Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-02T19:52:04.710Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Hydroids and the Medusae Podocoryne Areolata, P. Borealis and P. Carnea

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2009

C. Edwards
C. Edwards
Affiliation:
Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory, Oban, Argyll
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Three species of medusae of the genus Podocoryne M. Sars have been collected in the Clyde Sea Area: P. hartlaubi Neppi & Stiasny, P. borealis (Mayer) and P. camea M. Sars. Their hydroids have also been found there, and medusae liberated in the laboratory have been reared to maturity. Detailed illustrated accounts of the hydroids and of the developmental stages of the medusae are given.

The hydroid of P. hartlaubi proves to be identical with the hydroid Podocoryne areolata (Alder), a species long known to liberate medusae, which however have not previously been referred with certainty to any known species of medusa. By priority the name P. areolata has seniority over P. hartlaubi and applies to both hydroid and medusa. The hydroid P. hartlaubi reported from Naples by Yamada is discussed, and is considered to be identical with P. areolata. In the Clyde Sea Area the hydroid has been found only on certain small gastropod shells occupied by hermit-crabs.

The hydroid of P. borealis has hitherto been very inadequately known. The hydroid is very common in the Clyde Sea Area, living on a variety of host animals on muddy grounds. Colonies have also been reared in the laboratory from ripe medusae caught in the sea. Abundant material has accordingly been obtained, making possible a full description of the species.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 52 , Issue 1 , February 1972 , pp. 97 - 144
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 1972

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Agassiz, A. 1862. On the mode of development of the marginal tentacles of the free medusae of some hydroids. Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., Vol. 9, pp. 88–102.Google Scholar
Agassiz, A. 1865. North American Acalephae. Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, No. 2, 234 pp. Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.Google Scholar
Agassiz, L. 1862. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. Vol. 4. 380 pp. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Alder, J. 1862a. Supplement to a catalogue of zoophytes of Northumberland and Durham. Trans. Tyneside Nat. Fld Club, Vol. 5, pp. 225–47.Google Scholar
Alder, J. 1862b. Description of some new and rare zoophytes found on the coast of Northumber-land. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 3, Vol. 9, pp. 311–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alder, J. 1862c. Observations on British zoophytes. 1. Hydractinia areolata, n.sp. 2. Atractylis arenosa, n.sp. Proc. R. phys. Soc. Edinb., Vol. 2, pp. 314–16.Google Scholar
Alder, J. 1862d. Observations on British zoophytes. Edinb. New Phil. J., Vol. 15, p. 144.Google Scholar
Alder, J. 1864. Report of dredging operations on the coasts of Northumberland and Durham, in July and August, 1863. Report on the zoophytes. Trans. Tyneside Nat. Fid Club, Vol. 6, pp. 191–3.Google Scholar
Alder, J. 1865. Reports of deep sea dredging on the coasts of Northumberland and Durham, 1862–4. Report on the zoophytes. Nat. Hist. Trans. Norihumb., Vol. 1, pp. 45–50.Google Scholar
Allman, G. J. 1859. Notes on the hydroid zoophytes. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 3, Vol. 4, pp. 48–55.Google Scholar
Allman, G. J. 1864. On the construction and limitation of genera among the Hydroida. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 3, Vol. 13, pp. 345–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allman, G. J. 1871–1872. A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids. 450 pp. London: Ray Society.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allman, G. J. 1876. Diagnoses of new genera and species of Hydroida. J. Linn. Soc. {Zool), Vol. 12, pp. 251–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aurivillius, C. W. S. 1896. Das Plankton des baltischen Meeres. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl, Bd. 21, No. 8, 82 pp.Google Scholar
