Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T09:38:04.116Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Self-Reference Effect and Self-Reference Recollection Effect for Trait Adjectives in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 August 2018

Nicole Carson ,
R. Shayna Rosenbaum ,
Morris Moscovitch  and
Kelly J. Murphy
Nicole Carson*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
R. Shayna Rosenbaum
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology and Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) Program, York University and Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Morris Moscovitch
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Neuropsychology & Cognitive Health, Baycrest Health Sciences and Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Kelly J. Murphy
Affiliation:
Neuropsychology & Cognitive Health, Baycrest Health Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Nicole Carson, Behavioural Sciences Building, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objectives: The self-reference effect (SRE), enhanced memory for self-related information, has been studied in healthy young and older adults but has had little investigation in people with age-related memory disorders, such as amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Self-referential encoding may help to improve episodic memory in aMCI. Additionally, self-referential processing has been shown to benefit recollection, the vivid re-experiencing of past events, a phenomenon that has been termed the self-reference recollection effect (SRRE; Conway & Dewhurst, 1995). Furthermore, it remains unclear whether the valence of stimuli influences the appearance of the SRE and SRRE. Methods: The current study investigated the SRE and SRRE for trait adjective words in 20 individuals with aMCI and 30 healthy older adult controls. Ninety trait adjective words were allocated to self-reference, semantic, or structural encoding conditions; memory was later tested using a recognition test. Results: While healthy older adults showed a SRE, individuals with aMCI did not benefit from self-referential encoding over and above that of semantic encoding (an effect of “deep encoding”). A similar pattern was apparent for the SRRE; healthy controls showed enhanced recollection for words encoded in the self-reference condition, while the aMCI group did not show specific benefit to recollection for self-referenced over semantically encoded items. No effects of valence were found. Conclusions: These results indicate that while memory for trait adjective words can be improved in aMCI with deep encoding strategies (whether self-reference or semantic), self-referencing does not provide an additional benefit. (JINS, 2018, 24, 821–832)

Keywords

Self-reference effectHealthy cognitive agingAmnestic mild cognitive impairmentSelf-reference recollection effectEpisodic memoryDeep encoding
Type
Regular Research
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 24 , Issue 8 , September 2018 , pp. 821 - 832
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Albert, M.S., DeKosky, S.T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H.H., Fox, N.C., & Snyder, P.J. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 7, 270–279. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.00 Google Scholar
Ally, B.A., Gold, C.A., & Budson, A.E. (2009). An evaluation of recollection and familiarity in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment using receiver operating characteristics. Brain and Cognition, 69, 504–513. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.017 Google Scholar
Amodio, D.M., & Frith, C.D. (2006). Meeting of minds: The medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 268–277. doi: 10.1038/nrn1884 Google Scholar
Anchisi, D., Borroni, B., Franceschi, M., Kerrouche, N., Kalbe, E., Beuthien-Beumann, B., & Mielke, R. (2005). Heterogeneity of brain glucose metabolism in mild cognitive impairment and clinical progression to Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 62, 1728–1733. doi: 10.1001/archneur.62.11.1728 Google Scholar
Anderson, N. (1968). Likableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 272–279. doi: 10.1037/h0025907 Google Scholar
Anderson, N.D., Ebert, P.L., Jennings, J.M., Grady, C.L., Cabeza, R., & Graham, S.J. (2008). Recollection- and familiarity-based memory in healthy aging and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 22, 177–187. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.22.2.177 Google Scholar
Barnabe, A., Whitehead, V., Pilon, R., Arsenault-Lapierre, G., & Chertkow, H. (2012). Autobiographical memory in mild cognitive impairment Alzheimer’s disease: A comparison between the Levine and Kopelman interview methodologies. Hippocampus, 22, 1809–1825.Google Scholar
Bastin, C., & Van der Linden, M. (2003). The contribution of recollection and familiarity to recognition memory: A study of the effects of test format and aging. Neuropsychology, 17, 14–24. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.17.1.14 Google Scholar
