extreme events. Global Change Biology 23, 32593268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dando, PR and Southward, AJ (1980) A new species of Chthamalus (Crustacea: Cirripedia) characterized by enzyme electrophoresis and shell morphology: with a revision of other species of Chthamalus from the western shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 60, 787831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C (1854) A Monograph on the Sub-Class Cirripedia. London: The Ray Society.Google Scholar
Davies, AJ, Johnson, MP and Maggs, CA (2007) Limpet grazing and loss of Ascophyllum nodosum canopies on decadal time scales. Marine Ecology Progress Series 339, 131141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayton, PK (1970) Competition, predation and community structure: the allocation and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. PhD thesis. University of Washington, Seattle.Google Scholar
Dayton, PK (1971) Competition, disturbance, and community organization: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 41, 351389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayton, PK (1975) Experimental evaluation of ecological dominance in a rocky intertidal algal community. Ecological Monographs 45, 137159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delaney, DG, Sperling, CD, Adams, CS and Leung, B (2008) Marine invasive species: validation of citizen science and implications for national monitoring networks. Biological Invasions 10, 117128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickinson, JL, Shirk, J, Bonter, D, Bonney, R, Crain, RL, Martin, J, Phillips, T and Purcell, K (2012) The current state of citizen science as a tool for ecological research and public engagement. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10, 291297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doherty, P (1981) Coral reef fishes: recruitment limited assemblages? In Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium. Manila: Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines, pp. 465470.Google Scholar
Doherty, PJ and Williams, D (1988) The replenishment of coral reef fish populations. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 26, 551.Google Scholar
Doty, MS (1946) Critical tide factors that are correlated with the vertical distribution of marine algae and other organisms along the Pacific coast. Ecology 27, 315328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duarte, CM, Pitt, KA, Lucas, CH, Purcell, JE, Uye, S-I, Robinson, K, Brotz, L, Decker, MB, Sutherland, KR, Malej, A, Madin, L, Mainzan, H, Gili, J-M, Fuentes, V, Atienza, D, Pages, F, Breitburg, D, Malek, J, Graham, WM and Condon, RH (2012) Is global ocean sprawl a cause of jellyfish blooms? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11, 9197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dudgeon, S and Petraitis, PS (2005) First year demography of the foundation species, Ascophyllum nodosum, and its community implications. Oikos 109, 405415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dudgeon, SR and Petraitis, PS (2019) Rocky intertidal shores of the north-west Atlantic Ocean. In Hawkins, SJ, Bohn, K, Firth, LB and Williams, GA (eds), Interactions in the Marine Benthos: Global Patterns and Processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 6189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dungan, ML (1986) Three-way interactions: barnacles, limpets, and algae in a Sonoran Desert rocky intertidal zone. American Naturalist 127, 292316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easterling, DR, Meehl, GA, Parmesan, C, Changnon, SA, Karl, TR and Mearns, LO (2000) Climate extremes: observations, modeling, and impacts. Science 289, 20682074.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebling, FJ, Sloane, JF, Kitching, JA and Davies, HM (1962) The ecology of Lough Ine: XII. The distribution and characteristics of Patella species. Journal of Animal Ecology 31, 457470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emmerson, MC, Solan, M, Emes, C, Paterson, DM and Raffaelli, D (2001) Consistent patterns and the idiosyncratic effects of biodiversity in marine ecosystems. Nature 411, 7377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, RG (1947) The intertidal ecology of selected localities in the Plymouth neighbourhood. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 27, 173218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, AJ, Firth, LB, Hawkins, SJ, Morris, ES, Goudge, H and Moore, PJ (2016) Drill-cored rock pools: an effective method of ecological enhancement on artificial structures. Marine and Freshwater Research 67, 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, AJ, Firth, LB, Hawkins, SJ, Hall, AE, Ironside, JE, Thompson, RC and Moore, PJ (2019) From ocean sprawl to blue-green infrastructure – a UK perspective on an issue of global significance. Environmental Science & Policy 91, 6069.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairweather, PG (1988) Consequences of supply-side ecology: manipulating the recruitment of intertidal barnacles affects the intensity of predation upon them. The Biological Bulletin 175, 349354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, TM (1991) Models and mechanisms of succession: an example from a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 61, 95113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, TM, Bracher, D and Roughgarden, J (1991) Cross-shelf transport causes recruitment to intertidal populations in central California. Limnology and Oceanography 36, 279288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenberg, PB and Menge, BA (2019) North-east pacific: interactions on intertidal hard substrata and alteration by human impacts. In Hawkins, SJ, Bohn, K, Firth, LB and Williams, GA (eds), Interactions in the Marine Benthos: Global Patterns and Processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 237259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferreira, JG, Arenas, F, Martínez, B, Hawkins, SJ and Jenkins, SR (2014) Physiological response of fucoid algae to environmental stress: comparing range centre and southern populations. New Phytologist 202, 11571172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferreira, JG, Hawkins, SJ and Jenkins, SR (2015) Physical and biological control of fucoid recruitment in range edge and range centre populations. Marine Ecology Progress Series 518, 8594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Firth, LB, Crowe, TP, Moore, P, Thompson, RC and Hawkins, SJ (2009) Predicting impacts of climate-induced range expansion: an experimental framework and a test involving key grazers on temperate rocky shores. Global Change Biology 15, 14131422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Firth, LB, Thompson, RC, White, R, Schofield, M, Skov, MW, Hoggart, SPG, Jackson, J, Knights, AM and Hawkins, SJ (2013) Promoting biodiversity on artificial structures: can natural habitats be replicated? Diversity and Distributions 19, 12751283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Firth, LB, Thompson, RC, Bohn, K, Abbiati, M, Airoldi, L, Bouma, TJ, Bozzeda, F, Ceccherelli, VU, Colangelo, MA, Evans, A, Ferrario, F, Hanley, ME, Hinz, H, Hoggart, SPG, Jackson, JE, Moore, P, Morgan, EH, Perkol-Finkel, S, Skov, MW, Strain, EM, Van Belzen, J and Hawkins, SJ (2014) Between a rock and a hard place: environmental and engineering considerations when designing coastal defence structures. Coastal Engineering 87, 122135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Firth, LB, Mieszkowska, N, Grant, LM, Bush, LE, Davies, AJ, Frost, MT, Moschella, PS, Burrows, MT, Cunningham, PN, Dye, SR and Hawkins, SJ (2015) Historical comparisons reveal multiple drivers of decadal change of an ecosystem engineer at the range edge. Ecology and Evolution 5, 32103222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Firth, LB, Browne, KA, Knights, AM, Hawkins, SJ and Nash, R (2016) Eco-engineered rock pools: a concrete solution to biodiversity loss and urban sprawl in the marine environment. Environmental Research Letters 11, 094015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, WJ and Creese, RG (1985) Competitive interactions between co-occurring herbivorous gastropods. Marine Biology 86, 183191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, BA (1971) Desiccation as a factor in the intertidal zonation of barnacles. Marine Biology 8, 1229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraschetti, S, Terlizzi, A and Benedetti-Cecchi, L (2005) Patterns of distribution of marine assemblages from rocky shores: evidence of relevant scales of variation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 296, 1329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaines, SD and Roughgarden, J (1985) Larval settlement rate: a leading determinant of structure in an ecological community of the marine intertidal zone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82, 3707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaines, SD, Brown, S and Roughgarden, J (1985) Spatial variation in larval concentrations as a cause of spatial variation in settlement for the barnacle, Balanus glandula. Oecologia 67, 267272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilfillan, ES, Maher, NP, Krejsa, CM, Lanphear, ME, Ball, CD, Meltzer, JB and Page, DS (1995) Use of remote sensing to document changes in marsh vegetation following the Amoco Cadiz oil spill (Brittany, France, 1978). Marine Pollution Bulletin 30, 780787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giller, P, Hillebrand, H, Berninger, UG, Gessner, M, Hawkins, S, Inchausti, P, Inglis, C, Leslie, H, Malmqvist, B and Monaghan, M (2004) Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning: emerging issues and their experimental test in aquatic environments. Oikos 104, 423436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomes, I, Peteiro, L, Bueno-Pardo, J, Albuquerque, R, Pérez-Jorge, S, Oliveira, ER, Alves, FL and Queiroga, H (2018) What's a picture really worth? On the use of drone aerial imagery to estimate intertidal rocky shore mussel demographic parameters. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 213, 185198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, JM and Knights, AM (2018) Revisiting Connell: competition but not as we know it. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, 12531261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorgula, SK and Connell, SD (2004) Expansive covers of turf-forming algae on human dominated coast: the relative effects of increasing nutrient and sediment loads. Marine Biology 145, 613619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosse, PH (1856) Tenby: A Sea-Side Holiday. London: John Van Voorst, Paternoster Row.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosselin, LA and Qian, P-Y (1997) Juvenile mortality in benthic marine invertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 146, 265282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, JN, De La Haye, KL, Hawkins, SJ, Thompson, RC and Jenkins, SR (2008) Predator diversity and ecosystem functioning: density modifies the effect of resource partitioning. Ecology 89, 298305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffin, JN, Noël, L, Crowe, T, Burrows, M, Hawkins, SJ, Thompson, RC and Jenkins, SR (2010) Consumer effects on ecosystem functioning in rock pools: roles of species richness and composition. Marine Ecology Progress Series 420, 4556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosberg, RK (1981) Competitive ability influences habitat choice in marine invertebrates. Nature 290, 700702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guichard, F, Bourget, E and Agnard, JP (2000) High-resolution remote sensing of intertidal ecosystems: a low-cost technique to link scale-dependent patterns and processes. Limnology and Oceanography 45, 328338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guiler, ER (1954) The recolonization of rock surfaces and the problem of succession. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 88, 4966.Google Scholar
Hamilton, DJ, Nudds, TD and Neate, J (1999) Size-selective predation of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) by common eiders (Somateria mollissima) under controlled field conditions. The Auk 116, 403416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harasti, D, Gallen, C, Malcolm, H, Tegart, P and Hughes, B (2014) Where are the little ones: distribution and abundance of the threatened serranid Epinephelus daemelii (Günther, 1876) in intertidal habitats in New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 30, 10071015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hariot, MP (1909) Sur la crissance des Fucus. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences Paris 149, 352354.Google Scholar
Harley, CD (2006) Effects of physical ecosystem engineering and herbivory on intertidal community structure. Marine Ecology Progress Series 317, 2939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartnoll, RG and Hawkins, SJ (1985) Patchiness and fluctuations on moderately exposed rocky shores. Ophelia 24, 5363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatton, H (1938) Essais de bionomie explicative sur quelques espkces intercotidales d'algues et d'animaux. Annales de l'Institut Océanographique, Monaco 17, 241348.Google Scholar
Hatton, H and Fischer-Piette, E (1932) Observations et experiences sur le peuplement des cotes rocheuses par les Cirripedes. Bulletin de l'Institut océanographique, Monaco 592, 15.Google Scholar
Hawkins, SJ (1981 a) The influence of Patella grazing on the fucoid-barnacle mosaic on moderately exposed rocky shores. Kieler Meeresforsch 33, 537543.Google Scholar
Hawkins, SJ (1981 b) The influence of season and barnacles on the algal colonization of Patella vulgata exclusion areas. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 61, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ (1983) Interactions of Patella and macroalgae with settling Semibalanus balanoides (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 71, 5572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ (2004) Scaling up: the role of species and habitat patches in functioning of coastal ecosystems. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14, 217219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ and Hartnoll, RG (1979) A compressed air drill powered by SCUBA cylinders for use on rocky shores. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 9, 819820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ and Hartnoll, RG (1985) Factors determining the upper limits of intertidal canopy-forming algae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 20, 265271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ and Hartnoll, RG (1982 a) Settlement patterns of Semibalanus balanoides (L.) in the Isle of Man (1977–1981). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 62, 271283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ and Hartnoll, RG (1982 b) The influence of barnacle cover on the numbers, growth and behaviour of Patella vulgata on a vertical pier. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 62, 855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ and Hartnoll, RG (1983 a) Grazing of intertidal algae by marine invertebrates. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 21, 195282.Google Scholar
Hawkins, SJ and Hartnoll, RG (1983 b) Changes in a rocky shore community: an evaluation of monitoring. Marine Environmental Research 9, 131181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ and Southward, AJ (1992) The Torrey Canyon oil spill: recovery of rocky shore communities. In Thayer, GW (ed.), Restoring the nation's marine environment. Proceedings of the Symposium on Marine Habitat Restoration. Rockville, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Maryland Sea Grant College. Sea Grant Publication, pp. 584631.Google Scholar
Hawkins, SJ, Southward, AJ and Barrett, RL (1983) Population structure of Patella vulgata during succession on rocky shores in south-west England. Oceanologica Acta, Special 17, 103107.Google Scholar
Hawkins, SJ, Hartnoll, RG, Kain, JM and Norton, TA (1992) Plant–animal interactions on hard substrata in the northeast Atlantic. In John, DM, Hawkins, SJ and Price, JH (eds), Plant–Animal Interactions in the Marine Benthos. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 132.Google Scholar
Hawkins, SJ, Southward, AJ and Genner, MJ (2003) Detection of environmental change in a marine ecosystem – evidence from the western English Channel. Science of the Total Environment 310, 245256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ, Hiscock, K, Marsterson, P and Moore, P (2007) Monitoring: long-term studies. In Denny, MW and Gaines, SD (eds), Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 382–385.Google Scholar
Hawkins, SJ, Moore, PJ, Burrows, MT, Poloczanska, E, Mieszkowska, N, Herbert, RJH, Jenkins, SR, Thompson, RC, Genner, MJ and Southward, AJ (2008) Complex interactions in a rapidly changing world: responses of rocky shore communities to recent climate change. Climate Research 37, 123133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ, Sugden, HE, Mieszkowska, N, Moore, PJ, Poloczanska, E, Leaper, R, Herbert, RJH, Genner, MJ, Moschella, PS, Thompson, RC, Jenkins, SR, Southward, AJ and Burrows, MT (2009) Consequences of climate-driven biodiversity changes for ecosystem functioning of North European rocky shores. Marine Ecology Progress Series 396, 245259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ, Bohn, K and Doncaster, CP (2015) Ecosystems: the rocky road to regime-shift indicators. Current Biology 25, R666R669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkins, SJ, Mieszkowska, N, Firth, LB, Bohn, K, Burrows, MT, Maclean, MA, Thompson, RC, Chan, BKK, Little, C and Williams, GA (2016) Looking backwards to look forwards: the role of natural history in temperate reef ecology. Marine and Freshwater Research 67, 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ, Evans, AJ, Mieszkowska, N, Adams, LC, Bray, S, Burrows, MT, Firth, LB, Genner, MJ, Leung, KMY, Moore, PJ, Pack, K, Schuster, H, Sims, DW, Whittington, M and Southward, EC (2017 a) Distinguishing globally-driven changes from regional- and local-scale impacts: the case for long-term and broad-scale studies of recovery from pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin 124, 573–586. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.068.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkins, SJ, Evans, AJ, Moore, J, Whittington, M, Pack, K, Firth, LB, Adams, LC, Moore, PJ, Masterson-Algar, P, Mieszkowska, N and Southward, EC (2017 b) From the Torrey Canyon to today: a 50 year retrospective of recovery from the oil spill and interaction with climate-driven fluctuations on Cornish rocky shores. International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, pp. 74103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ, Bohn, K, Firth, LB and Williams, GA (2019 a) Interactions in the Marine Benthos: Global Patterns and Processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ, Pack, KE, Firth, LB, Mieszkowska, N, Evans, AJ, Martins, GM, Åberg, P, Adams, LC, Arenas, F, Boaventura, DM, Bohn, K, Borges, CDG, Castro, JJ, Coleman, RA, Crowe, TP, Cruz, T, Davies, MS, Epstein, G, Faria, J, Ferreira, JG, Frost, NJ, Griffin, JN, Hanley, ME, Herbert, RJH, Hyder, K, Johnson, MP, Lima, FP, Masterson-Algar, P, Moore, PJ, Moschella, PS, Notman, GM, Pannacciulli, FG, Ribeiro, PA, Santos, AM, Silva, ACF, Skov, MW, Sugden, H, Vale, M, Wangkulangkul, K, Wort, EJG, Thompson, RC, Hartnoll, RG, Burrows, MT and Jenkins, SR (2019 b) The intertidal zone of the north-east Atlantic region: pattern and process. In Hawkins, SJ, Bohn, K, Firth, LB and Williams, GA (eds), Interactions in the Marine Benthos: Global Patterns and Processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ, Bohn, K, Lemasson, AJ, Williams, GA, Schiel, DR, Jenkins, SR and Firth, LB (2019 c) Overview and synthesis. In Hawkins, SJ, Bohn, K, Firth, LB and Williams, GA (eds), Interactions in the Marine Benthos: Global Patterns and Processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 488505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, SJ, Firth, LB and Evans, AJ (2020) Structures spread across our seas. Nature Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00598-y.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hector, A, Schmid, B, Beierkuhnlein, C, Caldeira, M, Diemer, M, Dimitrakopoulos, P, Finn, J, Freitas, H, Giller, P and Good, J (1999) Plant diversity and productivity experiments in European grasslands. Science 286, 11231127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heery, EC, Bishop, MJ, Critchley, LP, Bugnot, AB, Airoldi, L, Mayer-Pinto, M, Sheehan, EV, Coleman, RA, Loke, LH and Johnston, EL (2017) Identifying the consequences of ocean sprawl for sedimentary habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 492, 3148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, AS and Hawkins, SJ (1990) An investigation of methods for sampling microbial films on rocky shores. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 70, 7788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, AS and Hawkins, SJ (1991) Seasonal and spatial variation of epilithic microalgae distribution and abundance and its ingestion by Patella vulgata on a moderately exposed rocky shore. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 71, 403423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hockey, P and Underhill, L (1984) Diet of the African black oystercatcher Haematopus moquini on rocky shores: spatial, temporal and sex-related variation. African Zoology 19, 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holm, ER (1990) Effects of density-dependent mortality on the relationship between recruitment and larval settlement. Marine Ecology Progress Series 60, 141146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, TP, Baird, AH, Dinsdale, EA, Moltschaniwskyj, NA, Pratchett, MS, Tanner, JE and Willis, BL (1999) Patterns of recruitment and abundance of corals along the Great Barrier Reef. Nature 397, 5963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, RN, Hughes, DJ and Smith, IP (2014) Citizen scientists and marine research: volunteer participants, their contributions, and projection for the future. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 52, 257314.Google Scholar
Hunt, HL and Scheibling, RE (1996) Physical and biological factors influencing mussel (Mytilus trossulus, M. edulis) settlement on a wave-exposed rocky shore. Marine Ecology Progress Series 142, 135145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurlbert, SH (1984) Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs 54, 187211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyder, K, Johnson, MP, Hawkins, SJ and Gurney, WSC (1998) Barnacle demography: evidence for an existing model and spatial scales of variation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 174, 8899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyder, K, Åberg, P, Johnson, MP and Hawkins, SJ (2001) Models of open populations with space-limited recruitment: extension of theory and application to the barnacle Chthamalus montagui: modelling barnacle populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 70, 853863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyder, K, Townhill, B, Anderson, LG, Delany, J and Pinnegar, JK (2015) Can citizen science contribute to the evidence-base that underpins marine policy? Marine Policy 59, 112120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingólfsson, A and Hawkins, SJ (2008) Slow recovery from disturbance: a 20 year study of Ascophyllum canopy clearances. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, 689691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, SR (2005) Larval habitat selection, not larval supply, determines settlement patterns and adult distribution in two chthamalid barnacles. Journal of Animal Ecology 74, 893904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, SR and Uyà, M (2016) Temporal scale of field experiments in benthic ecology. Marine Ecology Progress Series 547, 273286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, SR, Åberg, P, Cervin, G, Coleman, RA, Delany, J, Della Santina, P, Hawkins, SJ, Lacroix, E, Myers, AA, Lindegarth, M, Power, AM, Roberts, MF and Hartnoll, RG (2000) Spatial and temporal variation in settlement and recruitment of the intertidal barnacle Semibalanus balanoides (L.) (Crustacea: Cirripedia) over a European scale. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 243, 209225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, SR, Åberg, P, Cervin, G, Coleman, R, Delany, J, Hawkins, S, Hyder, K, Myers, A, Paula, J and Power, A-M (2001) Population dynamics of the intertidal barnacle Semibalanus balanoides at three European locations: spatial scales of variability. Marine Ecology Progress Series 217, 207217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, SR, Norton, TA and Hawkins, SJ (1999 a) Settlement and post-settlement interactions between Semibalanus balanoides (L.) (Crustacea: Cirripedia) and three species of fucoid canopy algae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 236, 4967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, SR, Hawkins, SJ and Norton, TA (1999 b) Direct and indirect effects of a macroalgal canopy and limpet grazing in structuring a sheltered inter-tidal community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 188, 8192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, SR, Hawkins, SJ and Norton, TA (1999 c) Interaction between a fucoid canopy and limpet grazing in structuring a low shore intertidal community. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 233, 4163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, SR, Norton, TA and Hawkins, SJ (2004) Long term effects of Ascophyllum nodosum canopy removal on mid shore community structure. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, 327329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, SR, Coleman, RA, Santina, PD, Hawkins, SJ, Burrows, MT and Hartnoll, RG (2005) Regional scale differences in the determinism of grazing effects in the rocky intertidal. Marine Ecology Progress Series 287, 7786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, SR, Moore, P, Burrows, MT, Garbary, DJ, Hawkins, SJ, Ingólfsson, A, Sebens, KP, Snelgrove, PVR, Wethey, DS and Woodin, SA (2008 a) Comparative ecology of north Atlantic shores: do differences in players matter for process? Ecology 89, S3S23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, SR, Murua, J and Burrows, MT (2008 b) Temporal changes in the strength of density-dependent mortality and growth in intertidal barnacles. Journal of Animal Ecology 77, 573584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
John, DM, Price, JH and Lawson, G (1992) Tropical east Atlantic and islands: plant–animal interactions on tropical shores free of biotic reefs. In John, DM, Hawkins, SJ and Price, JH (eds), Plant–Animal Interactions in the Marine Benthos. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 8799.Google Scholar
Johnson, MP, Burrows, M, Hartnoll, R and Hawkins, SJ (1997) Spatial structure on moderately exposed rocky shores: patch scales and the interactions between limpets and algae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 160, 209215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, MP, Burrows, M and Hawkins, SJ (1998 a) Individual based simulations of the direct and indirect effects of limpets on a rocky shore Fucus mosaic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 169, 179188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, MP, Hughes, RN, Burrows, MT and Hawkins, SJ (1998 b) Beyond the predation halo: small scale gradients in barnacle populations affected by the relative refuge value of crevices. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 231, 163170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, MP, Hawkins, SJ, Hartnoll, RG and Norton, TA (1998 c) The establishment of fucoid zonation on algal-dominated rocky shores: hypotheses derived from a simulation model. Marine Ecology Progress Series 169, 179188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, MP, Frost, NJ, Mosley, MWJ, Roberts, MF and Hawkins, SJ (2003) The area-independent effects of habitat complexity on biodiversity vary between regions. Ecology Letters 6, 126132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, MP, Edwards, M, Bunker, F and Maggs, CA (2005) Algal epiphytes of Zostera marina: variation in assemblage structure from individual leaves to regional scale. Aquatic Botany 82, 1226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, NS (1946) Browsing of Patella. Nature 158, 557558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, NS (1948) Observations and experiments on the biology of Patella vulgata at Port St. Mary, Isle of Man. Proceedings and Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society 56, 6077.Google Scholar
Jones, NS and Kain, JM (1967) Subtidal algal colonization following the removal of Echinus. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 15, 460466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonsson, PR, Granhag, L, Moschella, PS, Åberg, P, Hawkins, SJ and Thompson, RC (2006) Interactions between wave action and grazing control: the distribution of intertidal macroalgae. Ecology 87, 11691178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keith, SA, Herbert, RJH, Norton, PA, Hawkins, SJ and Newton, AC (2011) Individualistic species limitations of climate-induced range expansions generated by meso-scale dispersal barriers: dispersal barriers limit range expansions. Diversity and Distributions 17, 275286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kent, A, Hawkins, SJ and Doncaster, CP (2003) Population consequences of mutual attraction between settling and adult barnacles. Journal of Animal Ecology 72, 941952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingsley, C (1859) Glaucus; or, the Wonders of the Shore. London: Macmillan and Co.Google Scholar
Kitching, JA and Ebling, FJ (1961) The ecology of Lough Ine. Journal of Animal Ecology 30, 373383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitching, JA, Sloane, JF and Ebling, FJ (1959) The ecology of Lough Ine: VIII. Mussels and their predators. Journal of Animal Ecology 28, 331341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight-Jones, EW (1951) Gregariousness and some other aspects of the setting behaviour of Sipirorbis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 30, 201222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight-Jones, EW (1953) Laboratory experiments on gregariousness during setting in Balanus balanoides and other barnacles. Journal of Experimental Biology 30, 584598.Google Scholar
