Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-b6zl4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-23T20:59:46.339Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: Effects on memory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2006

FERGUS I.M. CRAIK ,
GORDON WINOCUR ,
HEATHER PALMER ,
MALCOLM A. BINNS ,
MELISSA EDWARDS ,
KRISTEN BRIDGES ,
PETER GLAZER ,
RAYONNE CHAVANNES  and
DONALD T. STUSS
FERGUS I.M. CRAIK
Affiliation:
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
GORDON WINOCUR
Affiliation:
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Medicine (Psychiatry), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
HEATHER PALMER
Affiliation:
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
MALCOLM A. BINNS
Affiliation:
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
MELISSA EDWARDS
Affiliation:
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
KRISTEN BRIDGES
Affiliation:
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
PETER GLAZER
Affiliation:
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
RAYONNE CHAVANNES
Affiliation:
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
DONALD T. STUSS
Affiliation:
Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Medicine (Rehabilitation Sciences), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study reports the effects of a 12-week multimodular cognitive rehabilitation training program on memory performance in two groups of older adults. In the Memory Training module, participants were instructed on the nature of memory and how to improve memory performance; internal and external strategies were described and practiced over the training sessions. Memory performance was assessed by four tests: Alpha Span, Brown-Peterson, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test − Revised (HVLT-R), and Logical Stories. One group received training on entry into the study (Early Training Group, ETG), the other after a 3-month delay (Late Training Group, LTG). The results showed no training-related improvement in working memory (Alpha Span), primary memory (Brown-Peterson, HVLT-R), or recognition memory (HVLT-R). While the most direct analyses of a training effect (analyses of covariance) rarely demonstrated significant effects, exploratory analyses provided some evidence for a training benefit in several measures of secondary memory (Logical Stories; HVLT-R) and strategic processing (Brown-Peterson; Logical Stories; HVLT-R). Positive results were largely restricted to the ETG, possibly because the LTG lost motivation as a consequence of their delayed training. The results need to be treated with caution, but are promising for the rehabilitation of memory functioning in older adults (JINS, 2007, 13, 132–142.)

Keywords

AgingMemoryNeuropsychological testsTreatment outcomeCognitionFrontal lobe
Type
REHAB SERIES
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , January 2007 , pp. 132 - 142
Copyright
© 2007 The International Neuropsychological Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Baddeley, A.D. & Hitch, G.J. (1974). Working memory. In G.H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 8) (pp. 47–90). New York: Academic Press.
Baddeley, A.D. & Warrington, E.K. (1970). Amnesia and distinction between long- and short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 9, 176–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, K., Berch, D.B., Helmers, K.F., Jobe, J.B., Leveck, J.D., Marsiske, M., Morris, J.N., Rebok, G.W., Smith, D.M., Tennstedt, S.L., Unverzagt, F.W., & Willis, S.L. (2002). Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 233, 2271–2281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedict, R.H.B., Schretlen, D., Groninger, L., & Brandt, J. (1998). Hopkins Verbal Learning Test − Revised: Normative data and analysis of inter-form and test-retest reliability. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 43–55.Google Scholar
Brandt, J. (1991). The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test: Development of a new memory test with six equivalent forms. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 5, 125–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavallini, E., Pagnin, A., & Vecchi, T. (2002). The rehabilitation of memory in old age: Effects of mnemonics and metacognition in strategic training. Clinical Gerontologist, 26, 125–141.Google Scholar
Craik, F.I.M. (1968). Two components in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 7, 996–1004.Google Scholar
Craik, F.I.M. (1983). On the transfer of information from temporary to permanent memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 302, 341–359.Google Scholar
Craik, F.I.M. (1986). A functional account of age differences in memory. In F. Klix & H. Hagendorf (Eds.), Human memory and cognitive capabilities, mechanisms, and performance (pp. 409–422). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Craik, F.I.M. & Jennings, J.J. (1992). Human memory. In F.I.M. Craik & T.A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (pp. 51–110). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Craik, F.I.M. & Lockhart, R.S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craik, F.I.M. & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, R.A., Hultsch, D.F., & Hertzog, C. (1989). A manual of three-tiered structurally equivalent texts for use in aging research. (CRGCA Technical Report No. 2). Victoria, BC: University of Victoria.
Engle, R.W. & Kane, M.J. (2004). Executive attention, working memory capacity, and a two-factor theory of cognitive control. In B. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation 44 (pp. 145–199). New York: Elsevier.
Floden, D., Stuss, D.T., & Craik, F.I.M. (2000). Age differences in performance on two versions of the Brown-Peterson task. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 7, 245–259.Google Scholar
Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., & McHugh, P.R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.Google Scholar
Glisky, E.L. & Glisky, M.L. (1999). Memory rehabilitation in the elderly. In D.T. Stuss, G. Winocur, & I.H. Robertson (Eds.), Cognitive rehabilitation (pp. 347–361). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jacoby, L.L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513–541.Google Scholar
Jacoby, L.L., Jennings, J.M., & Hay, J.F. (1996). Dissociating automatic and consciously controlled processes: Implications for diagnosis and rehabilitation of memory deficits. In D.J. Herrmann, C. McEvoy, C. Hertzog, P. Hertel, & M.K. Johnson (Eds.), Basic and applied memory research: Theory in context (pp. 161–193). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Jennings, J.M. & Jacoby, L.L. (1993). Automatic versus intentional uses of memory: Aging, attention, and control. Psychology and Aging, 8, 283–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, B., Stuss, D.T., Winocur, G., Binns, M.A., Fahy, L., Mandic, M., Bridges, K., & Robertson, I.H. (2007, this issue). Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: Effects on strategic behavior in relation to goal management. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 143–152.Google Scholar
Scogin, F., Storandt, M., & Lott, L. (1985). Memory-skills training, memory complaints, and depression in older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 40, 562–568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheikh, J.I., Hill, R.D., & Yesavage, J.A. (1986). Long-term efficacy of cognitive training for age-associated memory impairment: A six-month follow-up study. Developmental Neuropsychology, 2, 413–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R.J. & Tulving, E. (1977). The measurement of subjective organization in free recall. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 539–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stigsdotter Neely, A. & Bäckman, L. (1993). Long-term maintenance of gains from memory training in older adults: Two 3 1/2 year follow-up studies. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 48, 233–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuss, D.T., Robertson, I.H., Craik, F.I.M., Levine, B., Alexander, M.P., Black, S., Dawson, D., Binns, M.A., Palmer, H., Downey-Lamb, M., & Winocur, G. (2007, this issue). Cognitive Rehabilitation in the elderly: A randomized trial to evaluate a new protocol. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 120–131.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1966). Subjective organization and effects of repetition in multi-trial free-recall learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 193–197.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. & Colotla, V.A. (1970). Free recall of trilingual lists. Cognitive Psychology, 1, 86–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waugh, N.C. & Norman, D.A. (1965). Primary memory. Psychological Review, 72, 89–104.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1987). WMS-R: Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, manual. San Diego: The Psychological Corporation.
Winocur, G., Palmer, H., Dawson, D., Binns, M.A., Bridges, K., & Stuss, D.T. (2007, this issue). Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: An evaluation of psychosocial factors. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 153–165.Google Scholar