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Are Parkinson’s Patients More Vulnerable to the Effects of Cardiovascular Risk: A Neuroimaging and Neuropsychological Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 February 2017

Jacob D. Jones ,
Jared J. Tanner ,
Michael Okun ,
Catherine C. Price  and
Dawn Bowers
Jacob D. Jones
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
Jared J. Tanner
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
Michael Okun
Affiliation:
Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
Catherine C. Price
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
Dawn Bowers*
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Dawn Bowers, Clinical & Health Psychology, College of Public Health & Health Professions, 101 S. Newell Drive, PO Box 100165, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601. E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Objectives: This study examined whether individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are at increased vulnerability for vascular-related cognitive impairment relative to controls. The underlying assumption behind this hypothesis relates to brain reserve and that both PD and vascular risk factors impair similar fronto-executive cognitive systems. Methods: The sample included 67 PD patients and 61 older controls (total N=128). Participants completed neuropsychological measures of executive functioning, processing speed, verbal delayed recall/memory, language, and auditory attention. Cardiovascular risk was assessed with the Framingham Cardiovascular Risk index. Participants underwent brain imaging (T1 and T2 FLAIR). Trained raters measured total and regional leukoaraiosis (periventricular, deep subcortical, and infracortical). Results: Hierarchical regressions revealed that more severe cardiovascular risk was related to worse executive functioning, processing speed, and delayed verbal recall in both Parkinson patients and controls. More severe cardiovascular risk was related to worse language functioning in the PD group, but not controls. In contrast, leukoaraiosis related to both cardiovascular risk and executive functioning for controls, but not the PD group. Conclusions: Overall, results revealed that PD and cardiovascular risk factors are independent risk factors for cognitive impairment. Generally, the influence of cardiovascular risk factors on cognition is similar in PD patients and controls. (JINS, 2017, 23, 322–331)

Keywords

Parkinson’s diseaseCognitionMemoryExecutive functionCerebrovascular diseasesMagnetic resonance imaging
Type
Research Articles
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 23 , Issue 4 , April 2017 , pp. 322 - 331
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2017 

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