Lebednik, PA (1973) Ecological effects of intertidal uplifting from nuclear testing. Marine Biology 20, 197207.Google Scholar
Leonard, GH, Levine, JM, Schmidt, PR and Bertness, MD (1998) Flow-driven variation in intertidal community structure in a Maine estuary. Ecology 79, 13951411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewin, R (1986) Supply-side ecology. Science 234, 25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, JR (1964) The Ecology of the Rocky Shores. London: English Universities Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, JR (1976) Long-term ecological surveillance: practical realities in the rocky littoral. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 14, 371390.Google Scholar
Lewis, J and Bowman, RS (1975) Local habitat-induced variations in the population dynamics of Patella vulgata L. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 17, 165203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lima, FP and Wethey, DS (2009) Robolimpets: measuring intertidal body temperatures using biomimetic loggers. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 7, 347353.Google Scholar
Ling, SD, Johnson, CR, Frusher, SD and Ridgway, KR (2009) Overfishing reduces resilience of kelp beds to climate-driven catastrophic phase shift. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106, 2234122345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lodge, SM (1948) Algal growth in the absence of Patella on an experimental strip of foreshore, Port St Mary, Isle of Man. Proceedings and Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society 56, 7885.Google Scholar
Loke, LH and Todd, PA (2016) Structural complexity and component type increase intertidal biodiversity independently of area. Ecology 97, 383393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loke, LH, Jachowski, NR, Bouma, TJ, Ladle, RJ and Todd, PA (2014) Complexity for Artificial Substrates (CASU): software for creating and visualising habitat complexity. PLoS ONE 9, e87990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loke, LHL, Ladle, RJ, Bouma, TJ and Todd, PA (2015) Creating complex habitats for restoration and reconciliation. Ecological Engineering 77, 307313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loke, LH, Liao, LM, Bouma, TJ and Todd, PA (2016) Succession of seawall algal communities on artificial substrates. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology S32, 1–10.Google Scholar
Loreau, M, Naeem, S, Inchausti, P, Bengtsson, J, Grime, J, Hector, A, Hooper, D, Huston, M, Raffaelli, D and Schmid, B (2001) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294, 804808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loreau, M, Naeem, S and Inchausti, P (2002) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Synthesis and Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lubchenco, J (1980) Algal zonation in the New England rocky intertidal community: an experimental analysis. Ecology 61, 333344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubchenco, J (1978) Plant species diversity in a marine intertidal community: importance of herbivore food preference and algal competitive abilities. American Naturalist 112, 2339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubchenco, J (1983) Littornia and Fucus: effects of herbivores, substratum heterogeneity, and plant escapes during succession. Ecology 64, 11161123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubchenco, J and Menge, BA (1978) Community development and persistence in a low rocky intertidal zone. Ecological Monographs 48, 6794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luckens, PA (1970) Breeding, settlement and survival of barnacles at artificially modified shore levels in Leigh, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 4, 497514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luckens, PA (1975 a) Competition and intertidal zonation of barnacles at Leigh, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 9, 379394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luckens, PA (1975 b) Predation and intertidal zonation of barnacles at Leigh, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 9, 355378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maggi, E, Bulleri, F, Bertocci, I and Benedetti-Cecchi, L (2012) Competitive ability of macroalgal canopies overwhelms the effects of variable regimes of disturbance. Marine Ecology Progress Series 465, 99109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, PA and Keough, MJ (1994) Asymmetry in intraspecific competition in the limpet Cellana tramoserica (Sowerby). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 177, 121–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, D, Bertasi, F, Colangelo, MA, De Vries, M, Frost, M, Hawkins, SJ, Macpherson, E, Moschella, PS, Satta, MP and Thompson, RC (2005) Ecological impact of coastal defence structures on sediment and mobile fauna: evaluating and forecasting consequences of unavoidable modifications of native habitats. Coastal Engineering 52, 10271051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martins, GM, Hawkins, SJ, Thompson, RC and Jenkins, SR (2007) Community structure and functioning in intertidal rock pools: effects of pool size and shore height at different successional stages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 329, 4355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martins, GM, Neto, AI, Thompson, RC, Hawkins, SJ and Jenkins, SR (2008) Rocky intertidal community structure in oceanic islands: scales of spatial variability. Marine Ecology Progress Series 356, 1524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martins, GM, Harley, CD, Faria, J, Vale, M, Hawkins, SJ, Neto, AI and Arenas, F (2019) Direct and indirect effects of climate change squeeze the local distribution of a habitat-forming seaweed. Marine Ecology Progress Series 626, 4352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masterson, P, Arenas, FA, Thompson, RC and Jenkins, SR (2008) Interaction of top down and bottom up factors in intertidal rockpools: effects on early successional macroalgal community composition, abundance and productivity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 363, 1220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, V, Bennett, I and Thompson, TE (1970) Herbivore-algal relationships on a coastal rock platform (Cape Banks, N.S.W.). Oecologia 6, 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McQuaid, CD and Phillips, TE (2000) Limited wind-driven dispersal of intertidal mussel larvae: in situ evidence from the plankton and the spread of the invasive species Mytilus galloprovincialis in South Africa. Marine Ecology Progress Series 201, 211220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McQuaid, CD and Lindsay, TL (2000) Effect of wave exposure on growth and mortality rates of the mussel Perna perna: bottom up regulation of intertidal populations. Marine Ecology Progress Series 206, 147–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McQuaid, CD and Lawrie, SM (2005) Supply-side ecology of the brown mussel, Perna perna: an investigation of spatial and temporal variation in, and coupling between, gamete release and larval supply. Marine Biology 147, 955963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McQuaid, CD and Blamey, LK (2019) Where three oceans meet: state of the art and developments in Southern African coastal marine biology. In Hawkins, SJ, Bohn, K, Firth, LB and Williams, GA (eds), Interactions in the Marine Benthos: Global Patterns and Processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 333359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menconi, M, Benedetti-Cecchi, L and Cinelli, F (1999) Spatial and temporal variability in the distribution of algae and invertebrates on rocky shores in the northwest Mediterranean. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 233, 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menge, BA (1976) Organization of the New England rocky intertidal community: role of predation, competition and environmental heterogeneity. Ecological Monographs 46, 355393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menge, BA (1983) Components of predation intensity in the low zone of the New England rocky intertidal region. Oecologia 58, 141155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menge, BA (1991) Relative importance of recruitment and other causes of variation in rocky intertidal community structure. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 146, 69100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menge, BA (1995) Indirect effects in marine rocky intertidal interaction webs: patterns and importance. Ecological Monographs 65, 2174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menge, BA (2000 a) Recruitment vs postrecruitment processes as determinants of barnacle population abundance. Ecological Monographs 70, 265288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menge, BA (2000 b) Top-down and bottom-up community regulation in marine rocky intertidal habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 250, 257289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menge, BA and Sutherland, JP (1976) Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition, and temporal heterogeneity. American Naturalist 110, 351369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menge, BA and Sutherland, JP (1987) Community regulation: variation in disturbance, competition, and predation in relation to environmental stress and recruitment. American Naturalist 130, 730757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menge, BA and Branch, GM (2001) Rocky intertidal communities. In Bertness, MD, Gaines, SD and Hay, ME (eds), Marine Community Ecology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, pp. 221251.Google Scholar