Aurivillius, C. W. S. 1898. Vergleichende thiergeographische Untersuchungen über die Plankton-Fauna des Skageraks in den jahren 1893–1897. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Bd. 30, No. 3, 144 pp.Google Scholar
Babnik, P. 1948. Hidromeduze iz srednjega in južnega Jadrana v letih 1939 in 1940. (In Serbo-Croatian, with English and Russian summaries.) Acta adriat., Vol. 3, pp. 275–348.Google Scholar
Bedot, M. 1911. Notes sur les hydroïdes de Roscoff. Archs Zool. exp. gén., Sér. 5, T. 6, pp. 201–28.Google Scholar
Bénard-Boirard, J. 1962. Développement embryonnaire de Podocoryne carnea (Sars) de Roscoff, Podocoryne carnea (Sars) forma exigua (Haeckel.). Cah. Biol. mar., T. 3, pp. 137–55.Google Scholar
Berrill, N. J. 1953. Growth and form in gymnoblastic hydroids. VI. Polymorphism within the Hydractiniidae. J. Morph., Vol. 92, pp. 241–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigelow, H. B. 1914. Fauna of New England. 12. List of the Medusae Craspedotae, Siphonophorae, Scyphomedusae, Ctenophorae. Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 7, 37 pp.Google Scholar
Bigelow, H. B. 1917. Explorations of the coast water between Cape Cod and Halifax in 1914 and 1915, by the U.S. Fisheries schooner ‘Grampus’. Oceanography and plankton. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., Vol. 61, pp. 163–357.Google Scholar
Billard, A. 1905. Note complémentaire sur les hydroïdes de la baie de la Hougue. Bull. Mus. Hist, nat., Paris, T. 11, pp. 500–2.Google Scholar
Billard, A. 1912. Hydroïdes de Roscoff. Archs Zool. exp. gén., T. 51, pp. 459–78.Google Scholar
Bonnevie, K. 1899. Hydroida. Norske Nordhavs-Exped. 1876–1878, Zool., Mem. 26, 103 pp.Google Scholar
Braverman, M. H. 1960. Differentiation and commensalism in Podocoryne carnea. Am. Midl. Nat., Vol. 63, pp. 223–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braverman, M. H. 1962. Studies in hydroid differentiation. I. Podocoryne carnea culture methods and carbon dioxide induced sexuality. Expl Cell Res., Vol. 26, pp. 301–6.Google Scholar
Braverman, M. H. 1963. Studies on hydroid differentiation. II. Colony growth and the initiation of sexuality. J. Embryol. exp. Morph., Vol. 11, pp. 239–53.Google Scholar
Braverman, M. H. 1968. Studies on hydroid differentiation. III. The replacement of hypostomal gland cells of Podocoryne cornea. J. Morph., Vol. 126, pp. 95–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broch, H. 1905a. Nordsee-Hydroiden von dem norvegischen Fischereidampfer ‘Michael Sars’ in den Jahren 1903–1904 gesammelt, nebst Bemerkungen über die Systematik der Tecaphoren Hydroiden. Bergens Mus. Arb., 1905, No. 6, 25 pp.Google Scholar
Broch, H. 1905b. Zur Medusenfauna von Norwegen. Bergens Mus. Arb., 1905, No. 11, 8 pp.Google Scholar
Broch, H. 1916. Hydroida. Part I. Dan. Ingolf-Exped., Vol. 5, Pt. 6, 66 pp.Google Scholar
Broch, H. 1928a. Hydrozoa. I. Tierwelt N.- u. Ostsee, Teil 3b, 100 pp. (Lief. 13).Google Scholar
Broch, H. 1928b. Hydrozoen. Tierwelt Dtl., Teil 4, pp. 95–160.Google Scholar
Browne, E. T. 1895. Report on the medusae of the L.M.B.C. District. Proc. Trans. Lpool biol. Soc., Vol. 9, pp. 243–86.Google Scholar
Browne, E. T. 1896. On British hydroids and medusae. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, pp. 459–500.Google Scholar
Browne, E. T. 1897a. Revised list of Hydromedusae of the L.M.B.C. District. Proc. Trans. Lpool biol. Soc., Vol. 11, pp. 147–50.Google Scholar
Browne, E. T. 1897b. On British medusae. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1897, pp. 816‐35.Google Scholar
Browne, E. T. 1900. The fauna and flora of Valencia Harbour on the west coast of Ireland. II. Report on the medusae (1895–98). Proc. R. Ir. Acad., Ser. 3, Vol. 5, pp. 694–736.Google Scholar
Browne, E. T. 1903. Report on some medusae from Norway and Spitzbergen. Bergens Mus. Arb., 1903, No. 4, 36 pp.Google Scholar
