Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T21:24:56.075Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Long-term retention of skilled visual search following severe traumatic brain injury

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2006

SHITAL P. PAVAWALLA  and
MAUREEN SCHMITTER-EDGECOMBE
SHITAL P. PAVAWALLA
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
MAUREEN SCHMITTER-EDGECOMBE
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We examined the long-term retention of a learned automatic cognitive process in 17 severe TBI participants and 10 controls. Participants had initially received extensive consistent-mapping (CM) training (i.e., 3600 trials) in a semantic category visual search task (Schmitter-Edgecombe & Beglinger, 2001). Following CM training, TBI and control groups demonstrated dramatic performance improvements and the development of an automatic attention response (AAR), indicating task-specific and stimulus-specific skill learning. After a 5- or 10-month retention interval, participants in this study performed a New CM task and the originally trained CM task to assess for retention of task-specific and stimulus-specific visual search skills, respectively. No significant group differences were found in the level of retention for either skill type, indicating that individuals with severe TBI were able to retain the learned skills over a long-term retention interval at a level comparable to controls. Exploratory analyses revealed that TBI participants who returned at the 5-month retention interval showed nearly complete skill retention, and greater skill retention than TBI participants who returned at the 10-month interval, suggesting that “booster” or retraining sessions may be needed when a skill is not continuously in use. (JINS, 2006, 12, 802–811.)

Keywords

Closed-head injuryDiffuse axonal injuryAutomatic processesAutomatic cognitive skillsRehabilitationCognitive skill retention
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 12 , Issue 6 , November 2006 , pp. 802 - 811
Copyright
© 2006 The International Neuropsychological Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Batsakes, P.J. & Fisk, A.D. (2000). Age-related differences in dual-task visual search: Are performance gains retained? The Journals of Gerontology, 55B, 332–342.Google Scholar
Battig, W.F. & Montague, W.E. (1969). Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms. Journal of Experimental Psychology Monograph, 80(3, Pt. 2), 1–46.Google Scholar
Carlesimo, G.A., Sabbadini, M., Loasses, A., & Caltagirone, C. (1997). Forgetting from long-term memory in severe closed-head injury patients: Effect of retrieval conditions and semantic organization. Cortex, 33, 131–142.Google Scholar
Collen, A., Wickens, D.D., & Daniele, L. (1975). The interrelationship of taxonomic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1, 629–633.Google Scholar
DeLuca, J., Schultheis, M.T., Madigan, N.K., Christodoulou, C., & Averill, A. (2000). Acquisition versus retrieval deficits in traumatic brain injury: Implications for memory rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81, 1327–1333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisk, A.D., Cooper, B.P., Hertzog, C., Anderson-Garlach, M.M., & Lee, M.D. (1995). Understanding performance and learning in consistent memory search: An age-related perspective. Psychology and Aging, 10, 255–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisk, A.D., Hertzog, C., Lee, M.D., Rogers, W.A., & Anderson-Garlach, M. (1994). Long-term retention of skilled visual search: Do young adults retain more than old adults? Psychology and Aging, 9, 206–215.Google Scholar
Fisk, A.D. & Rogers, W.A. (1992). The application of consistency principles for the assessment of skill development. In W. Regain & V. Shute (Eds.), Cognitive approaches to automated instruction (pp. 171–194). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hillary, F.G., Schultheis, M.T., Challis, B.H., Millis, S.R., Carnevale, G.J., Galshi, T., & DeLuca, J. (2003). Spacing of repetitions improves learning and memory after moderate and severe TBI. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 49–58.Google Scholar
Kapur, N., Scholey, K., Moore, E., Barker, S., Brice, J., Thompson, S., Shiel, A., Carn, R., Abbott, P., & Fleming, J. (1996). Long-term retention deficits in two cases of disproportionate retrograde amnesia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 416–434.Google Scholar
Logan, G.D. (1985). Skill and automaticity: Relations, implications, and future directions. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 39, 367–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. & Beglinger, L. (2001). Acquisition of skilled visual search performance following severe closed-head injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 615–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitter-Edgecombe, M., Marks, W., & Fahy, J.F. (1993). Semantic priming following severe closed-head trauma: Automatic and attentional processes. Neuropsychology, 7, 136–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. & Nissley, H.M. (2000). Effects of divided attention on automatic and controlled components of memory after severe closed-head injury. Neuropsychology, 14, 559–569.Google Scholar
Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. & Rogers, W.A. (1997). Automatic process development following severe closed-head injury. Neuropsychology, 11, 296–308.Google Scholar
Schneider, W. & Chein, J.M. (2003). Controlled and automatic processing: Behavior, theory, and biological mechanisms. Cognitive Science. Special Issue: 2002 Rumelhart Prize Special Issue Honoring Richard Shiffrin, 27, 525–559.Google Scholar
Schneider, W. & Fisk, A.D. (1984). Automatic category search and its transfer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 1–15.Google Scholar
Schneider, W. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: 1. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review, 84, 1–66.Google Scholar
Shiffrin, R.M. (1988). Attention. In R.C. Atkinson, R.J. Herrnstein, G. Lindzey, & R.D. Luce (Eds.), Steven's handbook of experimental psychology: Vol. 1. Learning and cognition (pp. 739–811). New York: Wiley and Sons.
Shiffrin, R.M. & Dumias, S.T. (1981). The development of automatism. In J.R. Anderson (Ed.), Cognitive skills and their acquisition (pp. 11–140). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Shiffrin, R.M. & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127–190.Google Scholar
Teasdale, G. & Jennett, B. (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: A practical scale. Lancet, 2, 81–84.Google Scholar
Vakil, E., Blachstein, H., & Hoofien, D. (1991). Automatic temporal order judgment: The effect of intentionality of retrieval on closed-head injured patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 291–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1981). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1987). Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. San Antonio. TX: The Psychological Corporation.