Menge, BA and Menge, DN (2013) Dynamics of coastal meta-ecosystems: the intermittent upwelling hypothesis and a test in rocky intertidal regions. Ecological Monographs 83, 283310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menge, BA, Daley, BA, Lubchenco, J, Sanford, E, Dahlhoff, E, Halpin, PM, Hudson, G and Burnaford, JL (1999) Top-down and bottom-up regulation of New Zealand rocky intertidal communities. Ecological Monographs 69, 297330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menge, BA, Bracken, MES, Lubchenco, J and Leslie, HM (2017) Alternative state? Experimentally induced Fucus canopy persists 38 yr in an Ascophyllum-dominated community. Ecosphere 8, e01725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mieszkowska, N, Kendall, MA, Hawkins, SJ, Leaper, R, Williamson, P, Hardman-Mountford, NJ and Southward, AJ (2006) Changes in the range of some common rocky shore species in Britain — a response to climate change? Hydrobiologia 555, 241251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mieszkowska, N, Burrows, MT, Pannacciulli, FG and Hawkins, SJ (2014) Multidecadal signals within co-occurring intertidal barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and Chthamalus spp. linked to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Journal of Marine Systems 133, 70–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, LS, Soulé, ME and Doak, DF (1993) The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation. BioScience 43, 219224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minchinton, TE (1997) Life on the edge: conspecific attraction and recruitment of populations to disturbed habitats. Oecologia 111, 4552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mishra, DR, Cho, HJ, Ghosh, S, Fox, A, Downs, C, Merani, PBT, Kirui, P, Jackson, N and Mishra, S (2012) Post-spill state of the marsh: remote estimation of the ecological impact of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill on Louisiana salt marshes. Remote Sensing of Environment 118, 176185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, P, Hawkins, SJ and Thompson, RC (2007) Role of biological habitat amelioration in altering the relative responses of congeneric species to climate change. Marine Ecology Progress Series 334, 1119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreno, CA and Jaramillo, E (1983) The role of grazers in the zonation of intertidal macroalgae of the Chilean coast. Oikos 41, 7376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, RL, Chapman, MG, Firth, LB and Coleman, RA (2017) Increasing habitat complexity on seawalls: investigating large-and small-scale effects on fish assemblages. Ecology and Evolution 7, 95679579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, RL, Heery, EC, Loke, LH, Lau, E, Strain, E, Airoldi, L, Alexander, KA, Bishop, MJ, Coleman, RA, Cordell, JR et al. (2019) Design options, implementation issues and evaluating success of ecologically engineered shorelines. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 57, 169228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, J and Miller, M (1968) The New Zealand Sea Shore. Auckland: Collins.Google Scholar
Morton, B and Morton, J (1983) The Sea Shore Ecology of Hong Kong. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Morton, B, De Frias Martins, AM and Britton, JC (1998) Coastal Ecology of the Açores. Ponta Delgada: Sociedade Afonso Chaves.Google Scholar
Moschella, PS, Abbiati, M, Åberg, P, Airoldi, L, Anderson, JM, Bacchiocchi, F, Bulleri, F, Dinesen, GE, Frost, M, Gacia, E, Granhag, L, Jonsson, PR, Satta, MP, Sundelöf, A, Thompson, RC and Hawkins, SJ (2005) Low-crested coastal defence structures as artificial habitats for marine life: using ecological criteria in design. Coastal Engineering 52, 10531071.10.1016/j.coastaleng.2005.09.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, B, McGowan, S and Carvalho, L (1994) Determination of phytoplankton crops by top-down and bottom-up mechanisms in a group of English lakes, the West Midland meres. Limnology and Oceanography 39, 10201029.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyse, J and Nelson-Smith, A (1963) Zonation of animals and plants on rocky shores around Dale, Pembrokeshire. Field Studies 1, 131.Google Scholar
Mrowicki, RJ and O'Connor, NE (2015) Wave action modifies the effects of consumer diversity and warming on algal assemblages. Ecology 96, 10201029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mrowicki, RJ, Maggs, CA and O'Connor, NE (2015) Consistent effects of consumer species loss across different habitats. Oikos 124, 15551563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mumby, PJ, Vitolo, R and Stephenson, DB (2011) Temporal clustering of tropical cyclones and its ecosystem impacts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 108, 1762617630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, R, Underwood, A, Pinkerton, M and Range, P (2005) Field spectrometry: new methods to investigate epilithic micro-algae on rocky shores. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 325, 111124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, RJ, Underwood, A and Pinkerton, MH (2006) Quantitative imaging to measure photosynthetic biomass on an intertidal rock-platform. Marine Ecology Progress Series 312, 4555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagarkar, S and Williams, GA (1997) Comparative techniques to quantify cyanobacteria dominated epilithic biofilms on tropical rocky shores. Marine Ecology Progress Series 154, 281291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson-Smith, A (1968) The effects of oil pollution and emulsifier cleansing on shore life in south-west Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology 5, 97107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, G, Wiggins, A, Crall, A, Graham, E, Newman, S and Crowston, K (2012) The future of citizen science: emerging technologies and shifting paradigms. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10, 298304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noël, LMLJ, Hawkins, SJ, Jenkins, SR and Thompson, RC (2009) Grazing dynamics in intertidal rockpools: connectivity of microhabitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 370, 917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Notman, G, McGill, R, Hawkins, S and Burrows, M (2016) Macroalgae contribute to the diet of Patella vulgata from contrasting conditions of latitude and wave exposure in the UK. Marine Ecology Progress Series 549, 113123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Connor, NE and Crowe, TP (2005) Biodiversity loss and ecosystem functioning: distinguishing between number and identity of species. Ecology 86, 17831796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Connor, NE and Donohue, I (2013) Environmental context determines multi-trophic effects of consumer species loss. Global Change Biology 19, 431440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Connor, NE, Emmerson, MC, Crowe, TP and Donohue, I (2013) Distinguishing between direct and indirect effects of predators in complex ecosystems. Journal of Animal Ecology 82, 438448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Connor, NE, Bracken, ME, Crowe, TP and Donohue, I (2015) Nutrient enrichment alters the consequences of species loss. Journal of Ecology 103, 862870.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver, EC, Donat, MG, Burrows, MT, Moore, PJ, Smale, DA, Alexander, LV, Benthuysen, JA, Feng, M, Gupta, AS and Hobday, AJ (2018) Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century. Nature Communications 9, 112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ortega, S (1985) Competitive interactions among tropical intertidal limpets. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 90, 1125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Riordan, RM and Murphy, O (2000) Variation in the reproductive cycle of Elminius modestus in southern Ireland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, 607616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Riordan, RM, Arenas, F, Arrontes, J, Castro, JJ, Cruz, T, Delany, J, Martinez, B, Fernandez, C, Hawkins, SJ, McGrath, D, Myers, AA, Oliveros, J, Pannacciulli, FG, Power, A-M, Relini, G, Rico, JM and Silva, T (2004) Spatial variation in the recruitment of the intertidal barnacles Chthamalus montagui Southward and Chthamalus stellatus (Poli) (Crustacea: Cirripedia) over a European scale. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 304, 243264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Shaughnessy, KA, Hawkins, SJ, Evans, AJ, Hanley, ME, Lunt, P, Thompson, RC, Francis, RA, Hoggart, SP, Moore, PJ and Iglesias, G (2020) Design catalogue for eco-engineering of coastal artificial structures: a multifunctional approach for stakeholders and end-users. Urban Ecosystems 23, 431443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paine, R (1966) Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100, 6575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paine, R (1969) The Pisaster–Tegula interaction: prey patches, predator food preference, and intertidal community structure. Ecology 50, 950961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paine, R (1971) A short-term experimental investigation of resource partitioning in a New Zealand rocky intertidal habitat. Ecology 52, 10961106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paine, R (1974) Intertidal community structure. Oecologia 15, 93120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paine, R (1994) Marine Rocky Shores and Community Ecology: An Experimentalist's Perspective. Oldendorf/Luhe: International Ecology Institute.Google Scholar