Browne, E. T. 1905. A report on the medusae found in the Firth of Clyde (1901–1902). Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., Vol. 25, pp. 738–78.Google Scholar
Bruce, J. R.Colman, J. S. & Jones, N. S. 1963. Marine fauna of the Isle of Man and its surrounding seas. Mem. Lpool mar. biol. Comm., No. 36, 307 pp.Google Scholar
Bunting, M. 1894. The origin of the sex-cells in Hydractinia and Podocoryne; and the development of Hydractinia. J. Morph., Vol. 9, pp. 203–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busch, W. 1851. Beobachtungen über Anatomie und Entwickelung einiger wirbellosen Seethiere. 143 pp. Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carus, J. V. 1885. Prodromus Faunae Mediterraneae sive Descriptio Animalium Maris Mediterranei Incolarum. Vol. 1. 525 pp. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagshandlung.Google Scholar
Crawford, J. H. 1895. The hydroids of St Andrews Bay. Ann. Mar. nat. Hist., Ser. 6, Vol. 16, pp. 256–62.Google Scholar
Cunha, A. X. Da 1940. Contribuïção para o estudo dos hidropólipos das costas de Portugal. Archos Mus. Bocage, No. 11, pp. 105–20.Google Scholar
Cunha, A. X. Da 1944, Hidrópolipos das costas de Portugal. Mems Estud. Mus. zool. Univ. Coimbra, No. 161, 101 pp.Google Scholar
Deevey, E. S. Jr, 1950. Hydroids from Louisiana and Texas, with remarks on the Pleistocene biogeography of the western Gulf of Mexico. Ecology, Vol. 31, pp. 334–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deevey, G. B. 1952. Quantity and composition of the zooplankton of Block Island Sound, 1949. Bull. Bingham oceanogr. Coll., Vol. 13, Art. 3, pp. 120–64.Google Scholar
Delap, M. & Delap, C. 1905. Notes on the plankton of Valencia Harbour, 1899–1901. Sci., Invest. Fish. Br. Ire., 1902–1903. No. 1, pp. 3–19.Google Scholar
Delap, M. & Delap, C. 1906. Notes on the plankton of Valencia Harbour, 1902–1905. Sci. Invest. Fish. Br. Ire., 1905, No. 7, pp. 3–21.Google Scholar
Delap, M. J. 1924. Further notes on the plankton of Valentia Harbour. 1906–1923. Ir. Nat., Vol. 33, pp. 1–6.Google Scholar
Dick, J. 1919. Anthomedusae taken in the Firth of Clyde. Glasg. Nat., Vol. 8, p. 91.Google Scholar
Duerden, J. E. 1893. Report on the Hydroida collected by The Royal Irish Academy Survey of the south-west coast of Ireland, 1885, 1886, and 1888. Proc. R. Ir. Acad., Ser. 3, Vol. 3, pp. 137–50.Google Scholar
Duerden, J. E. 1896. The hydroids of the Irish coast. Scient. Proc. R. Dubl. Soc., N.S., Vol. 8, pp. 405–20.Google Scholar
Du Plessis, G. 1881. Catalogue provisoire des hydroïdes médusipares (hydroméduses vraies) observés durant l'hiver 1879/80 à la Station zoologique de Naples. Mitt. zool. Stn Neapel, Bd. 2, pp. 143–9.Google Scholar
Edwards, C. 1966. The hydroid and the medusa Bougainvillia principis, and a review of the British species of Bougainvillia. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 46, pp. 129–52.Google Scholar
Evans, F. 1968. Le zooplancton de Make. Pelagos, Bull. Inst. oceanogr. Alger, Fasc. 9, pp. 5–20.Google Scholar
Fewkes, J. W. 1881. Studies on the jelly-fishes of Narragansett Bay. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., Vol. 8, pp. 141–82.Google Scholar
Fewkes, J. W. 1882. On the Acalephae of the east coast of New England. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., Vol. 9, pp. 291–310.Google Scholar
Fish, C. J. 1926. Seasonal distribution of the plankton of the Woods Hole region. Bull. Bur. Fish., Wash., Vol. 41, pp. 91–179.Google Scholar
Fraser, C. Mcl. 1944. Hydroids of the Atlantic Coast of North America. 451 pp. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Gamulin, T. & Riedl, R. 1963. Hydromedusen. In Fauna und Flora der Adria (ed. R. Reidl), pp. 133–42.640 pp. Hamburg and Berlin: Verlag Paul Parey.Google Scholar
Garstang, W. 1894. Faunistic notes at Plymouth during 1893—4, with observations on the breeding seasons of marine animals, and on the periodic changes of the floating fauna. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 3, pp. 210–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goette, A. 1907. Vergleichende Entwicklungsgeschichte der Geschlechtsindividuen der Hydropolypen. Z. wiss. Zool., Bd. 87, pp. 1–335.Google Scholar