Benedict, R. (1997). Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Google Scholar
Benoit, R.G., Gilbert, S.J., Volle, E., & Burgess, P.W. (2010). When I think about me and simulate you: Medial rostral prefrontal cortex and self-referential processes. NeuroImage, 50, 1340–1349. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.091 Google Scholar
Benton, A.L., Hamsher, K., & Sivan, A.B. (1983). Multilingual aphasia examination (3rd ed.). Iowa City, IA: AJA Associates. Google Scholar
Blair, J.R., & Spreen, O. (1989). Predicting premorbid IQ: A revision of the National Adult Reading Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3, 129–136. doi: 10.1080/13854048908403285 Google Scholar
Brandt, J., & Benedict, R.H. (2001). Hopkins verbal learning test, revised: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Google Scholar
Brueckner, K., & Moritz, S. (2009). Emotional valence and semantic relatedness differentially influence false recognitionin mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, and healthy elderly. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 268–276. doi: 10.1017/S135561770909047X Google Scholar
Brysbaert, M., & New, B. (2009). Moving beyond Kučera and Francis: A critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 977–990. doi: 10.3758/BRM.41.4.977 Google Scholar
Callahan, B.L., Laforce, R., Dugas, M., & Hudon, C. (2017). Memory for emotional images differs according to the presence of depressive symptoms in individuals at risk for dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 29, 673–685. doi: 10.1017/S1041610216002179 Google Scholar
Callahan, B.L., Simard, M., Mouiha, A., Rousseau, F., Laforce, R. Jr., & Hudon, C. (2016). Impact of depressive symptoms on memory for emotional words in mild cognitive impairment and late-life depression. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 52, 451–462. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150585 Google Scholar
Carson, N., Murphy, K.J., Moscovitch, M., & Rosenbaum, R.S. (2016). Older adults show a self-reference effect for narrative information. Memory, 24, 1157–1172. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1080277 Google Scholar
Carstensen, L.L., & Mikels, J.A. (2005). At the intersection of emotion and cognition: Aging and the positivity effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 117–121. doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00348.x Google Scholar
Charles, S.T., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L.L. (2003). Ageing and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 310–324. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.132.2.310 Google Scholar
Conway, M.A., & Dewhurst, S.A. (1995). The self and recollective experience. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9, 1–19. doi: 10.1002/acp.2350090102 Google Scholar
Conway, M.A., Dewhurst, S.A., Pearson, N., & Sapute, A. (2001). The self and recollection reconsidered: How a “failure to replicate” failed and why trace strength accounts of recollection are untenable. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 673–686. doi: 10.1002/acp.740 Google Scholar
Craik, F.I.M., & Lockhart, R.S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 11, 671–684. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80001-X Google Scholar
Craik, F.I.M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268–294. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.268 Google Scholar
Denburg, N.L., Buchanan, T.W., Tranel, D., & Adolphs, R. (2003). Evidence for preserved emotional memory in normal older persons. Emotion, 3, 239–253. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.3.3.239 Google Scholar
Fernandes, M., Ross, M., Wiegand, M., & Schryer, E. (2008). Are the memories of older adults positively biased? Psychology and Aging, 23, 297–306. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.297 Google Scholar
Fossati, P., Hevenor, S.J., Graham, S.J., Grady, C., Keightley, M.L., Craik, F., &Mayberg, H. (2003). In search of the emotional self: An fMRI study using positive and negative emotional words. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1938–1945. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1938 Google Scholar
Fossati, P., Hevenor, S.J., Lepage, M., Graham, S.J., Grady, C., Keightley, M.L., &Mayberg, H. (2004). Distributed self in episodic memory: Neural correlates of successful retrieval of self-encoded positive and negative personality traits. NeuroImage, 22, 1596–1604. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.03.034 Google Scholar
Gamboz, N., De Vito, S., Brandimonte, M.A., Pappalardo, S., Galeone, F., Iavarone, A., &Della Salla, S. (2010). Episodic future thinking in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 48, 2091–2097.Google Scholar
Genon, S., Bahri, M.A., Collette, F., Angel, L., d’Argembeau, A., Clarys, D., & Bastin, C. (2014). Cognitive and neuroimaging evidence of impaired interaction between self and memory in Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex, 51, 11–24. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.06.009 Google Scholar