Paine, R and Vadas, R (1969) The effects of grazing by sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus spp. on benthic algal populations. Limnology and Oceanography 14, 710719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paine, R, Castillo, JC and Cancino, J (1985) Perturbation and recovery patterns of starfish-dominated intertidal assemblages in Chile, New Zealand, and Washington State. American Naturalist 125, 679691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palomo, MG, Bagur, M, Calla, S, Dalton, MC, Soria, SA and Hawkins, SJ (2019) Biodiversity and interactions on the intertidal rocky shores of Argentina (south-west Atlantic). In Hawkins, SJ, Bohn, K, Firth, LB and Williams, GA (eds), Interactions in the Marine Benthos: Global Patterns and Processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 164189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pannacciulli, FG, Bishop, JD and Hawkins, SJ (1997) Genetic structure of populations of two species of Chthamalus (Crustacea: Cirripedia) in the north-east Atlantic and Mediterranean. Marine Biology 128, 7382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, BJ and Heck, KL (2001) Positive interactions between suspension-feeding bivalves and seagrass: a facultative mutualism. Marine Ecology Progress Series 213, 143155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petraitis, PS and Dudgeon, SR (1999) Experimental evidence for the origin of alternative communities on rocky intertidal shores. Oikos 84, 239245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petraitis, PS and Dudgeon, SR (2015) Variation in recruitment and the establishment of alternative community states. Ecology 96, 31863196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfaff, MC, Branch, GM, Wieters, EA, Branch, RA and Broitman, BR (2011) Upwelling intensity and wave exposure determine recruitment of intertidal mussels and barnacles in the Southern Benguela upwelling region. Marine Ecology Progress Series 425, 141152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pineda, J (1991) Predictable upwelling and the shoreward transport of planktonic larvae by internal tidal bores. Science 253, 548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinn, EH, Thompson, R and Hawkins, S (2008) Piddocks (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pholadidae) increase topographical complexity and species diversity in the intertidal. Marine Ecology Progress Series 355, 173182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pocklington, JB, Jenkins, SR, Bellgrove, A, Keough, MJ, O'Hara, TD, Masterson-Algar, PE and Hawkins, SJ (2018) Disturbance alters ecosystem engineering by a canopy-forming alga. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, 687698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poloczanska, ES, Hawkins, SJ, Southward, AJ and Burrows, MT (2008) Modeling the response of populations of competing species to climate change. Ecology 89, 31383149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Possingham, HP and Roughgarden, J (1990) Spatial population dynamics of a marine organism with a complex life cycle: ecological archives E071-001. Ecology 71, 973985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Possingham, HP, Tuljapurkar, S, Roughgarden, J and Wilks, M (1994) Population cycling in space-limited organisms subject to density-dependent predation. American Naturalist 143, 563582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Power, ME, Tilman, D, Estes, JA, Menge, BA, Bond, WJ, Mills, LS, Daily, G, Castilla, JC, Lubchenco, J and Paine, RT (1996) Challenges in the quest for keystones: identifying keystone species is difficult – but essential to understanding how loss of species will affect ecosystems. BioScience 46, 609620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, P-Y, Lau, SC, Dahms, H-U, Dobretsov, S and Harder, T (2007) Marine biofilms as mediators of colonization by marine macroorganisms: implications for antifouling and aquaculture. Marine Biotechnology 9, 399410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
R Core Team (2019) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.Google Scholar
Raffaelli, D and Hawkins, S (1996) Intertidal Ecology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddin, CJ, Docmac, F, O'Connor, NE, Bothwell, JH and Harrod, C (2015) Coastal upwelling drives intertidal assemblage structure and trophic ecology. PLoS ONE 10, e0130789.10.1371/journal.pone.0130789CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reed, DC and Foster, MS (1984) The effects of canopy shadings on algal recruitment and growth in a giant kelp forest. Ecology 65, 937948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renouf, L and Rees, T (1932) A note on experiments concerned with biotic factors of the sea-shore. Annals of Botany 46, 10611062.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricketts, EF and Calvin, J (1968) Between Pacific Tides. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rilov, G, Dudas, S, Menge, B, Grantham, B, Lubchenco, J and Schiel, D (2008) The surf zone: a semipermeable barrier to onshore recruitment of invertebrate larvae? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 361, 5974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rindi, L, Dal Bello, M, Dai, L, Gore, J and Benedetti-Cecchi, L (2017) Direct observation of increasing recovery length before collapse of a marine benthic ecosystem. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1, 17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rittschof, D, Branscomb, ES and Costlow, JD (1984) Settlement and behavior in relation to flow and surface in larval barnacles, Balanus amphitrite Darwin. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 82, 131146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, IS, Byrnes, JE, Cavanaugh, KC, Bell, TW, Harder, B, Haupt, AJ, Rassweiler, AT, Pérez-Matus, A, Assis, J and Swanson, A (2018) Floating forests: quantitative validation of citizen science data generated from consensus classifications. Physics and Society arXiv:1801.08522v1.Google Scholar
Roughgarden, J, Iwasa, Y and Baxter, C (1985) Demographic theory for an open marine population with space-limited recruitment. Ecology 66, 5467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roughgarden, J, Gaines, S and Pacala, S (1987) Supply Side Ecology: The Role of Physical Transport Processes. Symposium of the British Ecological Society. ISSN: 0068-1954.Google Scholar
Roughgarden, J, Gaines, S and Possingham, H (1988) Recruitment dynamics in complex life cycles. Science 241, 14601466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roughgarden, J, Running, SW and Matson, PA (1991) What does remote sensing do for ecology? Ecology 72, 19181922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rugg, DA and Norton, TA (1986) Pelvelia canaliculata, a high-shore seaweed that shuns the sea. In Roberts RM (ed.), Plant Life in Aquatic and Amphibious Habitats. British Ecological Society Special Symposium, pp. 347358.Google Scholar
Russell, G (1972) Phytosociological studies on a two-zone shore: I. Basic pattern. Journal of Ecology 60, 539545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, G (1973) Phytosociological studies on a two-zone shore: II. Community structure. Journal of Ecology 61, 525536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanford, E and Bertness, M (2009) Latitudinal gradients in species interactions. In Witman, J and Kaustuv, R (eds), Marine Macroecology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santini, G, Thompson, RC, Jenkins, SR, Chelazzi, G, Hartnoll, RG, Kay, SM and Hawkins, SJ (2019) Barnacle cover modifies foraging behaviour of the intertidal limpet Patella vulgata. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, 17791786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheffer, M, Hosper, SH, Meijer, ML, Moss, B and Jeppesen, E (1993) Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8, 275279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiel, DR and Howard-Williams, C (2016) Controlling inputs from the land to sea: limit-setting, cumulative impacts and ki uta ki tai. Marine and Freshwater Research 67, 5764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiel, DR, Underwood, AJ and Chapman, MG (2019 a) Biogeographic comparisons of pattern and process on intertidal rocky reefs of New Zealand and south-eastern Australia. In Hawkins, SJ, Bohn, K, Firth, LB and Williams, GA (eds), Interactions in the Marine Benthos: Global Patterns and Processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 391413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiel, DR, Alestra, T, Gerrity, S, Orchard, S, Dunmore, R, Pirker, J, Lilley, S, Tait, L, Hickford, M and Thomsen, M (2019 b) The Kaikōura earthquake in southern New Zealand: loss of connectivity of marine communities and the necessity of a cross-ecosystem perspective. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 29, 15201534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schonbeck, M and Norton, TA (1978) Factors controlling the upper limits of fucoid algae on the shore. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 31, 303313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schonbeck, M and Norton, TA (1979 a) An investigation of drought avoidance in intertidal fucoid algae. Botanica Marina 22, 133144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schonbeck, M and Norton, TA (1979 b) The effects of brief periodic submergence on intertodal fucoid algae. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 8, 205211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schonbeck, M and Norton, TA (1979 c) Drought-hardening in the upper-shore seaweeds Fucus spiralis and Pelvetia canaliculata. Journal of Ecology 67, 687696.Google Scholar