Goette, A. 1916. Die Gattungen Podocoryne, Stylactis und Hydractinia. Zool. Jb. (Syst.), Bd. 39 pp. 443–510.Google Scholar
Graeffe, E. 1884. Uebersicht der Seethierfauna des Golfes von Triest nebst Notizen über Vorkommen, Lebensweise, Erscheinungs- und Fort-pflanzungszeit der einzelnen Arten. III. Coelenteraten. Cnidaria. Arb. zool. Inst. Univ. Wien, T. 5, pp. 333–62.Google Scholar
Grobben, C. 1875. Über Podocoryne carnea Sars. Sber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math-naturw. Klasse, Bd. 72, Abt. 1, pp. 455–87.Google Scholar
Haeckel, E. 1879–1880. Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil, 1879, pp. 1–360; Zweite Hälfte, 1880, pp. 361–672. Jena: Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Hamann, O. 1882. Der Organismus der Hydroidpolypen. Jena. Z. Naturw., Bd. 15, pp. 473–544.Google Scholar
Hargitt, C. W. 1901. Synopses of North-American invertebrates. XIV. The Hydromedusae. Am. Nat., Vol. 35, pp. 301–15, 379–95, 575–95.Google Scholar
Hargitt, C. W. 1902. Notes on the coelenterate fauna of Woods Hole. Am. Nat., Vol. 36, pp. 549–60.Google Scholar
Hargitt, C. W. 1904. Notes on some Hydromedusae from the Bay of Naples. Mitt. zool. Stn Neapel, Bd. 16, pp. 553–85.Google Scholar
Hargitt, C. W. 1905. The medusae of the Woods Hole region. Bull. Bur. Fish., Wash., Vol. 24, pp. 21–79.Google Scholar
Hartlaub, C. 1899. Beiträge zur Fauna der südöstlichen und östlichen Nordsee. VI. Hydroiden. Wiss. Meeresunters., N.F., Bd. 3, Abt. Helgoland, pp. 83–125.Google Scholar
Hartlaub, C. 1911. Craspedote Medusen. Teil 1, Lief. 2, Familie III, Margelidae. Nord. Plankt., Lief. 15, pp. 137–235.Google Scholar
Hincks, T. 1868. A History of the British Hydroid Zoophytes. Vol. 1, 338 pp; Vol. 2, 67 pls. London: John van Voorst.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hincks, T. 1871. Supplement to a ‘Catalogue of the Zoophytes of South Devon and South Cornwall’, with descriptions of new species. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 4, Vol. 8, pp. 73–83.Google Scholar
Hodge, G. 1861. On a new hydroid zoophyte (Podocoryne alderi). Trans. Tyneside Nat. Fld Club, Vol. 5, pp. 82–4.Google Scholar
Ishikawa, C. 1888. Über die Herkunft der weiblichen Geschlechtszellen bei Podocoryne carnea Sars. Z. wiss. Zool., Bd. 47, pp. 621–5.Google Scholar
Jäderholm, E. 1902. Die Hydroiden der schwedischen zoologischen Polarexpedition 1900. Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Bd. 28, Afd. 4, No. 12, 11 pp.Google Scholar
Jaderholm, E. 1909. Northern and arctic invertebrates in the collection of the Swedish State Museum. IV. Hydroiden. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Bd. 45, No. 1, 124 pp.Google Scholar
Jickeli, C. F. 1883. Der Bau der Hydroidpolypen. Morph. Jb., Bd. 8, pp. 373–416, 580–680.Google Scholar
King, L. A. L. 1912. Clyde Marine Fauna. Supplementary List, 1911, 39 pp. Glasgow: Marine Biological Association of the West of Scotland.Google Scholar
Kingsley, J. S. 1910. A synopsis of the fixed hydroids of New England. Tufts Coll. Stud., Vol. 3, pp. 13–38.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, R. 1889. Report of a deep-sea trawling cruise off the S.W. coast of Ireland, under the direction of Rev. W. Spotswood Green, M. A., F.R.G.S. Polyzoa, Hydrozoa, Sponges, and Radiolaria. Ann. Mag. not. Hist., Ser 6, Vol. 4, pp. 446–7.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L. 1927. The Hydromedusae of the Danish waters. K. danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Raekke 8, Bd. 12, No. 1, 291 pp.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L. 1930. Hydromedusae collected in the south-western part of the North Sea and in the eastern part of the Channel in 1903–1914. Mém. Mus. r. Hist. nat. Belg., Mém. 45, 55 pp.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L. 1935. Polypdyr (Coelenterata) I. Ferskvandspolypper og Goplepolypper. Danm. Fauna, No. 41, 208 pp.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L. 1937. Polypdyr (Coelenterata). II. Gopler. Danm. Fauna, No. 43, 223 pp.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L. 1938. Marine Hydrozoa. Hydroida. Zoology Iceland, Vol. 2, Pt. 5a, 82 pp.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L. 1939. Medusae, Siphonophora, and Ctenophora. Zoology Iceland, Vol. 2, Pt. 5b, 37 PP.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L. 1947. Medusae. III. Trachylina and Scyphozoa, with zoogeographical remarks on all the medusae of the Northern Atlantic. Dan. Ingolf-Exped., Vol. 5, Pt. 14, 66 pp.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L. 1952. Medusae collected by the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948–49. Acta Univ. lund., N.F., Avd. 2, Bd. 47, Nr. 7, 19 pp.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L. 1957. Some Mediterranean Hydromedusae collected by A. K. Totton in 1954 and 1956. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren., Bd. 119, pp. 115–28.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L. 1959. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Rep., No. 46, 283 pp.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L. 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 40, 469 pp.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L. & Damas, D. 1925. Les Méduses de la Norvège. Introduction et Partie speciale. I. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren., Bd. 80, pp. 217–323.Google Scholar
Krohn, A. 1851. Ueber Podocoryna carnea Sars und die Fortpflanzungsweise ihrer medusenartigen Sprösslinge. Arch. Naturgesch., Jahrg. 17, Bd. 1, pp. 263–8.Google Scholar
Künne, C. 1952. Untersuchungen über das Grossplankton in der Deutschen Bucht und im Nordsylter Wattenmeer. Helgoländer zviss. Meeresunters., Bd. 4, pp. 1–54.Google Scholar
Leloup, E. 1947. Les coelentérés de la faune beige. Mém. Mus. r. Hist. nat. Belg., Mém. 107, 73 PP.Google Scholar
Leloup, E. 1952. Faune de Belgique. Coelentérées. 283 pp. Buxelles: Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique.Google Scholar
Levinsen, G. M. R. 1897b. Meduser, ctenophorer og hydroider fra Gronlands vestkyst, tilligemed bemaerkninger om hydroidernes systematik. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren., 1892, pp. 143–212.Google Scholar
Levinsen, G. M. R. 1893b. Hydroidae. Vidensk. Udbytte Kanonbaaden ‘Hauchs’ Togter i de danske Have indenfor Skagen i aarene 1883–86, pp. 362–99.Google Scholar
Lo Bianco, S. 1899. Notizie biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturità sessuale degli animali del golfo di Napoli. Mitt. zool. Stn Neapel, Bd. 13, pp. 448–573.Google Scholar
Lo Bianco, S. 1909. Notizie biologiche riguardanti specialmente il periodo di maturità sessuale degli animali del golfo di Napoli. Mitt. zool. Stn Neapel, Bd. 19, pp. 513–763.Google Scholar
Lönnberg, A. J. E. 1898. Undersökningar rörande Öresunds djurlif. Meddn K. LantbrStyr., No. 43, 77 pp.Google Scholar
Lönnberg, A. J. E. 1899. Fortsatta undersökningar rörande Öresunds djurlif. Meddn K. LantbrStyr., 24 pp.Google Scholar
Lovén, C. 1857. Till utvecklingen af Hydractinia. Öfvers. K. VetenskAkad. Förh., År. 14, pp. 305–13.Google Scholar
Lütken, C. 1850. Nogle bemaerkninger om medusernes systematiske inddeling, navnlig med hensyn til Forbes's History of British Naked-eyed Medusae. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren., 1850, pp. 15–35.Google Scholar
Machado, A. 1942. Notas de Zoologia. Broteria, Ser. trim., Cienc. nat., Vol. 11, pp. 97–105.Google Scholar
Maghraby, A. M. el & Perkins, E. J. 1956. Additions to the marine fauna of Whitstable. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 12, Vol. 9, pp. 481–96.Google Scholar
Marktanner-Turneretscher, G. 1890. Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annln naturh. Mus. Wien., Bd. 5, pp. 195–286.Google Scholar
Marshall, S. M. 1925. A survey of Clyde plankton. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., Vol. 45, pp. 117–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massy, A. L. 1913. Report of a survey of trawling grounds on the coasts of Counties Down, Louth, Meath and Dublin. III. Invertebrate fauna. Sci. Invest. Fish. Br. Ire. 1911, No. 1, 225 pp.Google Scholar
Mayer, A. G. 1900. Descriptions of new and little-known medusae from the western Atlantic. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., Vol. 37, No. 1, 9 pp.Google Scholar
Mayer, A. G. 1910. Medusae of the World, Vol. 1, pp. 1–230; Vol. 2, pp. 231–498; Vol. 3, pp. 499–728. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution.Google Scholar
Mill, H. R. 1891. The Clyde Sea Area. I. Physical geography. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., Vol. 36, pp. 641–63.Google Scholar
Millard, N. A. H. 1957. The Hydrozoa of False Bay, South Africa. Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. 43, pp. 173–243.Google Scholar
Miner, R. W. 1950. Field Book of Seashore Life. 888 pp. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.Google Scholar
Möbius, K. 1873. Die wirbellosen Thiere der Ostsee. Expedition 1871, ‘Pommerania’. Jber. Commn wiss. Unters. dt. Meere, Kiel, Jahrg. 1, pp. 97–144.Google Scholar
Möbius, K. 1887. Systematische Darstellung der Thiere des Plankton bewonnen in der west-lichen Ostsee und auf einer Fahrt von Kiel in den Atlantischen Ocean bis jenseit der Hebriden. Ber. Komm. wiss. Unters. dt. Meere. Kiel, Vol. 5, 1882–86, pp. 111–24.Google Scholar
Moore, H. B. 1937. (R.J. Daniel: editor.) Marine Fauna of the Isle of Man. Proc. Trans. Lpool biol. Soc., Vol. 50, pp. 1–293.Google Scholar
Motz-Kossowska, S. 1905. Contribution à la connaissance des hydraires de la Méediterranée occidentale. I. Hydraires gymnoblastiques. Archs Zool. exp. gén., Ser. 4, T. 3, pp. 39–98.Google Scholar
Müller, H. C. 1913. Die Regeneration der Gonophore bei den Hydroiden und anschliessende biologische Beobachtungen. Teil I. Athecata. Arch. EntwMech. Org., Bd. 37, pp. 319–419.Google Scholar
Naumov, D. V. 1960. Gidroidy i gidromeduzy morskikh, solonovatovodnykh i presnovodnykh basseinov SSSR. Opred. Faune SSSR., No. 70, 585 pp.Google Scholar
Neppi, V. 1912. Adriatische Hydromedusen. Sber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Bd. 121, Abt. 1, pp. 709–34.Google Scholar
Neppi, V. 1917. Osservazioni sui polipi idroidi del golfo di Napoli. Pubbl. Staz. zool. Napoli, Vol. 2, pp. 29–65.Google Scholar
Neppi, V. 1919. Notizia riguardante alcune idromeduse anomale. Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli, Vol. 31, pp. 118–25.Google Scholar
Neppi, V. 1922. Meduse Adriatiche. Memorie R. Com. talassogr. ital., Mem. 101, 38 pp.Google Scholar
Neppi, V. & Stiasny, G. 1911. Die Hydromedusen des Golfers von Triest. Zool. Anz., Bd. 38, PP. 395–9.Google Scholar
Neppi, V. & Stiasny, G. 1913. Die Hydromedusen des Golfes von Triest. Arb. zool. Inst. Univ. Wien, T. 20, pp. 23–92.Google Scholar
Norman, A. M. 1868. Preliminary report on the Crustacea, Moluscoida, Echinodermata, and Coelenterata, procured by the Shetland Dredging Committee in 1867. Rep. Br. Ass. Advmt Sci., 1867, pp. 437–41.Google Scholar
Norman, A. M. 1869. Shetland final dredging report. II. On the Crustacea, Tunicata, Polyzoa, Echinodermata, Actinozoa, Hydrozoa, and Porifera. Rep. Br. Ass. Advmt Sci., 1868, pp. 247–336.Google Scholar
O'riordan, C. E. 1967. Some notes on the ‘Flying Fox’ Expedition of 1888, off the south-west coast of Ireland. Proc. R. Ir. Acad., Vol. 65, Sect. B, pp. 373–84.Google Scholar
Ostenfeld, C. H. 1916. Catalogue des espéces de plantes et d'animaux observées dans le plankton recueilli pendant les expéditions depuis le mois de juillet 1908 jusqu'au mois de décembre 1911. Publs Circonst. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer, No. 70, 87 pp.Google Scholar
Peacock, A. D. 1924. Plankton investigations. I. Coelenterata (1923). Rep. Dove mar. Lab., N.S., No. 13, pp. 57–62.Google Scholar
Pell, M. 1938. The Hydromedusae of the Adriatic, collected by the ‘Najade’. Mat. természettud. Ért., Vol. 57, pp. 919–30.Google Scholar
Philippi, A. 1842. Zoologische Beobachtungen. 4. Dysmorphosa conchicola. Ein neues Coryneartiges Zoophyten-Genus. Arch. Naturgesch., Jahrg. 8, Bd. 1, pp. 37–8.Google Scholar
Picard, J. 1958. Origines et affinités de la faune d'Hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'Hydroméduses (Anthoméduses et Leptoméduses) de la Méditerranée. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Commn int. Explor. scient. Mer Méditerr., N.S., Vol. 14, pp. 187–99.Google Scholar
Picard, J. 1965. Recherches qualitatives sur les biocoenoses marines des substrats meubles dragables de la région Marseillaise. Red Trav. Stn mar. Endoume, Fasc. 52, Bull. 36, pp. 1–160.Google Scholar
Pieper, F. W. 1884. Ergänzungen zu ‘Heller's Zoophyten etc. des adriatischen Meeres’. Zool. Anz., Jahrg. 7, pp. 148–52, 164–9, 185–8, 216–21.Google Scholar
Redier, L. 1966. Hydraires et Bryozoaires. Cah. Pacif., No. 9, pp. 77–122.Google Scholar
Rees, W. J. 1941. On the life history and developmental stages of the medusa Podocoryne borealis. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 25, pp. 307–16.Google Scholar
Rees, W. J. 1953. Records of hydroids and medusae taken at Herdla, Bergen in 1937. Univ. Bergen Arb., 1952, Naturv. rekke No. 16, 8 pp.Google Scholar
Riedl, R. 1959. Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischer Höhlen. Pubbl. Staz. zool. Napoli, Vol. 30, Suppl., pp. 591–755.Google Scholar
Riedl, R. 1963. Fauna und Flora der Adria. 640 pp. Hamburg and Berlin: Verlag Paul Parey.Google Scholar
Ritchie, J. 1907. The hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., Vol. 45, pp. 519–45.Google Scholar
Robson, J. H. 1914. Catalogue of the Hydrozoa of the north-east coast (Northumberland and Durham). Rep. Dove mar. Lab., N.S., No. 3, pp. 87–103.Google Scholar
Runnström, S. 1932. Eine Übersicht über das Zooplankton des Herdla- und Hjeltefjordes. Bergens Mus. Arb., 1931, Nr. 7, 67 pp.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S. 1938. The Plymouth offshore medusa fauna. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 22, pp. 411–40.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S. 1940. On some medusae of the genera Podocoryne and Phialopsis. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 24, pp. 525–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, F. S. 1953. The Medusae of the British Isles: Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. 530 pp. CambridgeUniversity Press.Google Scholar
Saemundsson, B. 1902. Bidrag til kundskaben om de islandske hydroider. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren., 1902, pp. 47–74.Google Scholar
Saemundsson, B. 1911. Bidrag til kundskaben om de islandske hydroider. II. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren., Bd. 63, pp. 67–107.Google Scholar
Sanderson, A. R. 1930. The coelenterate plankton of the Northumbrian coast during the year 1924. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 17, pp. 219–32.Google Scholar
Sars, G. O. 1873. Bidrag til kundskaben om Norges hydroider. Fork. VidenskSelsk. Krist., 1873, pp. 91–150.Google Scholar
Sars, M. 1846. Fauna littoralis Norvegiae, Heft 1, 94 pp. Christiania: Johann Dahl.Google Scholar
Sars, M. 1851. Beretning om en i sommeren 1849 foretagen zoologisk reise i Lofoten og Finmarken. Nyt Mag. Naturvid., Bd. 6, pp. 121–211.Google Scholar
Sars, M. 1853. Bemaerkninger over det Adriatiske Havs fauna sammenlignet med Nordhavets. Nyt Mag. Naturvid., Bd. 7, pp. 367–97.Google Scholar
Sars, M. 1857. Bidrag til kundskaben om Middelhavets littoral-fauna, reisebemaerkninger fra Italien. Nyt Mag. Naturvid., Bd. 9, pp. 110–64.Google Scholar
Schneider, K. C. 1898. Hydropolypen von Rovigno, nebst Übersicht über das System der Hydropolypen im Allgemeinen. Zool. Jb. (Syst.), Bd. 10, pp. 472–555.Google Scholar
Schulze, F. E. 1875. Coelenteraten. Jber. Commn wiss. Unters. dt. Meere Kiel, Jahrg. 2 and 3, pp. 121–42.Google Scholar
Segerstedt, M. 1889. Bidrag till kännedomen om hydroid-faunan vid Sveriges vestkust. Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Bd. 14, Afd. 4, No. 4, 27 pp.Google Scholar
Southward, A. J. 1954. Some notes on Manx medusae. Rep. mar. biol. Stn Port Erin, 1953, No. 66, pp. 17–22.Google Scholar
Spassky, N. 1929. K. faune gidroidov Kolskogo zaliva i yugozapadnoi chasti Barentsova morya. (Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Hydroidenfauna des Kolafjordes und des süd-westlichen Teiles der Barents-See.) (In Russian, with German summary.) Rab. murmansk. biol. Sta., T.3, 48 pp.Google Scholar
Stantschew, V. 1940. Das Vorkommen von Podocoryne cornea Sars im Golf von Varna und sein Verhalten ausserhalb des Wassers. Trud. chernomorsk. biol. Sta. Varna, No. 9, pp. 11–17.Google Scholar
Stechow, E. 1923. Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zool. Jb. (Syst.), Bd. 47, pp. 29–270.Google Scholar
Stephens, J. 1905. A list of Irish Coelenterata, including the Ctenophora. Proc. R. Ir. Acad., Vol. 25, B, pp. 25–92.Google Scholar
Storm, V. 1880. Bidrag til kundskab om Throndhjemsfjordens Fauna. II. K. norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 1879, pp. 109–125.Google Scholar
Storm, V. 1882. Bidrag til kundskab om Throndhjemsfjordens fauna. IV. Om de i fjorden forekomne hydroide zoophyter. K. norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 1881, pp. 1–30.Google Scholar
Sumner, F. B.Osburn, R. C. & Cole, L. J. 1913. A biological survey of the waters of Woods Hole and vicinity. Part II. Section III. A catalogue of the marine fauna. Bull. Bur. Fish., Wash., Vol. 31, pp. 549–794.Google Scholar
Sverdrup, A. 1921. Planktonundersøkelser fra Kristianiafjorden. Hydromeduser. Skr. VidenskSelsk. Christiania, Mat.-naturv. KL., 1921, No. 1, 50 pp.Google Scholar
Teissier, G. 1950. Inventaire de la faune marine de Roscoff. Cnidaires et Cténaires. Trav. Stn biol. Roscoff, Suppl. 1, 43 pp.Google Scholar
Teissier, G. 1965. Inventaire de la faune marine de Roscoff. Cnidaires et Cténaires (2e édition). Trav. Stn biol. Roscoff, T. 16, 64 pp.Google Scholar
Thiel, M. E. 1932a. Übersicht über die Hydromedusen der Arktis. Fauna Arctica, Bd. 6, pp. 119–58.Google Scholar
Thiel, M. E. 1932b. Die Hydromedusenfauna des nördlichen Eismeeres in tiergeographischer Betrachtung. Arch. Naturgesch., N.F., Bd. 1, pp. 435–514.Google Scholar
Toth, S. E. 1966. An occurrence of nutritive to generative zooid transformation in the hydroid Podocoryne carnea. Am. Midi. Nat., Vol. 76, pp. 244–7.Google Scholar
TréGouboff, G. & Rose, M. 1957. Manuel de Planctonologie Méditerranéenne. T.1, 2. 587 pp., 207 Pls. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Trinci, G. 1903. Di una nuova specie di Cytaeis gemmante del Golfo di Napoli. Mitt. zool. Stn Neapel, Bd. 16, pp. 1–34.Google Scholar
Valkanov, A. 1957. Katalog na nashata Chernomorska fauna. (Katalog unserer Schwarzmeer-fauna.) Trud. chernomorsk. biol. Sta. Varna, T. 19, pp. 1–61. (In Russian; German summary.)Google Scholar
Vannucci, M. 1956. Notes on the Hydromedusae of the Clyde Sea Area with new distribution records. Glasg. Nat., Vol. 17, pp. 243–9.Google Scholar
Vannucci, M. & Rees, W. J. 1961. A revision of the genus Bougainvillia (Anthomedusae). Bolm Inst. Oceanogr., S. Paulo, T. 11, pp. 57–100.Google Scholar
Varenne, A. de, 1882. Recherches sur la reproduction des polypes hydraires. Archs Zool. exp. gén., T. 10, pp. 611–710.Google Scholar
Vervoort, W. 1946. Hydrozoa (C 1). A. Hydropolypen. Fauna Ned., Afl. 14, 336 pp.Google Scholar
Watson, H. G. 1930. The coelenterate plankton of the Northumbrian coast during the year 1925. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., Vol. 17, pp. 233–9.Google Scholar
Weismann, A. 1883. Die Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen. 295 pp. Jena: Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Werner, B. 1959. The Hydromedusae of Port Erin Bay in May and June, 1957. Rep. mar. biol. Stn Port Erin, 1958. No. 71, pp. 32–8.Google Scholar
Winther, G. 1880. Fortegnelse over de i Danmark og dets nordlige bilande fundne hydroide zoophyter. Naturhistorisk Tidsskr., Raekke 3, Bd. 12, pp. 223–78.Google Scholar
Yamada, M. 1961. Polyp and medusa of Podocoryne hartlaubi Neppi & Stiasny (Hydrozoa) from the Gulf of Naples. Pubbl. Staz. zool. Napoli, Vol. 32, pp. 134–43.Google Scholar