Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T11:19:02.070Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Attention Difficulties in a Contemporary Geographic Cohort of Adolescents Born Extremely Preterm/Extremely Low Birth Weight

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2013

Michelle Wilson-Ching ,
Carly S. Molloy ,
Vicki A. Anderson ,
Alice Burnett ,
Gehan Roberts ,
Jeanie L.Y. Cheong ,
Lex W. Doyle  and
Peter J. Anderson
Michelle Wilson-Ching*
Affiliation:
Critical Care and Neurosciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Research Office, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria
Carly S. Molloy
Affiliation:
Critical Care and Neurosciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Research Office, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria
Vicki A. Anderson
Affiliation:
Critical Care and Neurosciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Psychological Service, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria
Alice Burnett
Affiliation:
Critical Care and Neurosciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Research Office, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria
Gehan Roberts
Affiliation:
Critical Care and Neurosciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Research Office, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria
Jeanie L.Y. Cheong
Affiliation:
Critical Care and Neurosciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Research Office, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria
Lex W. Doyle
Affiliation:
Critical Care and Neurosciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Research Office, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria
Peter J. Anderson
Affiliation:
Critical Care and Neurosciences, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria Research Office, Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Michelle Wilson-Ching, Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3052. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate attention difficulties in a contemporary geographic cohort of adolescents born extremely preterm (EP, <28 weeks’ gestation) or extremely low birth weight (ELBW, birth weight <1000 g). The EP/ELBW group included 228 adolescents (mean age = 17.0 years) born in Victoria, Australia in 1991 and 1992. The control group were 166 adolescents (mean age = 17.4 years) born of normal birth weight (birth weight >2499 g) who were recruited in the newborn period and matched to the EP/ELBW group on date of birth, gender, language spoken and health insurance status. Participants were assessed on measures of selective, sustained, and executive (shift and divided) attention, and parents and participants completed behavioral reports. The EP/ELBW group performed more poorly across tests of selective and executive attention, had greater rates of clinically significant difficulties compared with the control group, and also had greater behavioral attention problems as reported by parents. Neonatal risk factors were weakly associated with attention outcomes. In conclusion, higher rates of attention impairments are observed in individuals born EP/ELBW well into adolescence and may have consequences for their transition to adulthood. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–12)

Keywords

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorderAdolescent behaviorCognitionPreterm birthLong-term outcomesImpairment
Type
Research Articles
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 19 , Issue 10 , November 2013 , pp. 1097 - 1108
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aarnoudse-Moens, C., Smidts, D., Oosterlaan, J., Duivenvoorden, H., Weisglas-Kuperus, N. (2009). Executive function in very preterm children at early school age. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(7), 981–993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aarnoudse-Moens, C., Weisglas-Kuperus, N., van Goudoever, J.B., Oosterlaan, J. (2009). Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and/or very low birth weight children. Pediatrics, 124(2), 717–728. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2816CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, P.J., Anderson, V., Northam, E., Taylor, H.G. (2000). Standarization of the Contingency Naming Test (CNT) for school-aged children: A measure of reactive flexibility. Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment, 1, 247–273.Google Scholar
Anderson, P.J., De Luca, C., Hutchinson, E., Spencer-Smith, M., Roberts, G., Doyle, L., the Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group (2011). Attention problems in a representative sample of extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36(1), 57–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, P.J., Doyle, L.W., the Victorian Collaborative Study Group (2003). Neurobehavioural outcomes of school-age children born low birth weight or very preterm in the 1990s. JAMA, 289(24), 3264–3272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, P.J., Doyle, L.W., the Victorian Collaborative Study Group. (2004). Executive function in school-aged children who are were born very preterm or with extremely low bith weight in the 1990s. Pediatrics, 114(1), 50–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, V. (2008). Attention deficits and the frontal lobes. In V. Anderson, R. Jacobs, & P. Anderson (Eds.), Executive functions and the frontal lobes. New York, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Ballard, J.C. (2001). Assessing attention: Comparison of response-inhibition and traditional continuous performance tests. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23(3), 331–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bayless, S., Stevenson, J. (2007). Executive functions in school-age children born very prematurely. Early Human Development, 83(4), 247–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Betts, J., McKay, J., Maruff, P., Anderson, V. (2006). The development of sustained attention in children: The effect of age and task load. Child Neuropsychology, 12(3), 205–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhutta, A.T., Cleves, M.A., Casey, P.H., Cradock, M.M., Anand, K.J.S. (2002). Cognitive and behavioural outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm. JAMA, 288(6), 728–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Botting, N., Powls, A., Cooke, R.W., Marlow, N. (1997). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders and other psychiatric outcomes in very low birthweight children at 12 years. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(8), 931–941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breslau, N., Chilcoat, H.D. (2000). Psychiatric sequelae of low birth weight at 11 years of age. Biological Psychiatry, 47(11), 1005–1011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breslau, N., Chilcoat, H., DelDotto, J., Andreski, P., Brown, G. (1996). Low birth weight and neurocognitive status at six years of age. Biological Psychiatry, 40(5), 389–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, T.J., Freeman, J.V., Preece, M.A. (1998). British 1990 growth reference centiles for weight, height, body mass index and head circumference fitted by maximum penalized likelihood. Statistics in Medicine, 17(4), 407–429.3.0.CO;2-L>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conners, C.K. (1997). Conners’ Rating Scales-Revised. Technical manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
De Los Reyes, A., Kazdin, A.E. (2005). Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: A critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin, 131(4), 483–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennis, M., Francis, D.J., Cirino, P., Schachar, R., Barnes, M.A., Fletcher, J.M. (2009). Why IQ is not a covariate in cognitive studies of neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 331–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, L.W., & the Victorian Collaborative Study Group. (2001). Outcome at 5 years of age of children 23 to 27 weeks’ gestation: Refining the prognosis. Pediatrics, 108(1), 134–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doyle, L.W., & the Victorian Collaborative Study Group. (2004). Evaluation of neonatal intensive care for extremely low birth weight infants in Victoria over two decades: I. Effectiveness. Pediatrics, 113, 505–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dupin, R., Laurent, J.-P., Stauder, J.E.A., Saliba, E. (2000). Auditory attention processing in 5-year-old children born preterm: Evidence from event-related potentials. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 42(07), 476–480. doi:10.1017/S0012162200000888Google ScholarPubMed
Elgen, I., Lundervold, A.J., Sommerfelt, K. (2004). Aspects of inattention in low birth weigh children. Pediatric Neurology, 30(2), 92–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, J., McCandliss, B.D., Fossella, J., Flombaum, J.I., Posner, M.I. (2005). The activation of attentional networks. Neuroimage, 26(2), 471–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fan, J., McCandliss, B.D., Sommer, T., Raz, A., Posner, M.I. (2002). Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(3), 340–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez-Duque, D., Baird, J.A., Posner, M.I. (2000). Executive attention and metacognitive regulation. Consciousness and Cognition, 9(2), 288–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez-Duque, D., Posner, M.I. (2001). Brain imaging of attentional networks in normal and pathological states. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, 23(1), 74–93.Google ScholarPubMed
Foreman, N., Fielder, A., Minshell, C., Hurrion, E., Sergienko, E. (1997). Visual search, perception, and visual-motor skill in “healthy” children born at 27-32 weeks’ gestation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 64(1), 27–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frith, C.D., Friston, K.J. (1996). The role of the thalamus in “top down” modulation of attention to sound. Neuroimage, 4(3), 210–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, F., Johnson, A., Yudkin, P., Bowler, U., Hockley, C., Mutch, L., … Extremely Low Gestational Age Steering Group. (2004). Behavioral and emotional adjustment of teenagers in mainstream school who were born before 29 weeks’ gestation. Pediatrics, 114(3), 676–682. doi:10.1542/peds.2003-0763-LCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gioia, G.A., Isquith, P.K., Guy, S.C., Kenworthy, L. (2000). Behavior rating inventory of executive function. Professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Grunau, R.E., Whitfield, M.F., Fay, T.B. (2004). Psychosocial and academic characteristics of extremely low birth weight (<800) adolescents who were free of major impairment compared with term-born control subjects. Pediatrics, 114(6), e725–e732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasher, L. (2007). Inhibition: Attentional regulation in cognition. In H. Roediger, Y. Dudai, & S. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Science of memory: Concepts. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hooper, C.J., Luciana, M., Conklin, H.M., Yarger, R.S. (2004). Adolescents’ performance on the Iowa gambling task: Implications for the development of decision making and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Developmental Psychology, 40(6), 1148–1158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huizinga, M., Dolan, C.V., van der Molen, M.W. (2006). Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44(11), 2017–2036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inder, T.E., Wells, S.J., Mogridge, N.B., Spencer, C., Volpe, J.J. (2003). Defining the nature of cerebral abnormalities in the premature infant: A qualitative magnetic resonance imaging study. The Journal of Pediatrics, 143, 171–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Indredavik, M.S., Vik, T., Heyerdahl, S., Romundstad, P., Brubakk, A.M. (2005). Low-birthweight adolescents: Quality of life and parent-child relations. Acta Paediatrica, 94(9), 1295–1302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, S., Hollis, C., Kochhar, P., Hennessy, E., Wolke, D., Marlow, N. (2010). Psychiatric disorders in extremely preterm children: Longitudinal finding at age 11 years in the EPICure Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(5), 453–463.Google ScholarPubMed
Katz, K.S., Dubowitz, L.M., Henderson, S., Jongmans, M. (1996). Effect of cerebral lesions on Continuous Performance Test responses of school age children born prematurely. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 21(6), 841–855.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Konrad, K., Neufang, S., Thiel, C.M., Specht, K., Hanisch, C., Fan, J., Fink, G.R. (2005). Development of attentional networks: An fMRI study with children and adults. Neuroimage, 28, 429–439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolko, D.J., Kazdin, A.E. (1993). Emotional/behavioral problems in clinic and nonclinic children: Correspondence among child, parent and teacher reports. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(6), 991–1006. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01103.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulseng, S., Jennekens-Schinkel, A., Naess, P., Romundstad, P.l., Indredavik, M., Vik, T., Brubakk, A. (2006). Very-low-birthweight and term small-for-gestational-age adolescents: Attention revisited. Acta Paediatrica, 95(2), 224–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leark, R.S., Greenberg, L.M., Kindschi, C., Dupuy, T., Hughes, S. (2007). T.O.V.A. Professional manual: Test of variables of attention continuous performance test. Los Alamitos, CA: The TOVA Company.Google Scholar
Leon-Carrion, J., Garcia-Orza, J., Perez-Santamaria, F.J. (2004). Development of the inhibitory component of the executive functions in children and adolescents. International Journal of Neuroscience, 114(10), 1291–1311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ligam, P., Haynes, R.L., Folkerth, R.D., Liu, L., Yang, M., Volpe, J.J., Kinney, H.C. (2009). Thalamic damage in periventricular leukomalacia: Novel pathologic observations relevant to cognitive deficits in survivors of prematurity. Pediatric Research, 65(5), 524–529. doi:510.1203/PDR.1200b1013e3181998bafCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, C., Hsiao, C.K., Chen, W.J. (1999). Development of sustained attention assessed using the continuous performance test among children 6-15 years of age. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27(5), 403–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luna, B., Sweeney, J.A. (2004). The Emergence of collaborative brain function: fMRI studies of the development of response inhibition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021(1), 296–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Majnemer, A., Riley, P., Shevell, M., Birnbaum, R., Greenstone, H., Coates, A.L. (2000). Severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia increases risk for later neurological and motor sequelae in preterm survivors. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 42(01), 53–60. doi:10.1017/S001216220000013XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKay, K.E., Halperin, J.M., Schwartz, S.T., Sharma, V. (1994). Developmental analysis of three aspects of information processing: Sustained attention, selective attention and response organization. Developmental Neuropsychology, 10(2), 121–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellier, D., Fessard, C. (1998). Preterm birth and cognitive inhibition. European Review of Applied Psychology, 48(1), 13–17.Google Scholar
Mick, E., Biederman, J., Prince, J., Fischer, M., Faraone, S. (2002). Impact of low birth weight on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioural Pediatrics, 23(1), 16–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mirsky, A.F. (1989). The neuropsychology of attention: Elements of a complex behaviour. In E. Perecman (Ed.), Integrating theory and practice in clinical neuropsychology (pp. 75–91). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Mirsky, A.F., Anthony, B.J., Duncan, C.C., Ahearn, M.B., Kellam, S.G. (1991). Analysis of the elements of attention: A neuropsychological approach. Neuropsychology Review, 2(2), 109–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mirsky, A.F., Duncan, C.C. (2001). A nosology of disorders of attention. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 931, 17–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagy, Z., Westerberg, H., Skare, S., Andersson, J.L., Lilja, A., Flodmark, O., Klingberg, T. (2003). Preterm children have disturbances of white matter at 11 years of age as shown by diffusion tensor imaging. Pediatric Research, 54(5), 672–679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nosarti, C., Giouroukou, E., Micali, N., Rifkin, L., Morris, R.G., Murray, R.M. (2007). Impaired executive functioning in young adults born very preterm. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 571–581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pizzo, R., Urben, S., van der Linden, M., Borradori-Tolsa, C., Freschi, M., Forcada-Guex, M., Barisnikov, K. (2010). Attentional networks efficiency in preterm children. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 130–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M.I., Digirolamo, G.J. (1998). Executive attention: Conflict target detection and cognitive control. In R. Parasuraman (Ed.), The attentive brain (pp. 401–423). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Posner, M.I., Gilbert, C.D. (1999). Attention and primary visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 96(6), 2585–2587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M.I., Petersen, S.E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M.I., Rothbart, M.K. (1998). Attention, self-regulation and consciousness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences, 353(1377), 1915–1927.Google ScholarPubMed
Posner, M.I., Sheese, B.E., Odludas, Y., Tang, Y. (2006). Analyzing and shaping human attentional networks. Neural Networks, 19(9), 1422–1429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raz, A. (2004). Anatomy of attentional networks. The Anatomical Record, 281B, 21–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raz, A., Buhle, J. (2006). Typologies of attentional networks. Nature, 7, 367–379.Google ScholarPubMed
Rebok, G.W., Smith, C.B., Pascualvaca, D.M., Mirsky, A.F., Anthony, B.J., Kellam, S.G. (1997). Developmental changes in attentional performance in urban children from eight to thirteen years. Child Neuropsychology, 3(1), 28–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickards, A.L., Kitchen, W.H., Doyle, L.W., Kelly, E.A. (1989). Correction of developmental and intelligence test scores for premature birth. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 25(3), 127–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertson, I., Ward, T., Ridgeway, V., Smith-Nimmo, I. (1994). The test of everyday attention. Bury, St Edmund, England: Thames Valley Test Company.Google Scholar
Ross, G., Lipper, E.G., Auld, P.A. (1991). Educational status and school-related abilities of very low birth weight premature children. Pediatrics, 88(6), 1125–1134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothbart, M.K., Ellis, L.K., Rueda, M.R., Posner, M.I. (2003). Developing mechanisms of temperamental effortful control. Journal of Personality, 71(6), 1113–1143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rueda, M.R., Fan, J., McCandliss, B.D., Halparin, J.D., Gruber, D.B., Pappert Lercari, L., Posner, M.I. (2004). Development of attentional networks in childhood. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1029–1040.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, K., Hudson, M., Long, A., Phipps, S. (2006). Assessment of health-related quality of life in children with cancer: Consistency and agreement between parent and child reports. Cancer, 106(10), 2267–2274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saigal, S., Pinelli, J., Hoult, L., Kim, M.M., Boyle, M. (2003). Psychopathology and social competencies of adolescents who were extremely low birth weight. Pediatrics, 111(5), 969–975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmi, J., Rinne, T., Degerman, A., Salonen, O., Alho, K. (2007). Orienting and maintenance of spatial attention in audition and vision: Multimodal and modality-specific brain activations. Brain Structure and Function, 212(2), 181–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarter, M., Givens, B., Bruno, J. (2001). The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: Where top-down meets bottom-up. Brain Research Reviews, 35, 146–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Short, E.J., Klein, N.K., Lewis, B.A., Fulton, S., Eisengart, S., Kercsmar, C., Singer, L.T. (2003). Cognitive and academic consequences of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and very low birth weight: 8-year-old outcomes. Pediatrics, 112(5), e359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shum, D., Neulinger, K., O'Callaghan, M., Mohay, H. (2008). Attentional problems in children born very preterm or with extremely low birth weight at 7-9 years. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23(1), 103–112. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skranes, J., Lohaugen, G.C., Martinussen, M., Indredavik, M.S., Dale, A.M., Haraldseth, O., Brubakk, A.-M. (2009). White matter abnormalities and executive function in children with very low birth weight. Neuroreport, 20(3), 263–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skranes, J., Vangberg, T.R., Kulseng, S., Indredavik, M.S., Evensen, K.A.I., Martinussen, M., Brubakk, A.M. (2007). Clinical findings and white matter abnormalities seen on diffusion tensor imaging in adolescents with very low birth weight. Brain, 130(3), 654–666. doi:10.1093/brain/awm001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 69–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sturm, W., Willmes, K. (2001). On the functional neuroanatomy of intrinsic and phasic alertness. Neuroimage, 14(1), S76–S84. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0839CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, H.G., Albo, V., Phebus, C., Sachs, B., Bierl, P. (1987). Postirradiation treatment outcomes for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Clarification of risks. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 12(3), 395–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, H.G., Minich, N., Bangert, B., Filipek, P.A., Hack, M. (2004). Long-term neuropsychological outcomes of very low birth weight: Associations with early risks for periventricular brain insults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 987–1004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The Psychological Corporation. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
The Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group. (1997). Outcome at 2 years of children 23-27 weeks’ gestation born in Victoria in 1991-92. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 33(2), 161–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treyvaud, K., Ure, A., Doyle, L.W., Lee, K.J., Rogers, C.E., Kidokoro, H., Anderson, P.J. (2013). Psychiatric outcomes at age seven for very preterm children: Rates and predictors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12040CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wechsler, D. (1991). Manual for the Wechsler Scale of Children's Intelligence (WISC-III). (3rd ed.). New York, NY: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
White-Koning, M., Arnaud, C., Dickinson, H.O., Thyen, U., Beckung, E., Fauconnier, J., Colver, A. (2007). Determinants of child-parent agreement in quality-of-life reports: A European study of children with cerebral palsy. Pediatrics, 120(4), e804–e814. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3272CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeh, T.F., Lin, Y.J., Lin, H.C., Huang, C.C., Hsieh, W.S., Lin, C.H., Tsai, C.H. (2004). Outcomes at school age after postnatal dexamethasone therapy for lung disease of prematurity. New England Journal of Medicine, 350(13), 1304–1313. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032089CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed