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Faces of emotion in Parkinsons disease: Micro-expressivity and bradykinesia during voluntary facial expressions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2006

DAWN BOWERS ,
KIMBERLY MILLER ,
WENDELYN BOSCH ,
DIDEM GOKCAY ,
OTTO PEDRAZA ,
UTAKA SPRINGER  and
MICHAEL OKUN
DAWN BOWERS
Affiliation:
Clinical & Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Movement Disorders Center, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
KIMBERLY MILLER
Affiliation:
Clinical & Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Movement Disorders Center, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
WENDELYN BOSCH
Affiliation:
Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Movement Disorders Center, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
DIDEM GOKCAY
Affiliation:
Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Movement Disorders Center, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
OTTO PEDRAZA
Affiliation:
Clinical & Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Movement Disorders Center, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
UTAKA SPRINGER
Affiliation:
Clinical & Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Movement Disorders Center, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
MICHAEL OKUN
Affiliation:
Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Movement Disorders Center, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Abstract

In humans, the neural circuitry underlying facial expressions differs, depending on whether facial expressions are spontaneously (i.e., limbic, subcortical) or voluntarily initiated (i.e., frontal cortex). Previous investigators have suggested that the “masked face” of Parkinson's disease involves spontaneous, but not intentional, facial expressions. In contrast, we hypothesized that intentional facial expressions may be slowed (bradykinetic) and involve less movement, in much the same way that other intentional movements are affected by Parkinson's disease. To test this hypothesis, we used sophisticated computer imaging techniques to quantify dynamic facial movement. Relative to controls, Parkinson patients had reduced facial movement (entropy) and were significantly slowed in reaching a peak expression (i.e., bradykinesia). These findings are consistent with the view that the basal ganglia play a role in affecting intentional facial movements. This possibly occurs because of diminished efficiency and/or activation of face representation areas in the frontal cortical regions (i.e., motor, premotor, and supplementary motor area) or because of movement-based suppression secondary to dopaminergic reduction in frontostriatal pathways. Taken together, the characterization of Parkinson's disease as a model system for the neuroanatomic dissociation between voluntary and spontaneous expressions may be unjustified. (JINS, 2006, 12, 765–773.)

Keywords

AffectDigitizingEntropyMovementBasal gangliaSpontaneous
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 12 , Issue 6 , November 2006 , pp. 765 - 773
Copyright
© 2006 The International Neuropsychological Society

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