Schonbeck, M and Norton, TA (1980 a) Factors controlling the lower limits of fucoid algae on the shore. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 43, 131150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schonbeck, M and Norton, TA (1980 b) The effects on intertidal fucoid algae of exposure to air under various conditions. Botanica Marina 23, 141148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seabra, R, Wethey, DS, Santos, AM and Lima, FP (2011) Side matters: microhabitat influence on intertidal heat stress over a large geographical scale. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 400, 200208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanks, AL (1983) Surface slicks associated with tidally forced internal waves may transport pelagic larvae of benthic invertebrates and fishes shoreward. Marine Ecology Progress Series 13, 311315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanks, AL (1986) Tidal periodicity in the daily settlement of intertidal barnacle larvae and a hypothesized mechanism for the cross-shelf transport of cyprids. Biological Bulletin 170, 429440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanks, AL and Wright, WG (1986) Adding teeth to wave action: the destructive effects of wave-borne rocks on intertidal organisms. Oecologia 69, 420428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shima, JS (2001) Regulation of local populations of a coral reef fish via joint effects of density-and number-dependent mortality. Oecologia 126, 5865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shkedy, Y and Roughgarden, J (1997) Barnacle recruitment and population dynamics predicted from coastal upwelling. Oikos 80, 487498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shumway, SW and Bertness, MD (1994) Patch size effects on marsh plant secondary succession mechanisms. Ecology 75, 564568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silliman, BR and Bertness, MD (2002) A trophic cascade regulates salt marsh primary production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99, 1050010505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silliman, BR, Bertness, MD, Altieri, AH, Griffin, JN, Bazterrica, MC, Hidalgo, FJ, Crain, CM and Reyna, MV (2011) Whole-community facilitation regulates biodiversity on Patagonian rocky shores. PLoS ONE 6, e24502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silva, ACF, Hawkins, SJ, Boaventura, DM and Thompson, RC (2008) Predation by small mobile aquatic predators regulates populations of the intertidal limpet Patella vulgata (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 367, 259265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, ACF, Hawkins, S, Clarke, K, Boaventura, D and Thompson, R (2010) Preferential feeding by the crab Necora puber on differing sizes of the intertidal limpet Patella vulgata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 416, 179188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, ACF, Boaventura, DM, Thompson, RC and Hawkins, SJ (2014) Spatial and temporal patterns of subtidal and intertidal crabs excursions. Journal of Sea Research 85, 343348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silvertown, J (2009) A new dawn for citizen science. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24, 467471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, J (1968) Torrey Canyon Pollution and Marine Life: A Report by the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Solan, M, Batty, P, Bulling, M and Godbold, JA (2008) How biodiversity affects ecosystem processes: implications for ecological revolutions and benthic ecosystem function. Aquatic Biology 2, 289301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solan, M, Aspden, RJ and Paterson, DM (2012) Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Frameworks, Methodologies, and Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sousa, WP (1979 a) Experimental investigations of disturbance and ecological succession in a rocky intertidal algal community. Ecological Monographs 49, 227254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sousa, WP (1979 b) Disturbance in marine intertidal boulder fields: the nonequilibrium maintenance of species diversity. Ecology 60, 12251239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sousa, WP (1984 a) Intertidal mosaics: patch size, propagule availability, and spatially variable patterns of succession. Ecology 65, 19181935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sousa, WP (1984 b) The role of disturbance in natural communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15, 353391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southward, AJ (1956) The population balance between limpets and seaweeds on wave-beaten rocky shores. Annual Report Marine Biological Station, Port Erin 68, 2029.Google Scholar
Southward, AJ (1963) The distribution of some plankton animals in the English Channel and approaches: iII. Theories about long-term biological changes, including fish. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 43, 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southward, AJ (1964) Limpet Grazing and the Control of Vegetation on Rocky Shores. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Southward, AJ (1967) Recent changes in abundance of intertidal barnacles in south-west England: a possible effect of climatic deterioration. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 47, 81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southward, AJ (1976) On the taxonomic status and distribution of Chthamalus stellatus (Cirripedia) in the north-east Atlantic region: with a key to the common intertidal barnacles of Britain. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 56, 10071028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southward, AJ and Crisp, DJ (1954) Recent changes in the distribution of the intertidal barnacles Chthamalus stellatus Poli and Balanus balanoides in the British Isles. Journal of Animal Ecology 23, 163177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southward, AJ and Orton, JH (1954) The effects of wave-action on the distribution and numbers of the commoner plants and animals living on the Plymouth breakwater. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 33, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southward, AJ and Southward, EC (1978) Recolonization of rocky shores in Cornwall after use of toxic dispersants to clean up the Torrey Canyon spill. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 35, 682706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southward, AJ, Hawkins, SJ and Burrows, MT (1995) Seventy years' observations of changes in distribution and abundance of zooplankton and intertidal organisms in the western English Channel in relation to rising sea temperature. Journal of Thermal Biology 20, 127155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stachowicz, JJ (2001) Mutualism, facilitation, and the structure of ecological communities: positive interactions play a critical, but underappreciated, role in ecological communities by reducing physical or biotic stresses in existing habitats and by creating new habitats on which many species depend. Bioscience 51, 235246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steneck, RS and Dethier, MN (1994) A functional group approach to the structure of algal-dominated communities. Oikos 69, 476498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steneck, RS, Graham, MH, Bourque, BJ, Corbett, D, Erlandson, JM, Estes, JA and Tegner, MJ (2003) Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future. Environmental Conservation 29, 436459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, TA and Stephenson, A (1949) The universal features of zonation between tide-marks on rocky coasts. Journal of Ecology 37, 289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, TA and Stephenson, A (1972) Life Between Tidemarks on Rocky Shores. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman & Co.Google Scholar
Strathmann, R, Branscomb, E and Vedder, K (1981) Fatal errors in set as a cost of dispersal and the influence of intertidal flora on set of barnacles. Oecologia 48, 1318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sugden, HE, Underwood, A and Hawkins, SJ (2009) The aesthetic value of littoral hard substrata and consideration of ethical frameworks for their investigation and conservation. In Wahl, M (ed.), Marine Hard Bottom Communities. Berlin: Springer, pp. 409422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutherland, JP (1990) Recruitment regulates demographic variation in a tropical intertidal barnacle. Ecology 71, 955972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svensson, CJ, Jenkins, SR, Hawkins, SJ and Åberg, P (2005) Population resistance to climate change: modelling the effects of low recruitment in open populations. Oecologia 142, 117126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, DI and Schiel, DR (2010) Algal populations controlled by fish herbivory across a wave exposure gradient on southern temperate shores. Ecology 91, 201211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, RC, Norton, TA and Hawkins, SJ (1998) The influence of epilithic microbial films on the settlement of Semibalanus balanoides cyprids – a comparison between laboratory and field experiments. Hydrobiologia 375, 203216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, RC, Crowe, T and Hawkins, SJ (2002) Rocky intertidal communities: past environmental changes, present status and predictions for the next 25 years. Environmental Conservation 29, 168191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, RC, Norton, TA and Hawkins, SJ (2004) Physical stress and biological regulation control pattern and process in benthic biofilms. Ecology 85, 13721382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, RC, Tobin, M, Hawkins, SJ and Norton, T (1999) Problems in extraction and spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll from epilithic microbial biofilms: towards a standard method. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, 551558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, CD and Keough, MJ (1994) Larval settlement in hard substratum epifaunal assemblages: a manipulative field study of the effects of substratum filming and the presence of incumbents. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 181, 159187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townhill, B and Hyder, K (2017) Citizen science and marine policy. In Cigliano, JA and Ballard, HL (eds), Citizen Science for Coastal and Marine Conservation. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 178194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, AJ (1976) Food competition between age-classes in the intertidal neritacean Nerita atramentosa Reeve (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 23, 145154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, AJ (1978) An experimental evaluation of competition between three species of intertidal prosobranch gastropods. Oecologia 33, 185202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, AJ (1980) The effects of grazing by gastropods and physical factors on the upper limits of distribution of intertidal macroalgae. Oecologia 46, 201213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, AJ (1981) Techniques of analysis of variance in experimental marine biology and ecology. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 19, 513605.Google Scholar