Glisky, E.L., & Marquine, M. (2009). Semantic and self-referential processing of positive and negative trait adjectives in older adults. Memory, 17, 144–157. doi: 10.1080/09658210802077405 Google Scholar
Grilli, M.D., & Glisky, E.L. (2010). Self-imagining enhances recognition memory in memory impaired individuals with neurological damage. Neuropsychology, 24, 698–710. doi: 10.1037/a0020318 Google Scholar
Grilli, M.D., & Glisky, E.L. (2011). The Self-Imagination Effect: Benefits of a self-referential encoding strategy on cued recall in memory-impaired individuals with neurological damage. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 929–933. doi: 10.1017/S1355617711000737 Google Scholar
Grilli, M.D., & Glisky, E.L. (2013). Imagining a better memory: Self-imagination in memory impaired patients. Clinical Psychological Science, 1, 93–99. doi: 10.1177/2167702612456464 Google Scholar
Grilli, M.D., & McFarland, C.P. (2011). Imagine that: Self-Imagination improves prospective memory in memory-impaired individuals with neurological damage. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 21, 847–859. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2011.627263 Google Scholar
Grühn, D., Smith, J., & Baltes, P.B. (2005). No aging bias favoring memory for positive material: Evidence from a heterogeneity–homogeneity list paradigm using emotionally toned words. Psychology and Aging, 20, 579–588. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.579 Google Scholar
Gutchess, A.H., Kensinger, E.A., & Schacter, D.L. (2007). Aging, self-referencing, and medial prefrontal cortex. Social Neuroscience, 2, 117–133. doi: 10.1080/09658210701701394 Google Scholar
Gutchess, A.H., Kensinger, E.A., & Schacter, D.L. (2010). Functional neuroimaging of self-referential encoding with age. Neuropsychologia, 48, 211–219. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.006.Google Scholar
Gutchess, A.H., Kensinger, E.A., Yoon, C., & Schacter, D.L. (2007). Ageing and the self reference effect in memory. Memory, 15, 822–837. doi: 10.1080/09658210701701394 Google Scholar
Hudon, C., Belleville, S., & Gauthier, S. (2009). The assessment of recognition memory using the Remember/Know procedure in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and probable Alzheimer’s disease. Brain and Cognition, 70, 171–179. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.01.009 Google Scholar
Hussey, E., Smolinsky, J.G., Piryatinsky, I., Budson, A.E., & Ally, B.A. (2012). Using mental imagery to improve memory in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: Trouble generating or remembering the mind’s eye? Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 26, 124. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e31822e0f73 Google Scholar
Irish, M., Lawlor, B.A., O’Mara, S.M., & Coen, R.F. (2010). Exploring the recollective experience during autobiographical memory retrieval in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 546–555. doi: 10.1017/S1355617710000172 Google Scholar
Jacoby, L.L., Yonelinas, A.P., & Jennings, J.M. (1997). The relation between conscious and unconscious (automatic) influences: A declaration of independence. In E. Jonathan, D. Cohen & W. Schooler (Eds.), Scientific approaches to consciousness (pp. 13–47). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Java, R.I. (1996). Effects of age on state of awareness following implicit and explicit word association tasks. Psychology and Aging, 11, 108–111. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.11.1.108 Google Scholar
Kalenzaga, S., Bugaïska, A., & Clarys, D. (2013). Self-reference effect and autonoetic consciousness in Alzheimer disease: Evidence for a persistent affective self in dementia patients. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 27, 116–122. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e318257dc31 Google Scholar
Kalenzaga, S., & Clarys, D. (2013). Self-referential processing in Alzheimer’s disease: Two different ways of processing self-knowledge? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35, 455–471. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2013.789485 Google Scholar
Kelley, W.M., Macrae, C.N., Wyland, C.L., Caglar, S., Inati, S., & Heatherton, T.F. (2002). Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 785–794. doi: 10.1162/08989290260138672 Google Scholar
Kensinger, E.A., Brierley, B., Medford, N., Growdon, J.H., & Corkin, S. (2002). Effects of normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease on emotional memory. Emotion, 2, 118–134. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.2.2.118 Google Scholar
Koehler, M., Kliegel, M., Wiese, B., Bickel, H., Kaduszkiewicz, H., Van Der Bussche, H., & Pentzek, M. (2011). Malperformance in verbal fluency and delayed recall as cognitive risk factors for impairment in instrumental activities of daily living. Dementia & Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 31, 81–88. doi: 10.1159/000323315 Google Scholar
Koen, J.D., & Yonelinas, A.P. (2014). The effects of healthy aging, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease on recollection and familiarity: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology Review, 24, 332–354. doi: 10.1007/s11065-014-9266-5 Google Scholar
Lalanne, J., Rozenberg, J., Grolleau, P., & Piolino, P. (2013). The self-reference effect on episodic memory recollection in young and older adults and Alzheimer’s disease. Current Alzheimer Research, 10, 1107–1117. doi: 10.2174/15672050113106660175 Google Scholar
Leblond, M., Laisney, M., Lamidey, V., Egret, S., de La Sayette, V., Chetelat, G., & Eustache, F. (2016). Self-reference effect on memory in healthy aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: Influence of identity valence. Cortex, 74, 177–190. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.10.017 Google Scholar
Leshikar, E.D., & Duarte, A. (2012). Medial prefrontal cortex supports source memory accuracy for self-referenced items. Social Neuroscience, 7, 126–145. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2011.585242 Google Scholar
Leshikar, E.D., & Duarte, A. (2014). Medial prefrontal cortex supports source memory for self-referenced materials in young and older adults. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 236–252. doi: 10.3758/s13415-013-0198-y Google Scholar
Leshikar, E.D., Dulas, M.R., & Duarte, A. (2015). Self-referencing enhances recollection in both young and older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 22, 388–412. doi: 10.1080/13825585.2014.957150 Google Scholar
Leyhe, T., Müller, S., Milian, M., Eschweiler, G.W., & Saur, R. (2009). Impairment of episodic and semantic autobiographical memory in patients with mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2464–2469. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.04.018 Google Scholar
Light, L.L., Prull, M.W., La Voie, D.J., & Healy, M.R. (2000). Dual-process theories of memory in old age. In T.J. Perfect & E.A. Maylor (Eds.), Models of cognitive aging: Debates in psychology (pp. 238–300). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mah, L., Anderson, N.D., Verhoeff, N.P.L., & Pollock, B.G. (2017). Negative emotional verbal memory biases in mild cognitive impairment and late-onset depression. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25, 1160–1170. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2017.05.005 Google Scholar
Mäntylä, T. (1993). Knowing but not remembering: Adult age differences in recollective experience. Memory & Cognition, 21, 379–388. doi: 10.3758/BF03208271 Google Scholar
Mather, M., & Carstensen, L.L. (2005). Ageing and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 496–502.Google Scholar
Murphy, N.A., & Isaacowitz, D.M. (2008). Preferences for emotional information in older and younger adults: A meta-analysis of memory and attention tasks. Psychology and Aging, 23, 263–286. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.263 Google Scholar
Murphy, K.J., Troyer, A.K., Levine, B., & Moscovitch, M. (2008). Episodic, but not semantic, autobiographical memory is reduced in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 46, 3116–3123. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.004 Google Scholar
Nasreddine, Z.S., Phillips, N.A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J.L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 695–699. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x Google Scholar
Nestor, P.J., Fryer, T.D., Ikeda, M., & Hodges, J.R. (2003). Retrosplenial cortex (BA 29/30) hypometabolism in mild cognitive impairment (prodromal Alzheimer’s disease). European Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 2663–2667. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02999.x Google Scholar
Northoff, G., Heinzel, A., De Greck, M., Bermpohl, F., Dobrowolny, H., & Panksepp, J. (2006). Self-referential processing in our brain—A meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self. NeuroImage, 31, 440–457. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.002 Google Scholar
Petersen, R.C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 183–194. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x Google Scholar
Petersen, R.C., Doody, R., Kurz, A., Mohs, R.C., Morris, J.C., Rabins, P.V., & Winblad, B. (2001). Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology, 58, 1985–1992. doi: 10.1001/archneur.58.12.1985 Google Scholar
Petersen, R.C., Roberts, R.O., Knopman, D.S., Boeve, B.F., Geda, Y.E., Ivnik, R.J., & Jack, C.R. (2009). Mild cognitive impairment: Ten years later. Archives of Neurology, 66, 1447–1455. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.266 Google Scholar
Petersen, R.C., Smith, G.E., Waring, S.C., Ivnik, R.J., Tangalos, E.G., & Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology, 56, 303–308. doi: 10.1001/archneur.56.3.303 Google Scholar
Petersen, R.C., Thomas, R.G., Grundman, M., Bennett, D., Doody, R., Ferris, S., & Pfeiffer, E. (2005). Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 2379–2388. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa050151 Google Scholar
Reitan, R.M. & Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead–Reitan neuropsychological test battery: Theory and clinical interpretation (2nd ed.). Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press. Google Scholar
Ries, M.L., Jabbar, B.M., Schmitz, T.W., Trivedi, M.A., Gleason, C.E., Carlsson, C.M., & Johnson, S.C. (2007). Anosognosia in mild cognitive impairment: Relationship to activation of cortical midline structures involved in self-appraisal. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 450–461. doi: 10.1017/S1355617707070488 Google Scholar
Rogers, T.B., Kuiper, N.A., & Kirker, W.S. (1977). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 677–688. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.677 Google Scholar
Rosa, N.M., Deason, R.G., Budson, A.E., & Gutchess, A.H. (2015). Self-referencing and false memory in mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 29, 799–805. doi: 10.1037/neu0000186 Google Scholar
Rosa, N.M., Deason, R.G., Budson, A.E., & Gutchess, A.H. (2016). Source memory for self and other in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer’s Disease. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71, 59–65. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbu062 Google Scholar
Rosen, W.G. (1980). Verbal fluency in aging and dementia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 2, 135–146. doi: 10.1080/01688638008403788 Google Scholar
Serra, L., Bozzali, M., Cercignani, M., Perri, R., Fadda, L., Caltagirone, C., &Carlesimo, G.A. (2010). Recollection and familiarity in amnesic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 24, 316–326. doi: 10.1037/a0017654 Google Scholar
Teng, E., Becker, B.W., Woo, E., Cummings, J.L., & Lu, P.H. (2010). Subtle deficits in instrumental activities of daily living in subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 30, 189–197. doi: 10.1159/000313540 Google Scholar
Tomaszewski Farias, S., Cahn-Weiner, D.A., Harvey, D.J., Reed, B.R., Mungas, D., Kramer, J.H., &Chui, H. (2009). Longitudinal changes in memory and executive functioning are associated with longitudinal change in instrumental activities of daily living in older adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 446–461. doi: 10.1080/13854040802360558 Google Scholar
Tuokko, H., Morris, C., & Ebert, P. (2005). Mild cognitive impairment and everyday functioning in older adults. Neurocase, 11, 40–47. doi: 10.1080/13554790490896802 Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 25, 1–12. doi: 10.1037/h0080017 Google Scholar
Wadley, V.G., Crowe, M., Marsiske, M., Cook, S.E., Unverzagt, F.W., Rosenberg, A.L., &Rexroth, D. (2007). Changes in everyday function in individuals with psychometrically defined mild cognitive impairment in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55, 1192–1198. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01245.x Google Scholar
Werheid, K., Gruno, M., Kathmann, N., Fischer, H., Almkvist, O., & Winblad, B. (2010). Biased recognition of positive faces in aging and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Psychology and Aging, 25, 1–15. doi: dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018358 Google Scholar
Westerberg, C.E., Paller, K.A., Weintraub, S., Mesulam, M., Holdstock, J.S., Mayes, A.R., &Reber, P.J. (2006). When memory does not fail: Familiarity-based recognition in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 20, 193–205. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.20.2.193 Google Scholar
Wong, S., Irish, M., Leshikar, E.D., Duarte, A., Bertoux, M., Savage, G., & Hornberger, M. (2017). The self-reference effect in dementia: Differential involvement of cortical midline structures in Alzheimer’s disease and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. Cortex, 91, 169–185. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.09.013 Google Scholar
van den Bos, M., Cunningham, S.J., Conway, M.A., & Turk, D.J. (2010). Mine to remember: The impact of ownership on recollective experience. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 1065–1071. doi: 10.1080/17470211003770938 Google Scholar
Wolk, D.A., Signoff, E.D., & DeKosky, S.T. (2008). Recollection and familiarity in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A global decline in recognition memory. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1965–1978. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.017 Google Scholar
Yonelinas, A.P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 441–517. doi: 10.1006/jmla.2002.2864 Google Scholar
Yonelinas, A.P., & Jacoby, L.L. (1995). The relation between remembering and knowing as bases for recognition: Effects of size congruency. Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 622–643. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1995.1028 Google Scholar
Zigmond, A.S., & Snaith, R.P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x Google Scholar