Underwood, AJ (1984) Vertical and seasonal patterns in competition for microalgae between intertidal gastropods. Oecologia 64, 211222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, AJ (1985) Physical factors and biological interactions: the necessity and nature of ecological experiments. In Moore PG and Seed R (eds), The Ecology of Rocky Coasts. London: Hodder and Stoughton, pp. 372–390.Google Scholar
Underwood, AJ (1986) The analysis of competition by weld experiments. In Kikkawa, J and Anderson, DJ (eds), Community Ecology: Pattern and Process. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 240268.Google Scholar
Underwood, AJ (1988) Design and analysis of field experiments on competitive interactions affecting behaviour of intertidal animals. In Chelazzi, G and Vannini, M (eds), Behavourial Adaptations for Life in Intertidal Habitats. Boston, MA: Springer, pp. 333357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, AJ (1991 a) The logic of ecological experiments: a case history from studies of the distribution of macro-algae on rocky intertidal shores. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 71, 841866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, AJ (1991 b) Beyond BACI: experimental designs for detecting human environmental impacts on temporal variations in natural populations. Marine and Freshwater Research 42, 569587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, AJ (1992 a) Competition and marine plant–animal interactions. In John, DM, Hawkins, SJ and Price, JH (eds), Plant–Animal Interactions in the Marine Benthos. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 443475.Google Scholar
Underwood, AJ (1992 b) Beyond BACI: the detection of environmental impacts on populations in the real, but variable, world. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 161, 145178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, AJ (1994) On beyond BACI: sampling designs that might reliably detect environmental disturbances. Ecological Applications 4, 315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, AJ (1997) Experiments in Ecology: Their Logical Design and Interpretation Using Analysis of Variance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Underwood, AJ (1998) Grazing and disturbance: an experimental analysis of patchiness in recovery from a severe storm by the intertidal alga Hormosira banksii on rocky shores in New South Wales. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 231, 291306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, AJ and Jernakoff, P (1981) Effects of interactions between algae and grazing gastropods on the structure of a low-shore intertidal algal community. Oecologia 48, 221233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, AJ and Denley, EJ (1984) Paradigms, explanations, and generalizations in models for the structure of intertidal communities on rocky shores. In Strong, DR, Simberloff, D, Abele, LG and Thistle, AB (eds), Ecological Communities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 151–180.Google Scholar
Underwood, AJ and Jernakoff, P (1984) The effects of tidal height, wave-exposure, seasonality and rock-pools on grazing and the distribution of intertidal macroalgae in New South Wales. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 75, 7196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, AJ and Chapman, MG (1985) Multifactorial analyses of directions of movement of animals. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 91, 1743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, AJ and Fairweather, PG (1989) Supply-side ecology and benthic marine assemblages. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4, 1620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, AJ and Chapman, M (1992) Experiments on topographic influences on density and dispersion of Littorina unifasciata in New South Wales. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Littorinid Biology. London: The Malacological Society of London, pp. 181195.Google Scholar
Underwood, AJ, Denley, E and Moran, M (1983) Experimental analyses of the structure and dynamics of mid-shore rocky intertidal communities in New South Wales. Oecologia 56, 202219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, AJ, Chapman, M and Connell, S (2000) Observations in ecology: you can't make progress on processes without understanding the patterns. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 250, 97115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vadas, R, Wright, WA and Miller, SL (1990) Recruitment of Ascophyllum nodosum: wave action as a source of mortality. Marine Ecology Progress Series 61, 263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vadas, RS, Burrows, M and Hughes, R (1994) Foraging strategies of dogwhelks, Nucella lapillus (L.): interacting effects of age, diet and chemical cues to the threat of predation. Oecologia 100, 439450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaselli, S, Bertocci, I, Maggi, E and Benedetti-Cecchi, L (2008) Effects of mean intensity and temporal variance of sediment scouring events on assemblages of rocky shores. Marine Ecology Progress Series 364, 5766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velimirov, B and Griffiths, CL (1979) Wave-induced kelp movement and its importance for community structure. Botanica Marina 22, 169172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vye, SR, Emmerson, MC, Arenas, F, Dick, JT and O'Connor, NE (2015) Stressor intensity determines antagonistic interactions between species invasion and multiple stressor effects on ecosystem functioning. Oikos 124, 10051012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vye, SR, Dickens, S, Adams, L, Bohn, K, Chenery, J, Dobson, N, Dunn, RE, Earp, HS, Evans, M, Foster, C, Grist, H, Holt, B, Hull, S, Jenkins, SR, Lamont, P, Long, S, Mieszkowska, N, Millard, J, Morrall, Z, Pack, K, Parry-Wilson, H, Pocklington, J, Pottas, J, Richardson, L, Scott, A, Sugden, H, Watson, G, West, V, Winton, D, Delany, J and Burrows, MT (2020) Patterns of abundance across geographical ranges as a predictor for responses to climate change: evidence from UK rocky shores. Diversity and Distributions 26, 13571365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahl, M (1989) Marine epibiosis. I. Fouling and antifouling: some basic aspects. Marine Ecology Progress Series 58, 175189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, L, Donohue, I, Emmerson, MC and O'Connor, NE (2018) Combined effects of warming and nutrients on marine communities are moderated by predators and vary across functional groups. Global Change Biology 24, 58535866.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wieczorek, SK, Clare, AS and Todd, CD (1995) Inhibitory and facilitatory effects of microbial films on settlement of Balanus amphitrite amphitrite larvae. Oceanographic Literature Review 11, 999.Google Scholar
Wieters, EA (2005) Upwelling control of positive interactions over mesoscales: a new link between bottom-up and top-down processes on rocky shores. Marine Ecology Progress Series 301, 4354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wieters, EA, Kaplan, D, Navarrete, S, Sotomayor, A, Largier, J, Nielsen, KJ and Veliz, F (2003) Alongshore and temporal variability in chlorophyll a concentration in Chilean nearshore waters. Marine Ecology Progress Series 249, 93105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, AE, Moss, B and Eaton, J (2002) Fish induced macrophyte loss in shallow lakes: top–down and bottom–up processes in mesocosm experiments. Freshwater Biology 47, 22162232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, GA, Chan, BKK and Dong, Y-W (2019) Rocky shores of mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong: pact present and future. In Hawkins, SJ, Bohn, K, Firth, LB and Williams, GA (eds), Interactions in the Marine Benthos: Global Patterns and Processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 360390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, J and Osenberg, CW (2002) Experimental and observational patterns of density-dependent settlement and survival in the marine fish Gobiosoma. Oecologia 130, 205215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolcott, TG (1973) Physiological ecology and intertidal zonation in limpets (Acmaea): a critical look at “limiting factors”. Biological Bulletin 145, 389422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, G (2009) Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and food webs in fresh waters: assembling the jigsaw puzzle. Freshwater Biology 54, 21712187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, J, Williams, S and Dethier, M (2004) No zone is always greener: variation in the performance of Fucus gardneri embryos, juveniles and adults across tidal zone and season. Marine Biology 145, 10611073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xavier, BM, Branch, GM and Wieters, E (2007) Abundance, growth and recruitment of Mytilus galloprovincialis on the west coast of South Africa in relation to upwelling. Marine Ecology Progress Series 346, 189201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yesson, C, Bush, LE, Davies, AJ, Maggs, CA and Brodie, J (2015) Large brown seaweeds of the British Isles: evidence of changes in abundance over four decades. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 155, 167175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zardi, GI, Nicastro, KR, Canovas, F, Ferreira Costa, J, Serrão, EA and Pearson, GA (2011) Adaptive traits are maintained on steep selective gradients despite gene flow and hybridization in the intertidal zone. PLoS ONE 6, e19402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, YS and Silliman, BR (2019) A facilitation cascade enhances local biodiversity in seagrass beds. Diversity 11, 30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar